The high performance organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs) have been studied. First, we have fabricated a WOLED with AlF3 and m-MTDATA as a hybrid buffer layer. Results indicate that the turn-on voltage can be reduced to 3.1V, and the luminous efficiency can be improved to 14.7 cd/A when a hybrid buffer layer was used. Since the turn-on voltage decreases and the efficiency increases, the power consumption as well as lifespan are then improved. Moreover, the luminous efficiency of the hybrid buffer layer devices also immunes to drive voltage variations. Second, we studied the properties of transportation in OLEDs. The study presented the device of a WOLED with a combination of a graded hole transport layer (GH) structure and a gradually doped emissive layer (GE) structure as a double graded (DG) structure. The DG structure: ITO/MTDATA(15 nm/NPB(15 nm)/NPB:25% BAlq (15 nm)/NPB : 50% BAlq (15 nm)/BAlq:0.5% Rubrene (10 nm)/ BAlq : 1% Rubrene (10nm) /BAlq:1.5%Rubrene (10 nm) / Alq3 (20 nm)/ LiF (0.5 nm)/Al (200 nm) is beneficial for improving both electrical and optical performances. The luminous efficiency of the DG device is 11.8cd/A, which is larger than that of 7.9cd/A with the HJ device. This improvement is attributed to the discrete interface between hole transport layer and emissive layer can be eliminated, surplus holes can be suppressed, electron-hole pairs can obtain optimal transportation and recombination in the emissive layer, and quenching effects can be significantly suppressed. Moreover, the spectra were almost not changed with an increasing drive current. As the efficiency was improved, it is expected that the power consumption can be reduced as well. Third, high efficiency and brightness p-i-n OLEDs with a CsI-doped Alq3 layer as a n-ETL has been studied. The p-i-n WOLED with a 15 % CsI-doped Alq3 layer exhibits a luminous efficiency of 5.75 cd/A at a driving current of 20mA/cm2 as well as a maximum power efficiency of 4.67lm/W. This improved performance is attributed to the increased electron carriers of the n-ETL and the balance of electrons and holes in the recombination zone. The X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) have shown that doping of CsI caused chemical reaction, attributing to the increase of carriers. Finally, we focus on the improvement of contrast ration (CR) of OLEDs. We successfully fabricated a conductive organic-metal light-absorbing layer with a high CR and low reflectance for use as a black cathode in an OLED. The black cathode that was fabricated using vacuum deposition has the advantages of low cost and simple fabrication. Moreover, the J-V characteristic of the black cathode device is almost identical to that of a conventional device. Additionally, the reflectance can be reduced from 66.2% to 11.3% and a small reflectance variation around 3.3% over the visible spectrum is appealed. At an ambient illumination of 250 lx, the CR can be increased from 4.2 to 10.8 at a brightness of 250 cd/m2.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-08-20T13:44:37Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 dissertacao_valmor_konflanz.pdf: 208272 bytes, checksum: 44261cbcb3d4401aa4dbf2f9c4397c9c (MD5) Previous issue date: 2005-11-11 / The basis to high production per area in maize is directly related to the success of the establishment of an adequate plant stand, which in turn depends on rational management and the quality of seeds. The increase in the demand of maize seeds of high physiological and genetic quality has been gradual, and has had a major impact on the improvement of yields. To preserve the genetic and physiological potential of a cultivar when producing seed, it is essential to understand all features associated to seed maturation. Thus, this work had the objective to identify the best harvest time starting at the appearance of the black layer for 7 ancestries and 5 hybrids of maize. The experiment was installed in the seed production area of the KSP Seed Research Company Ltd. township of Campos Novos, SC. The establishment of all treatments followed the technical guidelines indicated for the maize crop. The first harvest initiated at the appearance of the black layer stage for each genotype. Subsequent harvest treatments were performed at 10, 20, 30, 40 and 50 days after the formation of the black layer. The seed moisture content was determined for each harvest date, after which the seeds were dried still in the spike. After being dried, the seeds were threshed and stored in cold and dry chamber, at a mean temperature of 12ºC and 52%relative humidity, until being analyzed. For the evaluation of the physiological quality of the seeds, the tests of germination and vigor were carried out. Considering the results, the best harvest time for all treatments was that of 10 days after the appearance of the black layer. Environmental effects have a great impact on the seed physiological quality, especially when the harvest and rainy seasons coincide. Extremely early harvests will cause the seeds to show lower vigor when sown shortly after drying. It is suggested that the harvest be executed 10 days after the physiological maturity. The loss of seed moisture while still in the field is slow, contributing to the deterioration of their physiological quality whenever harvest is retarded beyond the period of 10 days after the physiological maturity is reached. / A base da alta produção por área, principalmente da cultura do milho, está diretamente relacionada com o sucesso do estabelecimento das plantas no campo, que por sua vez, depende do manejo racional e da qualidade das sementes. O aumento da demanda de sementes de milho de alta qualidade fisiológica e genética tem sido gradual, e o grande responsável pelos incrementos na produção. Para que na produção de sementes seja preservado o máximo potencial genético e fisiológico de uma cultivar, é necessário conhecer o seu processo de maturação. Assim, este trabalho teve por objetivo identificar o melhor ponto de colheita a partir do surgimento da camada preta para 7 linhagens e 5 híbridos de milho. O experimento foi instalado na área de pesquisa da Empresa KSP Sementes e Pesquisas Ltda no Município de Campos Novos-SC, conforme as recomendações técnicas indicadas para a cultura. A primeira colheita foi no surgimento da camada preta para todos os genótipos. Após foram realizadas colheitas aos 10, 20, 30, 40 e 50 dias após a formação da camada preta e determinado o teor de água das amostras. As sementes foram secadas em espigas na medida em que foram sendo colhidas. Após a secagem foram debulhadas e armazenadas em câmara fria e seca, com temperatura média de 12ºC e umidade relativa de 52% até as avaliações. Para avaliação da qualidade fisiológica das sementes foram realizados os testes de germinação e vigor. Considerando os resultados encontrados o melhor ponto de colheita para os genótipos estudados tanto para as linhagens como para os híbridos foi aos 10 dias após o início do surgimento da camada preta. Efeitos do ambiente afetam a qualidade fisiológica das sementes no campo após a maturidade fisiológica, principalmente para colheitas logo após períodos de chuvas. Para semeaduras logo após a secagem das sementes, colheitas muito precoces podem acarretar em menores índices de vigor durante a germinação das sementes, sendo mais seguro para estas situações colheitas aos 10 dias após a maturidade fisiológica. A perda de umidade no campo é lenta, contribuindo para a deterioração das sementes no campo reduzindo a qualidade fisiológica à medida que há retardo na colheita a partir dos 10 dias após a maturidade fisiológica.