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An Incentive/Reward Intervention to Decrease Alcohol Abuse at Fraternity Parties: Differential Reinforcement of Blood Alcohol ConcentrationFournier, Angela Krom 28 March 2002 (has links)
This quasi-experimental field study examined the efficacy of an intervention to decrease alcohol abuse by college students. The harm reduction approach states that the ultimate goal when dealing with an unsafe behavior should be abstinence, but any change in behavior in the direction of less harm is supported. This approach was used as the basis of the current research, in combination with differential reinforcement in order to reduce alcohol consumption and its behavioral outcome, blood alcohol concentration (BAC). A total of 409 male and female college students participated while in the applied setting of four fraternity parties. The study took place at two separate fraternity houses, a control fraternity and an experimental fraternity. During the intervention phase, participants with a BAC below .05 were entered into a raffle to win a cash prize. Upon entry to the intervention party, participants were given flyers announcing the raffle and contingency, and gender-specific nomograms to aid in BAC self-monitoring. Dependent measures were blood alcohol concentration measured by hand-held breathalyzers, percentage of participants below criterion BAC levels (i.e., .05 and .08), accuracy of BAC self-estimation, number of negative outcomes due to excessive alcohol consumption, number of positive outcomes due to abstinence or moderate alcohol consumption, and amount of reported fun experienced at the party. Results showed the intervention did not significantly reduce the intoxication of participants or increase the percentage of participants below criterion BAC levels. These results are best explained by a floor effect, as the experimental fraternity had a relatively low baseline BAC. The use of nomograms at the intervention party increased the accuracy of students' BAC self-estimations. Implications for nomogram use and improvements for future implementation of the incentive/reward intervention are discussed. / Master of Science
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Alcohol quantity and bacJohnson, Stefanie M. 01 January 2008 (has links)
Driving under the influence of alcohol is one of the biggest public health problems in the United States. A number of theories exist as to why people drive after drinking, one of the dominant being that they believe that they are not legally intoxicated. The purpose of the present study is to determine if people tend to accurately estimate the number of alcoholic beverages they can consume before reaching a blood alcohol concentration (BAC) of .08 percent. Participants consisted of27 college students. Results showed a significant difference between the participants' estimated number of drinks and the actual number of drinks as determined by a Virtual Bar program. This virtual bar delivery system calculates BAC based on gender, weight, and number of drinks in a given time. Links to past research and theory are presented.
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Uso de álcool por vítimas de homicídio no município de São Paulo / The consumption of alcohol by homicide victims in the city of Sao PauloAndreuccetti, Gabriel 15 October 2009 (has links)
INTRODUÇÃO: O consumo excessivo de álcool é considerado um grave problema de saúde pública e apontado como um importante facilitador das situações de violência, o que sugere uma forte associação entre a ingestão de bebidas alcoólicas e a vitimização por homicídio. O objetivo deste estudo foi analisar a associação entre o uso de álcool e a vitimização por homicídio em indivíduos autopsiados nos postos médico-legais do município de São Paulo. MÉTODOS: Dados de 2042 vítimas de homicídio no ano de 2005 foram levantados a partir dos laudos necroscópicos obtidos dos arquivos do Instituto Médico Legal de São Paulo. As informações coletadas foram: sexo, idade, grupo étnico, meio de perpetração da morte, concentração de álcool no sangue das vítimas e circunstâncias dos homicídios, como o local, data e horário da morte. RESULTADOS: O álcool estava presente em amostras de sangue de 43% das vítimas, com uma média de alcoolemia de 1,55 ± 0,86 g/l. A prevalência de alcoolemia positiva foi maior entre os homens (44,1%) do que entre as mulheres (26,6%), p<0,01. As armas de fogo causaram a maior parte das mortes (78,6%) e o consumo de álcool foi maior entre as vítimas de homicídio cujo meio utilizado foi a arma branca (p<0,01). Houve uma maior proporção de vítimas alcoolizadas aos finais de semana do que durante os dias da semana (56,4 e 38,5%, respectivamente; p<0,01) e foi encontrada uma correlação positiva entre as taxas de homicídio e a média de concentração de álcool no sangue para a área Central da cidade (rs=0,90; p<0,01). CONCLUSÕES: Os resultados demonstram a magnitude da influência do álcool como fator de contribuição para a vitimização por homicídio no maior centro urbano da América do Sul, fornecendo subsídios para políticas públicas e estudos futuros com o objetivo de prevenir os homicídios e a violência relacionada ao consumo de álcool. / INTRODUCTION: The excessive consumption of alcohol is a serious public health issue and a major factor in triggering violent situations, which suggests a strong association between alcohol ingestion and becoming a victim of homicide. The aim of this study was to assess the association between alcohol use and victimization by homicide in individuals autopsied at the Institute of Legal Medicine in Sao Paulo, Brazil. METHODS: Data from 2,042 victims of homicides in 2005 were obtained from medical examiner reports. The victims gender, age, ethnicity, and blood alcohol concentration (BAC) information were collected. The method of death and homicide circumstances, as well as the date, time and place of death were also studied. RESULTS: Alcohol was detected in blood samples of 43% of the victims, and mean BAC levels were 1.55 ± 0.86 g/L. The prevalence of positive BAC levels was higher among men (44.1%) than women (26.6%), p<0.01. Firearms caused most of the deaths (78.6%) and alcohol consumption was greater among victims of homicide by sharp weapons (p<0.01). A greater proportion of victims with positive BAC were killed on weekends compared to weekdays (56.4 and 38.5%, respectively; p<0.01), and the correlation between homicide rates and the average BAC for the central area of the city was positive (rs=0.90; p<0.01). CONCLUSIONS: These results highlight alcohol as a contributing factor for homicide victimization in the greatest urban center in South America, supporting public strategies and future research aiming to prevent homicides and violence related to alcohol consumption.
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Uso de álcool por vítimas de homicídio no município de São Paulo / The consumption of alcohol by homicide victims in the city of Sao PauloGabriel Andreuccetti 15 October 2009 (has links)
INTRODUÇÃO: O consumo excessivo de álcool é considerado um grave problema de saúde pública e apontado como um importante facilitador das situações de violência, o que sugere uma forte associação entre a ingestão de bebidas alcoólicas e a vitimização por homicídio. O objetivo deste estudo foi analisar a associação entre o uso de álcool e a vitimização por homicídio em indivíduos autopsiados nos postos médico-legais do município de São Paulo. MÉTODOS: Dados de 2042 vítimas de homicídio no ano de 2005 foram levantados a partir dos laudos necroscópicos obtidos dos arquivos do Instituto Médico Legal de São Paulo. As informações coletadas foram: sexo, idade, grupo étnico, meio de perpetração da morte, concentração de álcool no sangue das vítimas e circunstâncias dos homicídios, como o local, data e horário da morte. RESULTADOS: O álcool estava presente em amostras de sangue de 43% das vítimas, com uma média de alcoolemia de 1,55 ± 0,86 g/l. A prevalência de alcoolemia positiva foi maior entre os homens (44,1%) do que entre as mulheres (26,6%), p<0,01. As armas de fogo causaram a maior parte das mortes (78,6%) e o consumo de álcool foi maior entre as vítimas de homicídio cujo meio utilizado foi a arma branca (p<0,01). Houve uma maior proporção de vítimas alcoolizadas aos finais de semana do que durante os dias da semana (56,4 e 38,5%, respectivamente; p<0,01) e foi encontrada uma correlação positiva entre as taxas de homicídio e a média de concentração de álcool no sangue para a área Central da cidade (rs=0,90; p<0,01). CONCLUSÕES: Os resultados demonstram a magnitude da influência do álcool como fator de contribuição para a vitimização por homicídio no maior centro urbano da América do Sul, fornecendo subsídios para políticas públicas e estudos futuros com o objetivo de prevenir os homicídios e a violência relacionada ao consumo de álcool. / INTRODUCTION: The excessive consumption of alcohol is a serious public health issue and a major factor in triggering violent situations, which suggests a strong association between alcohol ingestion and becoming a victim of homicide. The aim of this study was to assess the association between alcohol use and victimization by homicide in individuals autopsied at the Institute of Legal Medicine in Sao Paulo, Brazil. METHODS: Data from 2,042 victims of homicides in 2005 were obtained from medical examiner reports. The victims gender, age, ethnicity, and blood alcohol concentration (BAC) information were collected. The method of death and homicide circumstances, as well as the date, time and place of death were also studied. RESULTS: Alcohol was detected in blood samples of 43% of the victims, and mean BAC levels were 1.55 ± 0.86 g/L. The prevalence of positive BAC levels was higher among men (44.1%) than women (26.6%), p<0.01. Firearms caused most of the deaths (78.6%) and alcohol consumption was greater among victims of homicide by sharp weapons (p<0.01). A greater proportion of victims with positive BAC were killed on weekends compared to weekdays (56.4 and 38.5%, respectively; p<0.01), and the correlation between homicide rates and the average BAC for the central area of the city was positive (rs=0.90; p<0.01). CONCLUSIONS: These results highlight alcohol as a contributing factor for homicide victimization in the greatest urban center in South America, supporting public strategies and future research aiming to prevent homicides and violence related to alcohol consumption.
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Relação entre o consumo de bebidas alcoólicas e as infrações e acidentes de trânsito / Relation between alcohol consumption and the infractions and crashes traffics.Pereira, Rafael Eduardo 02 October 2008 (has links)
PEREIRA, R. E. Relação entre o consumo de bebidas alcoólicas e as infrações e acidentes de trânsito. 2008. 83f. Dissertação (Mestrado). Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, 2008. Nos últimos anos, as implicações relacionadas ao uso de bebidas alcoólicas vêm sendo enfatizadas como um importante problema de saúde pública. O etanol é um depressor do sistema nervoso central, capaz de prejudicar a habilidade e a coordenação de motoristas que o consomem, aumentando os riscos de envolvimento em infrações e acidentes de trânsito, muitas vezes com vítimas fatais. As mortes prematuras, lesões e os danos provocados pelas ocorrências de trânsito, resultam em custos excessivos para o governo e para a sociedade, sendo o álcool a principal causa de mortes e incapacitação de indivíduos na plenitude da vida. Baseado nesses fatos, o objetivo do presente trabalho foi realizar um estudo estatístico descritivo e comparativo da presença de álcool nos indivíduos envolvidos em infrações e acidentes de trânsito, ocorridos na região de Ribeirão Preto, no interior paulista, em conjunto com dados fornecidos pela Empresa de Trânsito e Transporte Urbano de Ribeirão Preto (TRANSERP). Foram avaliadas amostras de sangue de infratores e/ou vítimas de ocorrências de trânsito da região, encaminhadas ao Centro de Exames, Análises e Pesquisas (CEAP/NPML/Polícia Técnico-Científica) de Ribeirão Preto. Em parceria com o Laboratório de Toxicologia Forense do Centro de Medicina Legal (CEMEL/FMRP/USP), foi determinada a alcoolemia dos indivíduos, no período de 2005 a 2007. O estudo foi realizado com a finalidade de conhecer o perfil dos infratores e/ou vítimas de ocorrências de trânsito na região. Os resultados revelaram uma prevalência de indivíduos do sexo masculino, brancos, solteiros e com idade entre 18 e 35 anos. Quanto às categorias de ocorrências de trânsito, foi evidenciada uma correlação maior entre indivíduos envolvidos em direção perigosa/averiguação de embriaguez ao volante e alcoolemia positiva. Foi observado que na cidade de Ribeirão Preto, o número de ocorrências de trânsito registradas é muito maior do que o número de solicitações de exame para detecção de álcool no sangue dos infratores e/ou vítimas. Os resultados do presente trabalho indicam que poderá haver benefícios se os exames de alcoolemia em motoristas forem feitos com maior freqüência, visto que há grande predomínio de motoristas embriagados envolvidos em ocorrências de trânsito. Com base nas análises estatísticas deste trabalho, fica evidente o alto risco do ato de dirigir alcoolizado que, somado à negligência e imprudência nas vias públicas e estradas resultam em infrações e acidentes de trânsito, colocando em risco a população. Os dados deste trabalho poderão contribuir para tomada de ações e delineamento de estratégias de prevenção para aumentar a segurança nas estradas e nas cidades, reduzindo o número de infrações e acidentes de trânsito, relacionados ao consumo de bebidas alcoólicas. / PEREIRA, R. E. Relation between alcohol consumption and the infractions and crashes traffics. 2008. 83f. Dissertação (Mestrado). Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, 2008. Lately, alcohol consumption has been considered an important public health problem. Ethanol is a type of drug that affects the central nervous system (CNS) and impairs driving skills and co-ordination, increasing risk of deaths and injuries derived from crashes and road traffic. Consumption of alcoholic beverages is implicated with premature deaths, injuries and damages caused by motor vehicle crashes, which result in high costs to government and society. Considering that alcohol consumption is the main responsible for deaths and disabilities in people in the prime of life, the aim of this work was to carry out a descriptive and comparative statistical analysis of presence of blood alcohol in relation to traffic occurrences and crashes in the region of Ribeirão Preto. The data were combined with information obtained from TRANSERP (Empresa de Trânsito e Transporte Urbano de Ribeirão Preto), to evaluate the profile of infractors and/or victims of traffic occurrences. Blood samples were obtained from infractors and/or victims of traffic occurrences and were sent to CEAP/IML/Polícia Técnico-Científica Ribeirão Preto. In collaboration with the Forensic Toxicology Laboratory of Centro de Medicina Legal, Ribeirão Preto (CEMEL/FMRP/USP), blood alcohol concentration (BAC) was determined in 2,134 investigated persons, from 2005 to 2007. The results revealed a predominance of 18-35 years old, masculine, white and single persons. With regard to different categories of traffic occurrences, there was a direct correlation between positive BAC and involvement of individuals in dangerous driving/verification of drunkenness. In the city of Ribeirão Preto, the number of registered traffic occurrences is higher than the number of exams requested for detection of blood alcohol in infractors and/or victims of accidents. The results of the present work indicate that more frequent tests for blood alcohol in drivers may benefit society, since there was a predominance of drunk drivers involved in traffic accidents. The statistical data obtained in this work, showed the high risk of drinking and driving, as a cause for negligence and imprudence on the public streets and roads leading to contraventions and traffic accidents, that threatens overall population. The present results can contribute for actions of prevention and intervention to promote traffic safety, with potential reduction of the number of infractions and traffic accidents related to consumption of alcoholic beverages.
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Alcoolemia em v?timas fatais de acidentes de tr?nsito no Rio Grande do Norte empregando cromatografia em fase gasosa - head spaceSantiago, Edna de Farias 23 September 2008 (has links)
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Previous issue date: 2008-09-23 / Alcohol is one of the few psychotropic drugs that their consumption has admitted legally and sometimes encouraged by the society. Studies show alcohol as the highest consumption of drugs among young people and society in general, probably because of its availability and easy access. The abuse causes public health problems, which was closely related to the violence, socioeconomic problems and the high number of automobile accidents. Transit is one of the main sectors affected by the effects of alcohol, observing a high incidence in the studies. About half of automobile accidents occurs after the consumption of alcoholic beverage, and the vast majority of cases related to high concentrations of alcohol in the bloodstream. The relationship of drunk with traffic accidents is in fact evident everywhere in the world, including Brazil, where studies have shown a high relationship between alcohol consumption and traffic accidents. This study determined the alcohol in fatal victims of traffic accidents in the state of Rio Grande do Norte and established the profile of this population compared with those found in Brazil and other countries. Samples of blood of ethanol added to fulfillment of the standardization of chromatographic conditions and procedures for the analysis, being employed in the determination of alcohol in blood samples of 277 victims of traffic accidents, collected at the Institute of Scientific Technical Police of Rio Grande do North (ITEP) in the year 2007. The blood alcohol level was determined in these samples correlated with the sex, age and marital status of the victim and the location, day of week and month when the accident occurred, is doing a statistical analysis and outlining a profile of the victims of an accident at transit in the state of Rio Grande do Norte. The parameters of standardization studied ensured the quality of the analytical method and, consequently, to obtain reliable laboratory results. Being given the best temperature for injector (150 ?C), detector (250 ?C) and column (50 ?C) with a flow of gas in the column of 2mL/minutos and analysis of time of 12 minutes. The method was linear in the range of 0.01 to 3.2 g / L (r2 = 0.9989) with average recovery of 100.2% and precision with coefficient of variation less than 15%. The analysis carried out on victims of fatal road traffic accidents, ethanol detected in the blood in 66.43% of the victims and these, 96% showed concentration ≥ 0.2 g / L, 87.73% of victims were male, while 12.27% female. The younger age group (1535 years) was the most involved (52,35%) and most single (55.60%). The accidents occurred with greater prevalence in the day on Monday (27%) followed by Sunday (24,19%) and Saturday (15,52%) and it was found that the prevalence of injuries varied between the different months of the year, and in February (14.4%) and April (10.47%) the months that had a higher number of accidents, however this oscillation showed no statistically significant difference. Also no significant difference was observed between the tracks of concentration found in men and women. The standardized method showed to be efficient, given satisfactorily to the goals of this work, and the high levels of alcohol found in victims of fatal road traffic accidents are consistent with several studies of literature, and the profile of the victim also supported by presenting in its most young adults, male and single / O ?lcool ? uma das poucas drogas psicotr?picas que tem seu consumo admitido legalmente e, ?s vezes, incentivado pela sociedade. Estudos mostram o ?lcool como a droga de maior consumo entre os jovens e na sociedade de forma geral, provavelmente devido ? sua disponibilidade e f?cil acesso. O uso abusivo provoca problemas de sa?de p?blica, estando ele estreitamente relacionado com a viol?ncia, problemas s?cioecon?micos e com o elevado n?mero de acidentes automobil?sticos. O tr?nsito ? um dos principais setores afetados pelos efeitos do ?lcool, observandose alta incid?ncia nos estudos realizados. Aproximadamente metade dos acidentes automobil?sticos ocorre ap?s o consumo de bebida alco?lica, estando a grande maioria dos casos relacionados com altas concentra??es de ?lcool na circula??o sangu?nea. A rela??o da embriagues com os acidentes de tr?nsito ? fato not?rio em toda parte do mundo, inclusive no Brasil, onde estudos demonstraram uma alta rela??o entre o consumo de ?lcool e os acidentes de tr?nsito. Este trabalho determinou a alcoolemia em v?timas fatais de acidente de tr?nsito no Estado do Rio Grande do Norte e estabeleceu o perfil desta popula??o comparando com aqueles encontrados no Brasil e em outros pa?ses. Foram utilizadas amostras de sangue adicionadas de etanol para realiza??o da padroniza??o das condi??es cromatogr?ficas e dos procedimentos de an?lise, sendo empregado na determina??o da alcoolemia em amostras de sangue de 277 v?timas de acidente de tr?nsito, coletadas no Instituto T?cnico Cient?fico de Pol?cia do Rio Grande do Norte (ITEP) no ano de 2007. O n?vel de alcoolemia determinado nestas amostras foi correlacionado com o sexo, idade e estado civil da v?tima e com a localiza??o, dia da semana e m?s em que os acidentes ocorreram, fazendose uma an?lise estat?stica e tra?ando um perfil das v?timas de acidente de tr?nsito no estado do Rio Grande do Norte. Os par?metros de padroniza??o estudados asseguraram a qualidade do m?todo anal?tico e, conseq?entemente, a obten??o de resultados laboratoriais confi?veis. Sendo determinado as melhores temperaturas para injetor (150?C), detector (250?C) e coluna (50?C), com um fluxo de g?s na coluna de 2mL/minutos e tempo de an?lise de 12 minutos. O m?todo foi linear no intervalo de 0,01 a 3,2 g/L (r2 = 0,9989), com recupera??o m?dia de 100,2% e precis?o com coeficiente de varia??o menor que 15%. As an?lises realizadas em v?timas fatais de acidente de tr?nsito, detectaram etanol no sangue em 66,43% das v?timas e destas, 96% apresentaram concentra??o ≥ 0,2 g/L; 87,73% das v?timas eram do sexo masculino, enquanto que 12,27% do sexo feminino. A faixa et?ria jovem (1535 anos) foi a mais envolvida (52,35%) sendo a maioria solteira (55,60%). Os acidentes aconteceram com maior preval?ncia nos dias de segundafeira (27%), seguido do domingo (24,19%) e s?bado (15,52%) e constatouse que a preval?ncia de acidentes oscilou entre os diferentes meses do ano, sendo fevereiro (14,4%) e abril (10,47%) os meses que apresentaram um maior n?mero de acidentes, contudo esta oscila??o n?o apresentou diferen?a estatisticamente significativa. Tamb?m n?o foi observado diferen?a significativa entre as faixas de concentra??o encontradas nos homens e nas mulheres. O m?todo padronizado demonstrouse eficiente, atendendo satisfatoriamente aos objetivos deste trabalho; e os n?veis elevados de alcoolemia encontrados nas v?timas fatais de acidente de tr?nsito s?o coincidentes com v?rios estudos da literatura, sendo o perfil da v?tima tamb?m compat?vel, apresentandose em sua maioria adultos jovens, do sexo masculino e solteiros
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Relação entre o consumo de bebidas alcoólicas e as infrações e acidentes de trânsito / Relation between alcohol consumption and the infractions and crashes traffics.Rafael Eduardo Pereira 02 October 2008 (has links)
PEREIRA, R. E. Relação entre o consumo de bebidas alcoólicas e as infrações e acidentes de trânsito. 2008. 83f. Dissertação (Mestrado). Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, 2008. Nos últimos anos, as implicações relacionadas ao uso de bebidas alcoólicas vêm sendo enfatizadas como um importante problema de saúde pública. O etanol é um depressor do sistema nervoso central, capaz de prejudicar a habilidade e a coordenação de motoristas que o consomem, aumentando os riscos de envolvimento em infrações e acidentes de trânsito, muitas vezes com vítimas fatais. As mortes prematuras, lesões e os danos provocados pelas ocorrências de trânsito, resultam em custos excessivos para o governo e para a sociedade, sendo o álcool a principal causa de mortes e incapacitação de indivíduos na plenitude da vida. Baseado nesses fatos, o objetivo do presente trabalho foi realizar um estudo estatístico descritivo e comparativo da presença de álcool nos indivíduos envolvidos em infrações e acidentes de trânsito, ocorridos na região de Ribeirão Preto, no interior paulista, em conjunto com dados fornecidos pela Empresa de Trânsito e Transporte Urbano de Ribeirão Preto (TRANSERP). Foram avaliadas amostras de sangue de infratores e/ou vítimas de ocorrências de trânsito da região, encaminhadas ao Centro de Exames, Análises e Pesquisas (CEAP/NPML/Polícia Técnico-Científica) de Ribeirão Preto. Em parceria com o Laboratório de Toxicologia Forense do Centro de Medicina Legal (CEMEL/FMRP/USP), foi determinada a alcoolemia dos indivíduos, no período de 2005 a 2007. O estudo foi realizado com a finalidade de conhecer o perfil dos infratores e/ou vítimas de ocorrências de trânsito na região. Os resultados revelaram uma prevalência de indivíduos do sexo masculino, brancos, solteiros e com idade entre 18 e 35 anos. Quanto às categorias de ocorrências de trânsito, foi evidenciada uma correlação maior entre indivíduos envolvidos em direção perigosa/averiguação de embriaguez ao volante e alcoolemia positiva. Foi observado que na cidade de Ribeirão Preto, o número de ocorrências de trânsito registradas é muito maior do que o número de solicitações de exame para detecção de álcool no sangue dos infratores e/ou vítimas. Os resultados do presente trabalho indicam que poderá haver benefícios se os exames de alcoolemia em motoristas forem feitos com maior freqüência, visto que há grande predomínio de motoristas embriagados envolvidos em ocorrências de trânsito. Com base nas análises estatísticas deste trabalho, fica evidente o alto risco do ato de dirigir alcoolizado que, somado à negligência e imprudência nas vias públicas e estradas resultam em infrações e acidentes de trânsito, colocando em risco a população. Os dados deste trabalho poderão contribuir para tomada de ações e delineamento de estratégias de prevenção para aumentar a segurança nas estradas e nas cidades, reduzindo o número de infrações e acidentes de trânsito, relacionados ao consumo de bebidas alcoólicas. / PEREIRA, R. E. Relation between alcohol consumption and the infractions and crashes traffics. 2008. 83f. Dissertação (Mestrado). Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, 2008. Lately, alcohol consumption has been considered an important public health problem. Ethanol is a type of drug that affects the central nervous system (CNS) and impairs driving skills and co-ordination, increasing risk of deaths and injuries derived from crashes and road traffic. Consumption of alcoholic beverages is implicated with premature deaths, injuries and damages caused by motor vehicle crashes, which result in high costs to government and society. Considering that alcohol consumption is the main responsible for deaths and disabilities in people in the prime of life, the aim of this work was to carry out a descriptive and comparative statistical analysis of presence of blood alcohol in relation to traffic occurrences and crashes in the region of Ribeirão Preto. The data were combined with information obtained from TRANSERP (Empresa de Trânsito e Transporte Urbano de Ribeirão Preto), to evaluate the profile of infractors and/or victims of traffic occurrences. Blood samples were obtained from infractors and/or victims of traffic occurrences and were sent to CEAP/IML/Polícia Técnico-Científica Ribeirão Preto. In collaboration with the Forensic Toxicology Laboratory of Centro de Medicina Legal, Ribeirão Preto (CEMEL/FMRP/USP), blood alcohol concentration (BAC) was determined in 2,134 investigated persons, from 2005 to 2007. The results revealed a predominance of 18-35 years old, masculine, white and single persons. With regard to different categories of traffic occurrences, there was a direct correlation between positive BAC and involvement of individuals in dangerous driving/verification of drunkenness. In the city of Ribeirão Preto, the number of registered traffic occurrences is higher than the number of exams requested for detection of blood alcohol in infractors and/or victims of accidents. The results of the present work indicate that more frequent tests for blood alcohol in drivers may benefit society, since there was a predominance of drunk drivers involved in traffic accidents. The statistical data obtained in this work, showed the high risk of drinking and driving, as a cause for negligence and imprudence on the public streets and roads leading to contraventions and traffic accidents, that threatens overall population. The present results can contribute for actions of prevention and intervention to promote traffic safety, with potential reduction of the number of infractions and traffic accidents related to consumption of alcoholic beverages.
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Nouvelle approche de suivi non invasif de l'alcoolémie par perspiration à l'aide de multicapteurs MOX / New approach to non-invasive monitoring of alcohol by perspiration using MOX multi-sensorsLawson, Bruno Latevi 13 December 2018 (has links)
Nous proposons dans le cadre de ce travail de thèse, une nouvelle approche de la détection non invasive de l’alcoolémie sanguine à l’aide de microcapteurs d’éthanol à base de SnO2. Cette méthodologie se base sur une détection indirecte de l’alcoolémie sanguine par une mesure des vapeurs d’éthanol émises par la perspiration cutanée suite à une consommation d’alcool. Afin de valider cette approche, il a fallu dans un premier temps démontrer la pertinence et la faisabilité de cette méthodologie de détection par la réalisation d’essais cliniques pilotes en collaboration avec une équipe médicale d’étude pharmacologique du CPCET Marseille. Les différentes mesures du taux d’éthanol réalisées dans les fluides biologiques tels que le sang et l’air expiré ont pu être précisément corrélées avec les mesures de vapeurs d’éthanol réalisées à travers la perspiration à l’aide de trois microcapteurs de gaz commerciaux à base d’oxydes métalliques intégrés à un bracelet. Ces dispositifs ont l’avantage d’être sensibles mais pas sélectifs à la nature du gaz détecté. Durant ces travaux, des couches sensibles de SnO2 ont été déposées par pulvérisation cathodique RF magnétron réactive sur un transducteur breveté par notre équipe, intégrant trois capteurs sur une même puce. L’optimisation des paramètres de dépôt et les analyses structurales des couches de SnO2, nous ont permis de réaliser un multicapteur d’éthanol démontrant des performances sous éthanol ; en termes de sensibilité sous atmosphère humide, de répétabilité et de temps de réponses et de recouvrement ainsi que du point de vue sélectivité / A new approach of a noninvasive detection of blood alcohol concentration using ethanol microsensors based on SnO2 Is developed in this work. The methodology is based on an indirect detection of blood alcohol concentration by measuring the ethanol vapor emitted through the skin perspiration after alcohol consumption. In order to validate this approach, first we demonstrated the relevance and the feasibility of this detection method by carrying out pilot clinical trials in collaboration with a medical team of pharmacological study of CPCET Marseille. The different measurements of the ethanol concentration carried out in biological fluids such as blood and exhaled air could be precisely correlated with the measurements of ethanol vapors performed through the perspiration using three commercial gas microsensors based on metal oxides integrated into a bracelet. . These devices have the advantage of being sensitive but not selective to the nature of the gas detected. During this thesis work, sensitive layers of SnO2 were deposited by reactive magnetron RF sputtering on a transducer patented by our team, integrating three sensors on the same chip. The optimization of the deposition parameters and the structural analyzes of the SnO2 layers, allowed us to develop an ethanol multi-sensor demonstrating performances under ethanol; in terms of sensitivity on humidity, repeatability and response and recovery times as well as from the point of selectivity
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Rôle de l'alcool et des substances psychoactives dans les accidents de la voie publique à Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire (Étude ASMA-CI) / Implication of alcohol and psychoactive substances in the occurence of road traffic accidents in Abidjan, Ivory Coast (The ASMA-CI study)Diakite, Aïssata 17 June 2015 (has links)
L'objectif de notre thèse est d'évaluer le rôle de l'alcool et autres substances psychoactives dans la survenue et la gravité des traumatismes dus aux Accidents de la Voie Publique (AVP) en Côte d'Ivoire. Nous avons initié un recueil de données sur 893 victimes tuées ou blessées suite à un AVP, et admises aux urgences ou à l'Institut de Médecine Légale d'Abidjan. Ces données hospitalières ont été couplées aux données policières et aux résultats d'analyses toxicologiques. La méthode de dosage de l'alcoolémie par CPG-FID a démontré qu'elle répond parfaitement aux critères de performances analytiques recommandés en termes de fidélité, d'exactitude, de linéarité, de stabilité et de limite de quantification. Les niveaux d'alcoolémie chez les victimes au moment de l'AVP, sont élevés et compatibles avec un profil d'alcoolisation excessive. Plus de 75% des conducteurs alcoolisés ont une alcoolémie supérieure à 1g/L. Les prévalences d'alcoolémie au-delà de 0,8g/L sont de 41% chez les conducteurs de véhicules légers 4 roues, 35% chez les 2-roues, 17% chez les piétons et 13% chez les passagers. L'usage des autres substances psychoactives est moins fréquent chez les victimes (11%) et souvent associé à une alcoolémie supérieure à 0,8g/L. L'évaluation du risque de blessures graves (NISS9+) en fonction du degré d'alcoolisation suggère que les victimes avec une alcoolémie modérée ont un risque de blessures graves plus élevé en comparaison avec les victimes sobres (OR = 7,7; IC95% : 2,5-24,2). Au terme de cette thèse, nous proposons une procédure fiable de dosage de l'alcoolémie chez les victimes d'AVP et des mesures concrètes pour la prévention des traumatismes par AVP en Côte d'Ivoire / We implemented a data collecting process including 893 victims who died or were injured following a RTA, and were admitted to the Emergency Room or to the Forensic Institute in Abidjan. This hospital-based data was linked with police data and toxicological testing. The method developed in our laboratory for blood alcohol determination using GC-FID demonstrated a good compliance with analytical performance requirements in terms of repeatability, accuracy, linearity, stability and limit of quantification. Blood alcohol levels found in victims at the time of the RTA were compatible with an excessive alcohol intake. More than 75% of drivers with a positive alcohol test had a blood alcohol concentration greater than 1g/L. Prevalence of alcohol above 0.8g/L reaches 41% in light four-wheel drivers, 35% in two-wheel riders, 17% in pedestrian and 13% in passengers. The prevalence of psychoactive drugs was lower (11%) compared to alcohol and usually associated with blood alcohol level greater than 0.8g/L. The assessment of the risk of serious injury (NISS9+) associated to the level of blood alcohol content suggest that victims showing a moderate blood alcohol level are more at risk to sustain serious injury compared to sober victims (OR = 7.7; IC95% : 2.5 – 24.2). In conclusion, we make some practical proposals to strengthen and for facilitating the application of the current law concerning driving under the influence of alcohol. We also make recommendations for prevention of road traffic injuries in the Ivory Coast
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