The high performance organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs) have been studied. First, we have fabricated a WOLED with AlF3 and m-MTDATA as a hybrid buffer layer. Results indicate that the turn-on voltage can be reduced to 3.1V, and the luminous efficiency can be improved to 14.7 cd/A when a hybrid buffer layer was used. Since the turn-on voltage decreases and the efficiency increases, the power consumption as well as lifespan are then improved. Moreover, the luminous efficiency of the hybrid buffer layer devices also immunes to drive voltage variations. Second, we studied the properties of transportation in OLEDs. The study presented the device of a WOLED with a combination of a graded hole transport layer (GH) structure and a gradually doped emissive layer (GE) structure as a double graded (DG) structure. The DG structure: ITO/MTDATA(15 nm/NPB(15 nm)/NPB:25% BAlq (15 nm)/NPB : 50% BAlq (15 nm)/BAlq:0.5% Rubrene (10 nm)/ BAlq : 1% Rubrene (10nm) /BAlq:1.5%Rubrene (10 nm) / Alq3 (20 nm)/ LiF (0.5 nm)/Al (200 nm) is beneficial for improving both electrical and optical performances. The luminous efficiency of the DG device is 11.8cd/A, which is larger than that of 7.9cd/A with the HJ device. This improvement is attributed to the discrete interface between hole transport layer and emissive layer can be eliminated, surplus holes can be suppressed, electron-hole pairs can obtain optimal transportation and recombination in the emissive layer, and quenching effects can be significantly suppressed. Moreover, the spectra were almost not changed with an increasing drive current. As the efficiency was improved, it is expected that the power consumption can be reduced as well. Third, high efficiency and brightness p-i-n OLEDs with a CsI-doped Alq3 layer as a n-ETL has been studied. The p-i-n WOLED with a 15 % CsI-doped Alq3 layer exhibits a luminous efficiency of 5.75 cd/A at a driving current of 20mA/cm2 as well as a maximum power efficiency of 4.67lm/W. This improved performance is attributed to the increased electron carriers of the n-ETL and the balance of electrons and holes in the recombination zone. The X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) have shown that doping of CsI caused chemical reaction, attributing to the increase of carriers. Finally, we focus on the improvement of contrast ration (CR) of OLEDs. We successfully fabricated a conductive organic-metal light-absorbing layer with a high CR and low reflectance for use as a black cathode in an OLED. The black cathode that was fabricated using vacuum deposition has the advantages of low cost and simple fabrication. Moreover, the J-V characteristic of the black cathode device is almost identical to that of a conventional device. Additionally, the reflectance can be reduced from 66.2% to 11.3% and a small reflectance variation around 3.3% over the visible spectrum is appealed. At an ambient illumination of 250 lx, the CR can be increased from 4.2 to 10.8 at a brightness of 250 cd/m2.

Submitted by Bruna Rodrigues (bruna92rodrigues@yahoo.com.br) on 2016-09-26T11:26:37Z No. of bitstreams: 1 DissDRGO.pdf: 4739026 bytes, checksum: 0719fb9298e748f2acda9b76f191fbb3 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Marina Freitas (marinapf@ufscar.br) on 2016-09-26T18:40:26Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 DissDRGO.pdf: 4739026 bytes, checksum: 0719fb9298e748f2acda9b76f191fbb3 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Marina Freitas (marinapf@ufscar.br) on 2016-09-26T18:40:33Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 DissDRGO.pdf: 4739026 bytes, checksum: 0719fb9298e748f2acda9b76f191fbb3 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-09-26T18:40:40Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 DissDRGO.pdf: 4739026 bytes, checksum: 0719fb9298e748f2acda9b76f191fbb3 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-08-31 / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) / Calcination is an important step in the alumina production process, affecting the final properties of the resulting powder and the attained product. Over the previous decades, attempts have been conducted to understand this process aiming to decrease the calcination temperature and time, additionally to the improvement of the alumina properties. In this sense, the use of additives is promising as these mineralizers, like fluorides, act decreasing the transformation temperature from the transition alumina to the alpha phase. In this context, this study addressed the understanding of the influence of three different additives (solid fluoride, soluble fluoride and seeds) on the properties of the calcined alumina, considering the actual condition of the industry and focusing in technical aspects such as morphology, surface area, primary crystal size, alpha content and the soda decrease. There are several theories about the working reaction of these additives, however, no experimental procedure was carried out to prove those mechanisms. In this work, the AlF3 and the soluble fluoride's mechanism reaction were investigated by using DTA-TG-MS techniques. The results showed that the presence of fluoride in transition aluminas leads to the generation of gaseous compounds which are responsible for speeding up the mass transportation, thus, decreasing the temperature and energy required for obtaining the alpha phase. These mineralizers also influenced the alumina properties, such as an increase in the primary crystal size and a decrease in the surface area. The optimum properties can be attained by the right balance between temperature and mineralizer content. Other additives sources, such as NH4Cl, can be used for decreasing the soda content. This work highlights that their efficiency is directly related to a suitable gas confinement inside of the calciner. / A calcinação é uma etapa importante no processo de produção da alumina alfa, influenciando várias propriedades do particulado e do produto que a contém. A utilização de aditivos durante esta etapa tem-se mostrado promissora, uma vez que estes agentes mineralizadores, como é o caso dos fluoretos, atuam diminuindo a temperatura de transformação de aluminas de transição para a fase alfa. Diante deste cenário, este trabalho teve como objetivo compreender a influência de três diferentes aditivos (fluoreto sólido fluoreto solúvel e sementes) nas propriedades da alumina calcinada, por meio de uma abordagem sistêmica que se assemelhasse às condições reais da indústria e focando em aspectos técnicos como morfologia e tamanho de cristais primários, área superficial, teor de alumina alfa e possível redução da concentração de sódio. Na literatura podem ser encontradas diversas teorias sobre a atuação de tais aditivos, entretanto, nenhuma avaliação experimental foi realizada para comprovar seus mecanismos. Neste trabalho, o comportamento do mineralizador AlF3 , bem como do fluoreto solúvel, foi investigado pela utilização das técnicas DTA-TG-MS. Os resultados indicaram que a presença de fluoreto em aluminas de transição leva a formação de compostos gasosos que são responsáveis por acelerar o transporte de massa, reduzindo assim a temperatura e energia de calcinação necessária para obtenção da fase alfa. Estes mineralizadores também apresentaram influência nas propriedades da alumina, como aumento do tamanho do cristal primário e redução da área superficial. Propriedades ótimas podem ser obtidas balanceando-se o teor de aditivo em relação à temperatura empregada. Outros aditivos, como o NH4Cl, podem ser utilizados para redução do teor de sódio. Este trabalho evidencia que a eficiência dos mesmos está diretamente relacionada a um bom confinamento de gases dentro do ambiente de calcinação utilizado.

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et oxygène gazeux dans un électrolyte contenant principalement de la cryolithe (Na3AlF6) à ≈1000°C. Au fur et à mesure que l'aluminium liquide se forme, plus dense que le bain il se dépose au fond de la cuve d'électrolyse (la cathode) et peut induire des réactions secondaires qui vont influencer négativement l'efficacité du procédé comme la dissolution de l'Aluminium à l'interface Al/électrolyte et son transfert ultérieur dans l'électrolyte. Du fait de la température élevée et de la nature très corrosive et réactive de ces sels, la nature des espèces chimiques formées dans les bains en présence du métal fondu est difficilement accessible expérimentalement et les modèles proposés sont souvent controversés. C'est le but de l'étude décrite dans ce mémoire. Notre démarche s'est articulée selon deux directions : une approche " in situ " des bains fondus par RMN de 19F, 23Na et 27Al à haute température, suivie d'une caractérisation des phases solidifiées à température ambiante par microscopie ESEM, RMN MAS de 19F, 23Na et 27Al et DRX. Une étude par DSC a permis de suivre les modifications thermiques de la température ambiante jusqu'à 1050°C dans ces bains. Nous avons montré expérimentalement que, à haute température, le métal réagit fortement avec les bains riches en NaF par un enrichissement du bain en AlF3. L'évolution des déplacements chimiques des trois noyaux s'explique par la formation d'espèces aluminofluorées de types x AlFx −x = 3 ( 4,5,6) dans le liquide. Les analyses à température ambiante ont confirmé cet enrichissement et ont mis en évidence la présence de fines particules (<3μm) métalliques disséminées dans les bains. Dans le cas des fortes teneurs en AlF3, nous n'observons pas de réaction chimique entre le métal et le bain mais uniquement la présence de grosses particules d'Aluminium (≈ 30 μm) plus ou moins oxydées.