Orientador: Roberto da Silva / Resumo: Esta tese aborda a produção de enzimas celulolíticas por cultivo sólido (CS) dos fungos termofílicos Myceliophthora thermophila I-1D3b e Thermoascus aurantiacus CBMAI756 e do mesofílico Trichoderma reesei QM9414 em substrato composto por bagaço de cana-deaçúcar (BC) e farelo de trigo (FT); a caracterização dos extratos obtidos quanto a temperatura e pH ótimos e a estabilidade; a formulação de coquetéis enzimáticos para aplicação na hidrólise de bagaço de cana não tratado (BNT), pré-tratado com ozônio, álcali e ultrassom (BOU) e com pré-tratamento hidrotérmico (BHT); e, por fim, as condições e a cinética da reação de sacarificação enzimática. O CS de M. thermophila levou à obtenção de extratos com as maiores atividades de endoglucanase (32 U/mL), β-glicosidase (3,5 U/mL) e FPA (0,7 U/mL). Os extratos apresentaram diferentes perfis de atividade e estabilidade em função de variações de pH e temperatura de reação e incubação, características desejáveis para aplicação na hidrólise de biomassa visando a produção de etanol de segunda geração (E2G). Após 24 h de hidrólise, maiores rendimentos em açúcares redutores totais (ART) foram atingidos empregando coquetel 1:1 v/v de extratos enzimáticos provenientes do CS de T. aurantiacus (TA) e T. reesei (TR) no BOU. Foi possível obter maior teor de ART (464 mg/g BOU vs. 396 mg/g BOU) com menor carga enzimática (9,9 FPA/g BOU com coquetel TA:TR 1:1 v/v vs. 12,6 FPA/g BOU com extrato de TA, respectivamente). Denota-se que há sinergismo entre ... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: This thesis addresses the production of cellulolytic enzymes by solid cultivation (CS) of the thermophilic fungi Myceliophthora thermophila I-1D3b and Thermoascus aurantiacus CBMAI756 and of the mesophilic Trichoderma reesei QM9414 on a substrate composed of sugarcane bagasse (SCB) and wheat bran (WB); the characterization of the extracts obtained in terms of optimum temperature and pH and stability; the formulation of enzymatic cocktails for application in the hydrolysis of untreated SCB (BNT), pretreated with ozone, alkali and ultrasound (BOU) and with hydrothermal pretreatment (BHT); and, finally, the conditions and kinetics of the enzymatic saccharification reaction. The CS of M. thermophila provided extracts with the highest activities of endoglucanase (32 U/mL), β-glucosidase (3.5 U/mL) and FPA (0.7 U/mL). The extracts showed different profiles of activity and stability due to variations in pH and temperature of reaction and incubation, desirable characteristics for application in the hydrolysis of biomass aiming the production of second generation ethanol (E2G). After 24 h of hydrolysis, higher yields of total reducing sugars (TRS) were achieved using cocktail 1:1 v/v of enzymatic extracts from the CS of T. aurantiacus (TA) and T. reesei (TR) in BOU. It was possible to obtain a higher TRS content (464 mg/g BOU vs. 396 mg/g BOU) with lower enzyme load (9.9 FPA/g BOU with cocktail TA:TR 1:1 v/v vs. 12.6 FPA /g BOU with TA extract, respectively). It denotes there is syner... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Doutor

This diploma thesis focuses on a sugar beet and a sugar market situation. First part of this thesis shows general overview of the market, ussage of sugar beet, sugar manufacturing, financial support, etc. The analytic part of the thesis is divided into separate parts as global, european and domestic sugar market while the most attention is paid to domestic situation. For the analisys of domestic market was a used basic index and a price transmission of average annual prizes since 2000 to 2016. To achieve the goal was used particular this literature: CSU, MZe, Listy cukrovarnicke a reparske a Potravinarska komora Ceske republiky. The results shows that the situation of sugar beet and sugar market is constantly evolving and is controlled by agrarian policy. Liberalization of the market brings free trade to the european market on the other hand there is high probabillty just for big manufacturers to persist on the market. The small companies will have troubles to succed on the market next to the big companies unless there will be change in sugar beet financial support.

Thesis (M.Sc. (Microbiology)) -- University of Limpopo, 2020 / Production of bioethanol from lignocellulosic biomass has gained significant attention worldwide as an alternative fuel source for the transportation sector without affecting food supply. Efficient conversion of pentose sugars (L-arabinose and D-xylose) produced during hydrolysis of hemicellulose to ethanol can enhance the economic viability. In this study, a total of 390 yeasts isolated from Marula wine, the gut of dung beetles, herbal concoctions and banana residues were screened for the ability to ferment L-arabinose and D-xylose. Fourteen yeasts were able to ferment both pentose sugars and ten strains were subjected to an adaptation process in the presence of acetic acid using L-arabinose as carbon source. Four adapted strains of Meyerozyma caribbica were able to ferment L-arabinose to ethanol and arabitol in the presence of 3 g/L acetic acid at 35 °C. Meyerozyma caribbica Mu 2.2f fermented D-xylose, L-arabinose and a mixture of D-xylose and L-arabinose to produce 1.7, 3.0 and 1.9 g/L ethanol, respectively, compared to the parental strain with 1.5, 1.0 and 1.8 g/L ethanol, respectively, in the absence of acetic acid. The adapted strain of M. caribbica Mu 2.2f produced 3.6 and 0.8 g/L ethanol from L-arabinose and D-xylose, respectively in the presence of acetic acid while the parental strain failed to grow. In the bioreactor, the adapted strain of M. caribbica Mu 2.2f produced 5.7 g/L ethanol in the presence of 3 g/L acetic acid with an ethanol yield and productivity of 0.338 g/g and 0.158 g/L/h, respectively at a KLa value of 3.3 h-1. The adapted strain produced 26.7 g/L arabitol with a yield of 0.900 g/g at a KLa value of 4.9 h-1. Meyerozyma caribbica Mu 2.2f could potentially be used to produce ethanol and arabitol under stressed conditions. / National Research Foundation (NRF)

京都大学 / 0048 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(エネルギー科学) / 甲第20479号 / エネ博第348号 / 新制||エネ||69(附属図書館) / 京都大学大学院エネルギー科学研究科エネルギー社会・環境科学専攻 / (主査)教授 坂 志朗, 教授 梅澤 俊明, 准教授 河本 晴雄 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Energy Science / Kyoto University / DGAM

In this paper, replacing complete or partly of growth mediums with secondarily wastewater was studied. Lipid content of Neochloris oleoabundans grown in a 0.3 X SE medium and autoclaved secondarily treated wastewater mixture was 22.27 % (w/w). The maximum biomass concentration of N. oleoabundans grown in wastewater with no additional nutrients was 0.636 g/L with 33% (w/w) glucose. Two culture lines, MA, and NA were isolated within our laboratory and could grow in secondarily treated wastewater with no additional nutrients. The maximum biomass concentration of MA in batch culture was 0.860 g/L and the sum of glucose and xylose was 40% (w/w). The maximum biomass concentration of NA was 1.562 g/l and the sum of glucose and xylose was 33.8% (w/w). The maximum specific growth rates of NA and MA were determined to be 0.0566 and 0.0337 per hour.

Many city planners, regional authorities and transport providers are tasked with the challenging job of selecting which type of public buses are suited to their location and priorities. The challenges of which are multidimensional in nature due to different policies to adhere to as well as economic, environmental and technical tradeoffs between options. The aim of this report was to provide decision support in the choice of powertrains and energy sources for buses in public transport systems. The methodology used was a multi-criteria analysis. The assessed transportation options include buses running on diesel, biogas, fatty acid methyl esters (FAME), hydro-treated vegetable oils (HVO), bioethanol as well as battery electric vehicles (BEVs) assessed separately as opportunity and overnight charging. Suitable bus solutions were broken into six key areas to be considered when selecting fleets. These involved economic, technical, reliability, infrastructure, environmental and social issues. The economic considerations highlighted: the cost of ownership and the market share of vehicles. Vehicle performance considerations included: the range/refuel time of a vehicle. Considerations involved in delivery reliability were: national energy security, whether there was a short-term backup fuel as well as current and future policy support. Another consideration regarding infrastructure was: the required level of change required. Regarding environment and energy, considerations of merit involved: well-to-wheel greenhouse gas reductions, air pollution in relation vehicle regulations, noise levels, nutrient recyclability as well as associated resource impacts. The social considerations were determined as: public opinion and job creation. From the compiled results assessing each criterion the grading matrix suggested it was biogas buses followed closely by HVO buses that scored the best. Weighted results were also conducted, emphasizing the most important criteria according to surveyed stakeholders which resulted in HVO and Biogas again performing the best. / Många stadsplanerare, regionala myndigheter och transportleverantörer har uppgift att utföra det utmanande arbetet med att välja vilken typ av offentliga bussar som passar deras läge och prioriteringar. Utmaningarna är multidimensionella på grund av olika politikområden för att följa såväl ekonomiska, miljömässiga som tekniska avvägningar mellan alternativ. Syftet med denna rapport var att ge beslutsstöd när det gäller val av elmotorer och energikällor för bussar i kollektivtrafiksystemen. Metoden som använts var en analys av flera kriterier. De bedömda transportalternativen inkluderar bussar som körs på diesel, biogas, fettsyrametylestrar (FAME), vattenbehandlade vegetabiliska oljor (HVO), bioetanol samt batteridrivna fordon (BEV) som bedömts separat som möjlighet och över natten laddning. Lämpliga busslösningar delades upp i sex nyckelområden som ska beaktas vid val av flottor. Dessa involverade ekonomiska, tekniska, tillförlitliga, infrastrukturella, miljömässiga och sociala frågor. Ekonomiska överväganden framhävs: ägandekostnader och marknadsandelar för fordon. Fordonets prestanda överväganden inkluderade: fordonets räckvidd / tankningstid. Överväganden som berörs av leveranssäkerhet var: nationell energisäkerhet, om det fanns ett kortsiktigt backupbränsle samt nuvarande och framtida politiskt stöd. En annan hänsyn till infrastrukturen var: den nödvändiga förändringsnivån. När det gäller miljö och energi var överväganden om meriter involverade: bränslesänkningar på vägen mot växthus, luftförorening i förhållande till fordonsbestämmelser, bullernivån, återvinningsförmåga för näringsämnen samt tillhörande resurskonsekvenser. De sociala övervägandena bestämdes som: allmän åsikt och skapande av arbetstillfällen. Från de sammanställda resultaten som bedömde varje kriterium noterades att biogasbussar, som följdes noggrant av HVO-bussar, gjorde det bästa enligt graderingsskalmatrisen. Viktiga resultat genomfördes också, med betoning på de viktigaste kriterierna enligt de undersökta intressenterna, vilket resulterade i att HVO och Biogas återigen utför de bästa.

More than 16,000 tons of olive cake was produced in the United States in 2017. Olive cake is a by-product of olive oil extraction, which has limited animal feed potential, and poses an environmental threat when landfilled due to its high organic load and polyphenol content. This residue has potential for biofuel (bioethanol and biomethane) production because it is rich in polysaccharides such as pectin, hemicellulose, and cellulose. Yet, olive cake contains olive stones that can impede its conversion to biofuel. Therefore, two methods of destoning, centrifugation and screening by horizontal screw press, were first compared. Both methods removed an equal percentage of stones (95%), but centrifugation partitioned the majority (57 – 79%) of digestible solids (olive pulp) with the stones. Then, two strategies were compared to maximize both biomethane and bioethanol production; enzymatic conversion of insoluble to soluble carbohydrates and destoning by screening. After 30 days of anaerobic digestion at 35 °C, both the enzymatically pretreated and the destoned olive cakes produced similar amounts of methane (~295 mL CH4/g VS), 42% more than the control (209.5 mL CH4/g VS). The biogas produced was composed of 60-70% methane. A comparison of biomethane yields with a broad range of agricultural residues demonstrated olive cake’s suitability for biomethane production. The digestate, residue from the anaerobic digestion, have high Kjeldahl nitrogen content (3.6%, db) and low polyphenol concentration (0.02 mg GAE/g), which then qualify it as an ingredient for soil amendment. Ethanol production investigations showed that after 3 days of fermentation at 32 °C, only the destoned and enzymatically pretreated olive cake produced ethanol (1.3 mg/mL). Acetic acid, an inhibitor of ethanol production, was present in all samples broth, suggesting microbial contamination was present. These results provide evidence that olive cake can be diverted from landfills to be converted into a biofuel. Sustainable pretreatments such as destoning and enzymatic pretreatment increase biomethane yield. The digestate created from the anaerobic digestion of olive cake can be used as a soil amendment, adding further value to olive cake.

The increase of petroleum cost as well as global warming and climate change result in investigation to discover new renewable energy resources. Bioenergy is one of the most important sources that is concerning the scientists and industrial sector. Although bioethanol had to be known as one of the most important renewable energy sources in order to reduce greenhouse gases and global warming, there is a limited number of publications reporting on them. In this review, a brief overview is offered about bioethanol production from algae. It can be given a deeper insight in dificulties and promising potential of bioethanol from algae. / Sự gia tăng giá nhiên liệu hóa thạch cùng với cảnh báo toàn cầu về biến đổi khí hậu hướng đến việc nghiên cứu tìm ra những nguồn năng lượng có thể tái tạo. Năng lượng sinh học là một trong những nguồn quan trọng được các nhà khoa học và doanh nghiệp quan tâm. Mặc dù ethanol sinh học đã được biết đến như là một trong những dạng năng lượng tái tạo quan trọng nhất để giảm thiểu các khí nhà kính và cảnh báo toàn cầu, nhưng chỉ có một số ít bài báo về nó. Trong bài tổng quan này, chúng tôi giới thiệu vắn tắt việc sản xuất ethanol sinh học từ tảo. Nó đưa ra cái nhìn sâu hơn về những khó khăn và tiềm năng hứa hẹn của sản xuất ethanol sinh học từ tảo.

Ziel der Arbeit war die Nutzbarmachung von Bioethanol zur Wandlung in Strom und Wärme in einer Hochtemperaturbrennstoffzelle. Dazu waren neben der Entwicklung eines langzeitstabilen, effektiven Katalysators zur Synthesegaserzeugung und dessen Testung sowie der Übertragung gewonnener Erkenntnisse auf in einem Reformer einsetzbare Konzepte die Verifizierung kommerzieller Katalysatorsysteme für die partielle Oxidation von Ethanol notwendig. Außerdem ist für die Entwicklung eines ethanolbetriebenen SOFC-Systems eine pulsations- und ablagerungsfreie Verdampfung von unvergälltem und vergälltem Ethanol – welche nicht Stand der Technik ist – erforderlich, für die ein geeignetes Verdampferkonzept entwickelt und getestet wurde. Experimentell konnte die Betreibbarkeit eines SOFC-Systems mit Ethanol an einem für den Betrieb mit LPG ausgelegten System nachgewiesen werden.

Thesis (MScEng)--Stellenbosch University, 2013. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Whereas fuel used for transport and electricity production are mainly fossil–derived, there has recently been an increased focus on bio-fuels due to the impact of fossil derived fuel on the environment as well as the increased energy demand worldwide, concomitant with the depletion of fossil fuel reserves. Paper sludge produced by paper mills are high in lignocellulose and represents a largely untapped feedstock for bio-energy production. The aim of this study was to determine the composition, fermentability and optimum paper sludge loading and enzyme dosage for producing ethanol from paper sludge. This information was used to develop a model of the process in Aspen Plus®. The mass and energy balances obtained from the Aspen Plus® model were used to develop equipment specifications which were used to source equipment cost data. A techno-economic model was developed from the equipment cost data to assess the economic viability of the simultaneous saccharification and fermentation (SSF) process utilising paper sludge as feedstock. Nine paper sludge samples obtained from Nampak Tissue (Pty) Ltd. were evaluated in terms of ethanol production and those samples yielding the highest and lowest ethanol titres were selected for optimisation. This allowed for the determination of a range of ethanol concentrations and yields, expressed as percentage of the theoretical maximum, which could be expected on an industrial scale. Response surface methodology was used to obtain quadratic mathematical models to determine the effects of solid loading and cellulase dosage on ethanol production and ethanol yield from paper sludge during anoxic fed-batch fermentations using Saccharomyces cerevisiae strain MH1000. This approach was augmented with a multi response optimisation approach incorporating a desirability function to determine the optimal solid loading and cellulase dosage in fed-batch SSF cultures. The multi response optimisation revealed that an optimum paper sludge loading of 21% (w/w) and a cellulase loading of 14.5 FPU g-1 be used regardless of the paper sludge sample. The fact that one optimal enzyme dosage and paper sludge loading is possible, regardless the paper sludge feed stock, is attractive since the SSF process can be controlled efficiently, while not requiring process alterations to optimize ethanol production when different batches of paper sludge are processed. At the optimum paper sludge loading and cellulase dosage a minimum ethanol concentration of 47.36 g l-1 (84.69% of theoretical maximum) can be expected regardless of the paper sludge used. An economic assessment was conducted to ascertain whether ethanol production from paper sludge using SSF is economically viable. Three scenarios were investigated. In the first scenario revenue was calculated from the ethanol sales linked to the basic fuel price, whereas in the second and third scenarios liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) consumption at the paper mill was replaced with anhydrous and 95% ethanol respectively. In all the cases, paper sludge feed rates of 15, 30 and 50 t d-1 were used. The production of ethanol from paper sludge for ethanol sales (scenario 1) resulted in higher IRR and NPV values, as well as shorter payback periods, compared to replacement of LPG at the paper mill (scenarios 2 and 3). At an assumed enzyme cost of $ 0.90 gal-1 (R 2.01 litre-1), IRR values of 11%, 22% and 30% were obtained at paper sludge feed rates of 15, 30 and 50 t d-1. A sensitivity analysis performed on the total capital investment and enzyme cost revealed that the SSF process is only economically viable at a paper sludge feed rate of 50 t d-1 irrespective of the variation in capital investment. For the SSF process to be economically viable the enzyme costs must be lower than $ 0.70 gal-1 (R 1.56 litre-1) and $ 1.20 gal-1 (R 2.68 litre-1) for paper sludge feed rates of 30 and 50 t d-1 respectively. The SSF process at a paper sludge feed rate of 15 t d-1 was not economically viable even assuming a zero enzyme cost. A Monte Carlo simulation revealed that the SSF process is economically viable at a paper sludge feed rate of 50 t d-1 as a mean IRR value of 32% were obtained with a probability of 26% to attain an IRR value lower than 25%. The SSF process at lower paper sludge loadings is not economically viable as probabilities of 70% and 95% were obtained to attain IRR values lower than 25% at paper sludge feed rates of 30 and 15 t d-1 respectively. From this study it can be concluded that paper sludge is an excellent feedstock for ethanol production for the sales of ethanol at a paper sludge feed rate in excess of 50 t d-1 with the added environmental benefit of reducing GHG emissions by 42.5%. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Aangesien dat brandstof vir vervoer en energie meestal vanaf fossiel afgeleide bronne kom, is daar onlangs ʼn groter fokus op bio-brandstowwe as gevolg van die impak van fossiel afgeleide brandstowwe op die omgewing en 'n verhoogde aanvraag na energie wêreldwyd, gepaardgaande met die uitputting van fossielbrandstof-reserwes. Papier slyk geproduseer deur papier meule is hoog in lignosellulose en verteenwoordig 'n grootliks onontginde grondstof vir etanol produksie. Die doel van die studie was om vas te stel wat die samestelling, fermenteerbaarheid, optimale papier slyk en ensiem ladings is vir die vervaardiging van etanol uit papier slyk. Die inligting was gebruik om 'n model van die proses in Aspen Plus® te ontwikkel. Die massa-en energiebalanse wat verkry is van die Aspen Plus® model was gebruik om toerusting spesifikasies te ontwikkel wat gebruik was om toerusting kostes te bereken. ‘n Tegno-ekonomiese model is ontwikkel om die ekonomiese lewensvatbaarheid van die gelyktydige versuikering en fermentasie proses “SSF” wat gebruik maak van papier slyk as grondstof te assesseer. Nege papier slyk monsters verkry vanaf Nampak Tissue (Pty) Ltd. is geëvalueer in terme van etanol produksie. Die monsters wat die hoogste en laagste etanol konsentrasies opgelewer het, is geselekteer vir optimalisering omdat dit toegelaat het vir die vasstelling van etanol konsentrasies en opbrengste, uitgedruk as persentasie van die teoretiese maksimum, wat verwag kan word in industrie. Reaksie oppervlak metodologie “RSM” is gebruik om wiskundige modelle te ontwikkel om die impak van papier slyk lading en sellulase dosis op etanol produksie en etanol opbrengs te assesseer. Die RSM is aangevul met 'n multi effek optimiserings benadering wat 'n wenslikheid funksie inkorporeer om die optimale papier slyk lading en sellulase dosis in gevoerde-enkellading SSF kulture te bepaal. Die multi effek optimalisering het getoon dat 'n optimale papier slyk lading van 21% (w/w) en 'n sellulase dosis van 14.5 FPU g-1 gebruik moet word, ongeag van die papier slyk monster. Die feit dat die optimale ensiem dosis en papier slyk lading dieselfde is ongeag die papier slyk monster, is aantreklik aangesien die SSF proses meer doeltreffend beheer kan word omdat proses veranderinge nie nodig is om die proses te optimaliseer nie. By die optimale papier slyk lading en sellulase dosis kan 'n minimum etanol konsentrasie van 47.36 g l-1 (84,69% van die teoretiese maksimum) verwag word ongeag van die papier slyk wat gebruik word. 'n Ekonomiese evaluasie is gedoen om vas te stel of etanol produksie vanaf papier slyk met behulp van SSF ekonomies lewensvatbaar is. Drie moontlikhede is ondersoek. In die eerste moontlikheid is die inkomste bereken vanaf etanol verkope gekoppel aan die basiese brandstofprys, terwyl in die tweede en derde moontlikhede, LPG by die papier meul vervang is met anhidriese en 95% etanol onderskeidelik. In al die gevalle was daar gebruik gemaak van papier slyk voer tempo’s van 15, 30 en 50 t d-1. Die produksie van etanol uit papier slyk vir verkope (moontlikheid 1) het gelei tot hoër IRR en die NPV waardes, sowel as korter terugverdien tydperke, in vergelyking met die vervanging van LPG by die papier meul (moontlikhede 2 en 3). Met ʼn ensiem koste van $ 0.90 gal-1 (R 2.01 litre-1) is IRR-waardes van 11%, 22% en 30% verkry teen papier slyk voer tempo’s van 15, 30 en 50 t d-1 onderskeidelik. 'n Sensitiwiteitsanalise uitgevoer op die totale kapitale belegging en ensiem koste het aan die lig gebring dat 'n SSF proses slegs ekonomies lewensvatbaar is op 'n papier slyk voer tempo van 50 t d-1 ongeag van die variasie in die kapitale belegging. Vir die SSF proses om ekonomies lewensvatbaar te wees, moet die ensiem kostes laer wees as $ 0.70 gal-1 (R 1.56 liter-1) en $ 1.20 gal-1 (R 2.68 liter-1) vir papier slyk voer tempo’s van onderskeidelik 30 en 50 t d-1. Die SSF proses was op 'n papier slyk voer tempo van 15 t d-1 nie ekonomies lewensvatbaar nie, selfs teen 'n ensiem koste van nul. 'n Monte Carlo-simulasie het getoon dat die SSF proses ekonomies lewensvatbaar is met 'n papier slyk voer tempo van 50 t d-1 omdat 'n gemiddelde IRR-waarde van 32% verkry is met 'n waarskynlikheid van 26% om 'n IRR-waarde laer as 25% te verkry. Die SSF proses teen papier slyk voer tempo’s van 30 en 15 t d-1 is nie ekonomies lewensvatbaar nie omdat waarskynlikhede van 70% en 95% onderskeidelik verkry is om IRR-waardes laer as 25% te kry. Daar kan van die studie afgelei word dat papier slyk 'n uitstekende grondstof is vir die produksie van etanol mits 'n papier slyk voer tempo van meer as 50 t d-1 bereik kan word. Die produksie van etanol vanaf papier slyk het die bykomende voordeel dat kweekhuis gasse (GHG) met 42.5% verminder word.