Digitized by Kansas Correctional Industries

Typescript. / Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Hawaii, 1970. / Bibliography: leaves [60]-65. / vi, 65 l tables

The pathological effects of infections of Dlspharynx nasuta (Nematoda: Acuariidae) on confined, experiment ally-infected chicks of the blue grouse, Dendragapus obscurus, have been studied. The severity of the infection was found to be directly proportional to the number of worms present and the youth of the host. The development of the lesion produced at the site of infection, the proventriculus of the host, is described and its papillomatous nature confirmed. The previously unknown developmental stages of D. nasuta in the avian host are described and related both to the formation of the lesion and to the disease process. The growth of infected birds, expressed as gain in weight, was less than that of the controls although food intake studies indicated that the amount of food eaten by both groups was comparable. Calcium and phosphorus analyses on bones gave no indication that the mineral metabolism of infected birds was affected although their bones broke more readily than those of the controls. Development of the Juvenal feathers which appear from 3 to 5 weeks of age may be severely retarded. These observations suggest that the protein metabolism of the host is impaired. The numbers of hemocytes of infected grouse fluctuate greatly and show two critical low periods. The first, occurring immediately after infection, can be correlated with the invasion of the larvae and possibly to a substance secreted by them. The second occurs 2 to 3 weeks after initial infection and can be correlated with local irritation and hemorrhages and perhaps the moult of the larvae. Chronic hematological symptoms are anemia and leucocytosis. The latter is characterized by heterophil ia, eosinophilopenia, lymphocytosis of small forms and lymphopenia of the larger forms. The presence of circulating antibodies for D. nasuta was not demonstrated with the techniques used. The evidence suggests that the host tissue reaction may be an allergic response. Several ecological questions concerning the survival of D. nasuta during the winter months, temperature for larval development in the intermediate host, longevity of adult D. nasuta in the definitive host, infection and reinfection of adult blue grouse, are considered. In the laboratory, infections of 16 and 22 worms, administered to the host before 2 weeks of age, were fatal. Results of these experiments indicate that D. nasuta is a debilitating pathogen which may prove fatal and, may act as a controlling factor of natural grouse populations. / Science, Faculty of / Zoology, Department of / Graduate

Graduation date: 1948

West Nile Virus (WNV) first appeared in the western hemisphere in 1999, and has since spread across the United States and into Mexico and the Caribbean. It has been hypothesized that WNV has spread rapidly via migratory birds, and that various avian species may facilitate viral amplification during winter months. The goals of this research were to determine the role of American Tree Sparrows (Spizella americana) in the spread of WNV during their igrations and to determine the role of the Northern Cardinal (Cardinalis cardinalis) in winter survivorship and subsequent spring amplification of WNV. Additional wintering avian species were sampled to provide a general survey of the prevalence of WNV in winter in south-central Kansas. Blood samples were taken from the brachial vein of migratory and wintering birds captured using mist nets at four wintering feeding stations at the Wichita State University Field Station. Some samples were taken from retrapped birds within a single winter to determine if winter transmission occurs. Some birds were resampled in consecutive winters to monitor seroconversion rates. Analysis of serum samples were performed, in triplicate, using an epitope-blocking ELISA. The current study was conducted during the consecutive winters of 2003-04 and 2004-05. It was concluded that resident species had an increased incidence of WNV exposure when compared to that of migratory species. This difference suggests that migratory species may not have as important a role in the dissemination of WNV as first hypothesized. Also, minimal, if any, winter transmission occurs on communal feeding grounds. Viral amplification during the winter was not demonstrated, although one individual seroconverted during a single winter. / Thesis (M.S.)--Wichita State University, Dept. of Biological Sciences / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 35-39)

O Brasil é o maior exportador e o terceiro maior produtor mundial de carne de aves, com 11,42 milhões de toneladas em 2010 e 12,86 milhões de toneladas em 2011. Com relação à produção e exportação de carne de peru em 2011, as exportações totalizaram 141,2 mil toneladas. , com uma redução de 10,5%, quando comparada com o ano anterior. O mercado de produtos à base de carne de peru tem se mostrado bastante promissor não só no Brasil como em vários outros países, representando 6,9% da produção mundial. Aliado ao desenvolvimento da produção animal, principalmente nos últimos anos, o bem-estar animal tem constituído tema de discussão e pesquisa, estando entre os assuntos mais discutidos atualmente na produção animal. É crescente a convicção dos consumidores de que os animais utilizados para produção de alimentos devem ser bem tratados. Problemas locomotores impedem que a ave se movimente livremente e, com isso, acessem os equipamentos necessários para sua sobrevivência: comedouros e bebedouros. Cerca de 10 a 40% do lucro bruto por lote é perdido devido a problemas locomotores nas aves, as quais podem ter a carcaça condenada completa ou parcialmente no abatedouro. Existem diversas formas de avaliar os problemas locomotores em aves de corte. No campo, as metodologias mais empregadas para avaliar problemas locomotores são exames visuais da capacidade de locomoção das aves, denominados de Gait Score (avaliação do caminhar). Entretanto essas metodologias são consideradas subjetivas, pois não utilizam nenhum equipamento e, sim,planilhas que orientam o usuário a observar o comportamento das aves ou medir com régua o tamanho das lesões. Isto quer dizer, que dependendo do avaliador e de sua interpretação um escore de injúrias será concluído. Desta forma, o objetivo deste trabalho é validar uma nova tecnologia para mensuração de problemas locomotores em aves de corte (frangos e perus), que seja objetiva, de fácil manuseio, confiável (independente do avaliador) e de uso universal.Para tal, essa nova tecnologia foi desenvolvida e avaliada comparativamente com seis metodologias de mensuração de problemas locomotores, previamente estabelecidas pelas amplas citações na literatura, buscando ajustá-la e validá-la. / Brazil is the largest exporter and third largest producer of poultry meat, with 11.42 million tons in 2010 and 12.86 million tons in 2011. With this relation to the production and export of turkey meat in 2011, exports totaling 141,200 tons, with reduction of 10.5% when compared with the previous year. The market for products made from turkey meat has been shown very promising not only in Brazil and in several other countries, accounting 6.9% of global production. Allied with development of animal production, especially in recent years, animal welfare has been a subject of discussion and research, being among the most discussed subjects currently in production animal. There is growing certainty of consumers that animals used for food production should to be treated well. The locomotor problems hinder the fowl from moving freely and with it accessing the equipment necessary for their survival: feeders and drinkers. About 10-40% of gross profit per lot is lost due to locomotor problems in birds, of which can be completely or partly condemned carcass the slaughterhouse. There are different ways of evaluating the locomotor problems in broiler chickens. In the field, the methodologies used to evaluate locomotor problems are visual examinations of walking ability of the birds, called Gait Score (evaluation of walking). Meanwhile these methods are considered subjective because does not use any equipment and, yeah, worksheets that guide the user to observe the bird behavior with a ruler or measuring the size of the lesions. This means that depending the evaluator and their interpretation a score of injuries will be concluded. In this way, the purpose of this work is to validate a new technology for measurement of locomotors problems in broiler chickens (chickens and turkeys) that be objective, with easily managed and confidante, independent the evaluator and with universal use. To this the new technology was developed and evaluated in comparison with six methodologies to measure locomotors problems, previously established by extensive citations in the literature, look for adjust it and validate it.

Orientador: Angelo Berchieri Junior / Coorientador: Oliveiro Caetano de Freitas Neto / Banca: Manoel Victor Franco Lemos / Banca: Marcelo Brocchi / Resumo: Salmonella enterica subespécie enterica sorovar Gallinarum biovar Gallinarum (S. Gallinarum) é o agente causador do tifo aviário, uma doença septicêmica que afeta principalmente aves adultas. Enquanto que Salmonella enterica subespécie enterica sorovar Gallinarum biovar Pullorum (S. Pullorum) é o micro-organismo causador da pulorose, uma doença sistêmica de aves jovens que evolui para infecção persistente em algumas das que se recuperam da enfermidade. Essas bactérias são genética e fenotipicamente semelhantes, mas causam doenças distintas nos seus hospedeiros. Ainda não se sabe quais seriam as informações genéticas responsáveis pelas diferenças na patogenia e epidemiologia do tifo aviário e da pulorose. Com o intuito de investigar essas diferenças, realizou-se o presente estudo, o qual teve por objetivo a comparação dos genomas de S. Gallinarum 287/91, S. Pullorum 449/87 e de S. Pullorum RKS5078 para identificação de regiões de diferenças ("regions of difference" - RODs). Foram identificadas e caracterizadas 68 RODs, buscando correlacioná-las com a patogenicidade desses micro-organismos. Além disso, verificou-se a conservação de algumas dessas RODs em 25 estirpes de S. Gallinarum e 17 de S. Pullorum, todas isoladas de aves com tifo aviário ou pulorose. De modo geral, as RODs continham genes relacionados à funções celulares (reparo de DNA e desagregação de proteínas celulares), produção de energia e virulência. No presente estudo foi observado que a maioria das RODs conservadas era gerada por deleções que, putativamente, provocaram perda de sua função em S. Pullorum. Por esse motivo, foi possível sugerir que a diferente epidemiologia de S. Pullorum poderia ser decorrente de perdas gênicas e não de características adquiridas... / Abstract: Salmonella enterica subspecie enterica serovar Gallinarum biovar Gallinarum (S. Gallinarum) is the causative agent of fowl typhoid, a septicaemic disease that affects mainly adult birds, whereas Salmonella enterica subespécie enterica serovar Gallinarum biovar Pullorum (S. Pullorum) causes pullorum disease, a systemic disease of young birds that can evolve for persistent infection in some of the birds that recovered. These two bacteria are genetic and phenotypically similar but cause distinct diseases. The genetic bases that would be responsible for these differences are still unknown. For this reason the present study was elaborated and aimed at comparing S. Gallinarum 287/91, S. Pullorum 449/87 and S. Pullorum RKS5078 whole genomes in order to identify regions of difference (RODs). In total, 68 RODs were identified and characterized attempting to correlate them with pathogenicity features of S. Gallinarum and S. Pullorum. Furthermore, the conservation status of some RODs was verified in 25 strains of S. Gallinarum and 17 strains of S. Pullorum, all of them isolated from birds with fowl typhoid or pullorum disease. Overall, the RODs have genes involved in cellular functions (as DNA repair and protein disaggregation), energy production and virulence. In the present study, it was noticed the majority of conserved RODs were generated by deletions in genes which, putatively, would lead to loss of their function in S. Pullorum. Consequently, it was feasible to suggest that S. Pullorum epidemiology would be a negative characteristic stemming from gene losses rather than acquired features... / Mestre

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:30:22Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2013-07-23Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T20:20:49Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 000735464.pdf: 1949620 bytes, checksum: 606a0ff66a766ef4da41725644d69aa5 (MD5) / Salmonella enterica subespécie enterica sorovar Gallinarum biovar Gallinarum (S. Gallinarum) é o agente causador do tifo aviário, uma doença septicêmica que afeta principalmente aves adultas. Enquanto que Salmonella enterica subespécie enterica sorovar Gallinarum biovar Pullorum (S. Pullorum) é o micro-organismo causador da pulorose, uma doença sistêmica de aves jovens que evolui para infecção persistente em algumas das que se recuperam da enfermidade. Essas bactérias são genética e fenotipicamente semelhantes, mas causam doenças distintas nos seus hospedeiros. Ainda não se sabe quais seriam as informações genéticas responsáveis pelas diferenças na patogenia e epidemiologia do tifo aviário e da pulorose. Com o intuito de investigar essas diferenças, realizou-se o presente estudo, o qual teve por objetivo a comparação dos genomas de S. Gallinarum 287/91, S. Pullorum 449/87 e de S. Pullorum RKS5078 para identificação de regiões de diferenças (“regions of difference” – RODs). Foram identificadas e caracterizadas 68 RODs, buscando correlacioná-las com a patogenicidade desses micro-organismos. Além disso, verificou-se a conservação de algumas dessas RODs em 25 estirpes de S. Gallinarum e 17 de S. Pullorum, todas isoladas de aves com tifo aviário ou pulorose. De modo geral, as RODs continham genes relacionados à funções celulares (reparo de DNA e desagregação de proteínas celulares), produção de energia e virulência. No presente estudo foi observado que a maioria das RODs conservadas era gerada por deleções que, putativamente, provocaram perda de sua função em S. Pullorum. Por esse motivo, foi possível sugerir que a diferente epidemiologia de S. Pullorum poderia ser decorrente de perdas gênicas e não de características adquiridas... / Salmonella enterica subspecie enterica serovar Gallinarum biovar Gallinarum (S. Gallinarum) is the causative agent of fowl typhoid, a septicaemic disease that affects mainly adult birds, whereas Salmonella enterica subespécie enterica serovar Gallinarum biovar Pullorum (S. Pullorum) causes pullorum disease, a systemic disease of young birds that can evolve for persistent infection in some of the birds that recovered. These two bacteria are genetic and phenotypically similar but cause distinct diseases. The genetic bases that would be responsible for these differences are still unknown. For this reason the present study was elaborated and aimed at comparing S. Gallinarum 287/91, S. Pullorum 449/87 and S. Pullorum RKS5078 whole genomes in order to identify regions of difference (RODs). In total, 68 RODs were identified and characterized attempting to correlate them with pathogenicity features of S. Gallinarum and S. Pullorum. Furthermore, the conservation status of some RODs was verified in 25 strains of S. Gallinarum and 17 strains of S. Pullorum, all of them isolated from birds with fowl typhoid or pullorum disease. Overall, the RODs have genes involved in cellular functions (as DNA repair and protein disaggregation), energy production and virulence. In the present study, it was noticed the majority of conserved RODs were generated by deletions in genes which, putatively, would lead to loss of their function in S. Pullorum. Consequently, it was feasible to suggest that S. Pullorum epidemiology would be a negative characteristic stemming from gene losses rather than acquired features...

Orientador: Oliveiro Caetano Freitas Neto / Coorientador: Angelo Berchieri Junior / Banca: Nilce Maria Soares / Banca: Rafael Antonio Casarin Penha Filho / Resumo: Salmonella Gallinarum (SG) é o agente etiológico do tifo aviário (TA), uma doença sistêmica grave responsável por perdas econômicas para a indústria avícola em todo o mundo. TA foi considerado sob controle no Brasil e em países desenvolvidos. No entanto, nos últimos anos, inúmeros surtos dessa enfermidade têm sido identificados em lotes de aves de vários estados do Brasil. Com intuito de investigar fatores que pudessem ajudar a compreender a epidemiologia destes surtos, o presente estudo foi realizado. Foram avaliadas: (i) as possíveis alterações na patogenicidade de uma estirpe de SG isolada de um dos surtos recentes de TA, para as aves de linhagens comerciais utilizadas atualmente no Brasil; (ii) as possibilidades de transmissão de SG por via vertical e durante a incubação de ovos; (iii) a influência do uso antimicrobianos na persistência de SG na ave e consequente transmissão vertical; (iv) os perfis genéticos das estirpes isoladas anteriormente e, recentemente, por PFGE. No presente estudo, aves de linhagens mais suscetíveis infectadas por SG apresentaram alterações patológicas de maior intensidade e altas taxas de mortalidade, enquanto que as aves de linhagens mais resistentes apresentaram a mortalidade e sinais clínicos de forma mais branda. No entanto, foram capazes de manter SG por períodos mais longos que as aves de linhagens susceptíveis. SG não foi recuperada dos ovos produzidos por aves suscetíveis ou resistentes. A transmissão vertical não foi observada, embora a... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: Salmonella Gallinarum (SG) causes fowl typhoid (FT) a severe systemic disease responsible for economic losses to the poultry industry worldwide. FT was considered under control in Brazil and in developed countries. Nonetheless, in recent years has been identified on farms in several states of Brazil. In order to investigate the epidemiological reasons behind this large FT outbreak, the present study was carried out to assess: (i) possible changes in the patogenicity of a strain of SG isolated from a recent outbreak to chickens of white and brown lines of layers; (ii) transmission through eggs and hatching; (iii) the interference of antibiotic to the persistence of SG in the bird and to vertical transmission; (iv) the genetic profiles of strains isolated previously and recently by PFGE. Susceptible lines showed extensive pathological changes and high mortality rates, whereas in resistant lines mortality and clinical signs were almost absent. Although, they could maintain SG for longer periods than the susceptible lines did. SG was not recovered from any egg laid by birds from susceptible or resistant either. Vertical transmission was not observed although newborn chicks were infected due the contact during incubation. Antibiotic therapy was effective at reducing mortality but was not able to clear the infection and neither to favour vertical transmission. Strains did exhibit very similar genetic profiles, suggesting they have been circulating in Brazilian flocks for more than 20 years. Failures in components of biosecurity programs, probably, would be the responsible for the FT spread in Brazil / Mestre

Uma preocupação mundial em saúde pública são as doenças transmitidas por alimentos. A Salmonelose figura como a segunda doença de transmissão alimentar mais frequente em países como Estados Unidos, Canadá e na Comunidade Europeia. No Brasil desde 1999 até 2011 a Salmonella é a principal bactéria causadora de doenças transmitidas por alimentos. A Salmonella é um bacilo Gram-negativo, não formador de esporos e devido diferenças bioquímicas subdividem- se em 2 espécies: Salmonella bongori e Salmonella enterica sendo que a última divide-se em seis subespécies: enterica, salamae, arizonae, diarizonae, houtenae e indica. A Salmonella enterica enterica sorovar Enteritidis é um dos principais sorovares encontrados em aves que está relacionado com Salmonelose em humanos. Nas últimas décadas a principal forma de controle de enfermidades bacterianas em granjas avícolas foi o uso de antimicrobianos. No entanto, o uso destas drogas como medida preventiva tem sido questionada uma vez que extensos relatos surgiram sobre a resistência aos antimicrobianos entre bactérias patogênicas. Desta forma, a proibição de diversos antibióticos na avicultura tem gerado a necessidade do desenvolvimento de novas formas de controle das infecções bacterianas e da melhora no desempenho zootécnico. Os probióticos têm sido propostos como candidatos a preencher esta lacuna. Probióticos foram definidos como aditivos compostos por microrganismos vivos que, quando administrados em quantidades adequadas, conferem benefício à saúde do hospedeiro modulando o sistema imune. Os probióticos podem ser constituídos por culturas de microrganismos definidos ou culturas de microrganismos indefinidos. Porém, ainda não existem estudos que possam comprovar qual das constituições de probióticos é a mais eficaz no controle de Salmonella, o que requer maiores estudos em relação às diferentes constituições de probióticos disponíveis para utilização. Neste contexto o objetivo do presente estudo é abordar por meio de uma revisão bibliográfica a importância da Salmonella na saúde pública e os probióticos como relevante ferramenta de controle de Salmonelose. Um segundo objetivo é elaborar um capítulo com um artigo intitulado: “Probióticos de Culturas Definidas e Indefinidas no Controle de Salmonella Enteritidis em Frangos de Corte”. / A global public health concern are diseases transmitted by food. Salmonellosis as the second figure of foodborne disease more common in countries like United States, Canada and the European Community. In Brazil since 1999 until 2011 the Salmonella bacterium is the leading cause of foodborne illness. Salmonella is a gram-negative, non-spore-forming and due to biochemical differences are divided into two species: Salmonella bongori and Salmonella enterica and the last divided into six subspecies: enterica, salamae, arizonae, diarizonae, houtenae and indica. The Salmonella enterica enterica serovar Enteritidis is a major serotypes found in birds that are related to Salmonellosis in humans. In recent decades the main way to control bacterial diseases in poultry farms was the use of antimicrobials. However, the use of these drugs as a preventive measure has been questioned since extensive reports have appeared on the antimicrobial resistance among pathogenic bacteria. Thus, the prohibition of various antibiotics in poultry has raised the need to develop new ways to control bacterial infections and improves on the performance. Probiotics have been proposed as candidates to fill this gap. Probiotics have been defined as live microorganisms comprise additives which, when administered in adequate amounts, confer health benefits modulating the host's immune system. Probiotics may be constituted by cultures of microorganisms defined or undefined cultures of microorganisms. However, there are no studies to prove which of the constitutions of probiotics is most effective in controlling Salmonella, which requires further study in relation to the different constitutions of probiotics available for use. In this context, the objective of this study is to address through a literature review on the importance of public health Salmonella and probiotics as relevant control tool Salmonellosis. A second goal is to develop a chapter with an article titled: "Efficacy of a Probiotics Cultures Defined and Undefined in Control of Salmonella Enteritidis in Broilers".