No description available.

No description available.

No description available.

Diss. (sammanfattning) Stockholm : Karol. inst., 2001. / Härtill 5 uppsatser.

A pressão sanguínea é responsável pela manutenção de importantes funções corpóreas. Uma perda de sangue que leve à queda brusca dessa pressão resulta em ineficiente perfusão tecidual e, consequentemente, em déficit de oxigênio e acúmulo de metabólitos. Quando em excesso, a perda sanguínea pode levar o paciente ao choque e a complicações anestésicas e cirúrgicas. O uso de um fármaco antifibrinolítico, como o ácido tranexâmico, pode minimizar o sangramento transoperatório, e é preferível à transfusão sanguínea. Este composto já é amplamente utilizado em cirurgias ortopédicas humanas, que apresentam alto grau de sangramento e geralmente requerem a transfusão sanguínea. O objetivo deste trabalho é avaliar a eficácia da utilização do ácido tranexâmico em cães submetidos a cirurgias com grande potencial de perda sanguínea. Foram incluídos 21 cães com ruptura de ligamento ou luxação de patela, com necessidade de osteotomia corretiva, distribuídos em 2 grupos. O primeiro grupo recebeu ácido tranexâmico em bolus, no momento da indução, na dose de 10 mg/kg seguido de infusão contínua na taxa de 1 mg/kg/hora já o segundo recebeu solução salina 0,9% no volume correspondente ao volume do fármaco. A estimativa da perda sanguínea foi feita através da pesagem dos campos cirúrgicos, compressas e gases quando secos e, posteriormente, quando embebidos em sangue, além disso foram dosadas a concentração sérica de lactato, tempos de coagulação, hemograma e hemogasometria, nos dados momentos: TB (basal), T1 (1 hora após a indução anestésica) e T2 (imediatamente ao final do procedimento cirúrgico). Utilizou-se análise de variância para medidas repetidas (ANOVA), seguido pelos testes de Tukey e t-Student, valores de p<0,05 expressam diferença estatística. Não houve diferença estatística entre os grupos em relação a nenhum dos parâmetros avaliados exceto as idades dos animais que foram significativamente mais velhos no grupo GSF quando comparados ao grupo GAT, também não houve diferença em relação à quantidade de sangue perdida nos diferentes grupos. Sendo assim, o ácido tranexâmico não foi eficaz em diminuir a perda sanguínea em cães submetidos a osteotomias corretivas. / Blood pressure is responsible for the maintenance of important body functions. A blood loss leading to low blood pressure results in ineffective tissue perfusion, oxygen deficit and accumulation of metabolites. When in excess, blood loss can lead to hypovolemic shock and surgical and anesthetic complications. The use of an antifibrinolytic drug, such as tranexamic acid, can minimize bleeding during surgery, and it is preferable to blood transfusion. This drug is widely used in human orthopedic surgery, with a high degree of bleeding wich often requires blood transfusion. The aim of this study is to evaluate the effectiveness of the use of tranexamic acid in dogs undergoing surgery with great potential of blood loss. 21 animals with ruptured cruciate ligament or patellar luxation, undergoing corrective osteotomy, were divided in 2 groups. The first group received tranexamic acid as a bolus, at the time of induction, at a dose of 10mg/kg followed by continuous infusion at the rate of 1mg/kg/hour. The second group, received saline solution 0.9% in volume corresponding to the volume of the drug. The estimation of blood loss was made by weighing the surgical drapes and gauzes when dry and then when soaked in blood, besides was dosed in addition serum lactate, coagulation times, blood count and blood gas analysis at three specific moments during the procedure: TB (baseline), T1 (1 hour after anesthesia induction) and T2 (immediatly before the end of procedure. Statistical analysis was performed by ANOVA for repeated measurements, followed by Tukey and t-Students test, values with p<0,05 were considered significant. There were no statistical difference between the groups regarding any of the parameters except the ages of the animals that were significantly older at the GSF group when compared to the GAT group. Regarding the blood loss, there were no difference as well. Therefore the tranexamic acid was not effective in reducing blood loss in dogs undergoing corrective osteotomies.

Background: Postpartum haemorrhage (PPH) is the leading cause of maternal death worldwide. For every woman that dies, 20 or 30 more will experience morbidity. Severe PPH is increasing and is the leading cause of severe maternal morbidity in the UK. Rapid recognition of PPH is essential, but concealed bleeding, underestimation of blood loss and a failure to appreciate the physiological effects of blood loss, lead to delays in recognition and treatment. Experts believe that most deaths from PPH could be avoided by earlier diagnosis, but there is a lack of evidence on how to achieve this. Aims: To explore the experiences of those involved in evaluating blood loss during childbirth; and to develop and test a theory of blood loss evaluation and PPH recognition, as a prerequisite to developing strategies to support earlier diagnosis. Study Design: A sequential, exploratory mixed methods design was used. Methods: Qualitative methods included 8 focus groups and 19 one-to-one semi-structured interviews, conducted with 50 participants. These included: women and their birth partners (recruited from Liverpool Women's Hospital); and health professionals (midwives and obstetricians recruited from Saint Mary's Hospital, Manchester). A purposive sampling strategy was used to recruit women, who had experienced vaginal birth with or without PPH, and health professionals, with varying levels of experience in blood loss evaluation and PPH management. A snowball sampling strategy was used to recruit the birth partners of women participants. Phase one was completed from June to September 2014. All discussions were audio-recorded and transcribed verbatim. Data were managed using NVivo 10 qualitative data analysis software, which also supported the Framework approach to analysis and interpretation. Quantitative methods were used in phase two and involved 10 midwives and 11 obstetricians, recruited from Liverpool Women's Hospital, during February and March 2015. Two scenarios, one of fast and one of slow blood loss, were presented to the sample using clinical simulation with the NOELLE® childbirth simulator, in a pilot, randomised, cross-over study. Participants also completed three questions about the use of the NOELLE® mannequin for these types of scenarios. IBM SPSS Statistics version 23 software was used for quantitative data management and to estimate descriptive statistics. Numerical crossover data were copied into StatsDirect software, to perform the crossover analyses. Results: Women and birth partners were very perceptive to blood loss but felt ill-prepared for the reality of bleeding, with many experiencing negative emotional responses to both PPH and the lochia. Non-verbal communication from staff was used by women and their birth partners to interpret the seriousness of their blood loss. Health professionals: Recognition of PPH mainly occurs as an automatic response to the speed of blood flow. Volume of blood loss is often ascertained and used retrospectively after a PPH diagnosis, to validate the intuitive response and to guide and justify on-going decisions. This was confirmed by the simulation studies, where treatment was initiated at 100ml or less in all blood loss scenarios. Fast blood loss was more likely than slow blood loss to elicit a PPH response, despite volumes in the two groups being similar. Formal quantification of blood loss is not used routinely in practice. When it is used, values are often unofficially normalised to reflect health professionals' perceptions of the woman's clinical condition. Tools introduced to aid diagnosis, such as blood collection bags, routine weighing and the use of early warning scores, are not routinely used in the immediate post-birth period, especially if the woman and her blood loss are perceived to be normal. The tools are again used to validate intuitive feelings about blood loss and maternal condition. When they are used, the values are often modified if they contradict professional judgement. Conclusions: Women and birth partners want more information, open communication, and on-going support, to minimise the emotional impact of blood loss. For health professionals, the speed of blood loss is the crucial factor in PPH recognition rather than an accurate assessment of the volume of blood loss. The amount of visible blood is generally not initially interpreted as a volume, but is used to compare current blood losses to those previously witnessed. Experience therefore plays a crucial role in the decisions of whether blood loss is considered normal or excessive. Formal quantification of blood loss and regular recording of physiological observations do not occur routinely in the immediate post-birth period. Therefore, women with insidious blood loss can have delayed PPH diagnosis because they have a normal blood flow and exhibit minimal physiological changes, due to the compensatory mechanisms of shock. Often such women need to exhibit outward signs of physiological compromise, such as fainting or feeling unwell, before their physiological observations and blood loss are formally re-evaluated. Education of health professionals should highlight the common errors of judgement made during blood loss evaluation and provide feedback on cases of delayed recognition. Future research should examine normal postnatal bleeding in the hours following birth, and create visual aids for women to self-diagnose insidious blood loss. Training should focus on the skills of PPH recognition, particularly those with insidious blood loss and postnatal physiological assessments. Novel tools such as the shock index should be considered and evaluated as tools of assessment.

Diss. (sammanfattning) Stockholm : Karol. inst., 2002. / Härtill 5 uppsatser.

A pressão sanguínea é responsável pela manutenção de importantes funções corpóreas. Uma perda de sangue que leve à queda brusca dessa pressão resulta em ineficiente perfusão tecidual e, consequentemente, em déficit de oxigênio e acúmulo de metabólitos. Quando em excesso, a perda sanguínea pode levar o paciente ao choque e a complicações anestésicas e cirúrgicas. O uso de um fármaco antifibrinolítico, como o ácido tranexâmico, pode minimizar o sangramento transoperatório, e é preferível à transfusão sanguínea. Este composto já é amplamente utilizado em cirurgias ortopédicas humanas, que apresentam alto grau de sangramento e geralmente requerem a transfusão sanguínea. O objetivo deste trabalho é avaliar a eficácia da utilização do ácido tranexâmico em cães submetidos a cirurgias com grande potencial de perda sanguínea. Foram incluídos 21 cães com ruptura de ligamento ou luxação de patela, com necessidade de osteotomia corretiva, distribuídos em 2 grupos. O primeiro grupo recebeu ácido tranexâmico em bolus, no momento da indução, na dose de 10 mg/kg seguido de infusão contínua na taxa de 1 mg/kg/hora já o segundo recebeu solução salina 0,9% no volume correspondente ao volume do fármaco. A estimativa da perda sanguínea foi feita através da pesagem dos campos cirúrgicos, compressas e gases quando secos e, posteriormente, quando embebidos em sangue, além disso foram dosadas a concentração sérica de lactato, tempos de coagulação, hemograma e hemogasometria, nos dados momentos: TB (basal), T1 (1 hora após a indução anestésica) e T2 (imediatamente ao final do procedimento cirúrgico). Utilizou-se análise de variância para medidas repetidas (ANOVA), seguido pelos testes de Tukey e t-Student, valores de p<0,05 expressam diferença estatística. Não houve diferença estatística entre os grupos em relação a nenhum dos parâmetros avaliados exceto as idades dos animais que foram significativamente mais velhos no grupo GSF quando comparados ao grupo GAT, também não houve diferença em relação à quantidade de sangue perdida nos diferentes grupos. Sendo assim, o ácido tranexâmico não foi eficaz em diminuir a perda sanguínea em cães submetidos a osteotomias corretivas. / Blood pressure is responsible for the maintenance of important body functions. A blood loss leading to low blood pressure results in ineffective tissue perfusion, oxygen deficit and accumulation of metabolites. When in excess, blood loss can lead to hypovolemic shock and surgical and anesthetic complications. The use of an antifibrinolytic drug, such as tranexamic acid, can minimize bleeding during surgery, and it is preferable to blood transfusion. This drug is widely used in human orthopedic surgery, with a high degree of bleeding wich often requires blood transfusion. The aim of this study is to evaluate the effectiveness of the use of tranexamic acid in dogs undergoing surgery with great potential of blood loss. 21 animals with ruptured cruciate ligament or patellar luxation, undergoing corrective osteotomy, were divided in 2 groups. The first group received tranexamic acid as a bolus, at the time of induction, at a dose of 10mg/kg followed by continuous infusion at the rate of 1mg/kg/hour. The second group, received saline solution 0.9% in volume corresponding to the volume of the drug. The estimation of blood loss was made by weighing the surgical drapes and gauzes when dry and then when soaked in blood, besides was dosed in addition serum lactate, coagulation times, blood count and blood gas analysis at three specific moments during the procedure: TB (baseline), T1 (1 hour after anesthesia induction) and T2 (immediatly before the end of procedure. Statistical analysis was performed by ANOVA for repeated measurements, followed by Tukey and t-Students test, values with p<0,05 were considered significant. There were no statistical difference between the groups regarding any of the parameters except the ages of the animals that were significantly older at the GSF group when compared to the GAT group. Regarding the blood loss, there were no difference as well. Therefore the tranexamic acid was not effective in reducing blood loss in dogs undergoing corrective osteotomies.

Obstetric hemorrhage is one of the most common causes of maternal morbidity and mortality. The measurement of quantitative blood loss (QBL) at delivery prevents clinicians from failing to recognize hemorrhage in healthy obstetric patients who initially compensate for excessive blood loss. The purpose of this project was to improve the compliance of labor and delivery nurses in a community hospital with consistent QBL measurement. Key theories that formed the basis for the project were Lewin's theory of planned change and homeostasis. The project question addressed was: Is the use of weekly scorecards to provide feedback to nurses with both blinded individual data and aggregate unit data associated with an increase in the percent of patients with blood loss at delivery documented as a QBL measurement over a 12-week period of time? A blinded scorecard of the percent of deliveries attended by each nurse that had QBL documented and an aggregate run chart of the percent of all deliveries with QBL documented were posted in the unit weekly. The postings included discussions of means to enhance facilitators of and decrease barriers to QBL measurement. Over 12 weeks, the percent of deliveries with QBL documented increased from 22.7% to 80.0%. This result is consistent with previous reports that clear and objective feedback from scorecards is associated with improvement in performance. Scorecard feedback may be explored to determine if it is associated with improvement of other nursing practices. This project has implications for positive social change as it may contribute to a reduction in preventable maternal deaths. Decreasing maternal morbidity and mortality supports the health of women in a population and influences the health of the next generation.

Coagulation has and continues to be one of the most important elements in medicine. Issues from a lack of hemostasis range from poorer clinical outcomes to sudden death. The evolution of treatments for hemostasis have evolved from the use of Tamponade with direct pressure and bandages, the use of materials such as cobwebs and dust, the use of heat with hot oil or heated irons, to the use of suture, glues, plasmas, staplers, and electricity. This evolution has continued to bring about the prophylactic use of technology in an effort to prevent blood loss. This change from reactive treatments to proactive continue to be on a localized or superficial basis. One of the largest opportunities to proactively reduce blood loss in surgical patients is during the resection of solid organs such as the liver, kidney, and spleen. Few options have existed to help improve hemostasis short of the complete occlusion of blood supplying the tissue such as in the Pringle Maneuver. Recent studies have begun to show that practices such as this may have a significant detrimental effect on morbidity. It has been found that by applying radio frequency electrical energy in a particular way that large amounts of tissue can be pre-coagulated prior to resection. A series of animal and human clinical work has been completed to help evolve and confirm the method and the device that was created and refined during this effort. During the course of this work fifty-three patients were treated at four institutions on three continents. Average blood loss for liver resections performed with this pre-coagulation technique using the developed device in a multicenter control trail was 3.35 ml/cm2 as compared to 6.09 ml/cm2 (p < 0.05) for resections performed using standard surgical techniques alone. Additionally, the transection time necessary was also reduced from mean value of 27 minutes (2 -- 219 minutes) to 35 minutes (5 -- 65 minutes). Patients treated included those suffering from liver cirrhosis, fatty liver disease, and post chemotherapy fibrosis. From this work the use of pre-coagulation with methods and device developed was shown to be safe and effective for reducing the amount of blood loss and transection time during liver resections.