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It is commonly thought that blow flies are nocturnally inactive. Blowflies are often important in helping to estimate post mortem intervals (PMI) for corpses found at death scenes. If blow flies oviposit during nocturnal hours, there could possibly be up to 12-hour discrepancies for estimates of PMI. Two blow fly species, Phaenicia eximia (Wiedemann) and Cochliomyia macellaria (F.), oviposited nocturnally on ground beef baits in 2003, during the onset of low-atmospheric pressure (an air mass with lower atmospheric pressure than that of the air surrounding it) at rural study sites near Snook (Burleson County), Texas, under artificial lighting of at least 1500 footcandles when temperatures were at 26?C or higher. Trials conducted under similar conditions during the same year without a low-pressure system moving into the area resulted in no nocturnal blow fly oviposition. Nocturnal blow fly oviposition went undetected once low-atmospheric pressure systems settled into the study area, irrespective of temperature and lighting conditions. Thus, this study illustrates that there is a connection between the onset of low-atmospheric pressure and nocturnal blow fly oviposition on baits under artificial lighting of 1500 footcandles or more when temperatures are 26 ?C or above. After concluding 2003 experiments, statistical analyses supplied evidence that woodland habitat was more favorable for blow fly oviposition than prairieland habitat throughout the 2003 study, irrespective of species or time of year. Furthermore, statistical analyses conducted on nocturnal and diurnal temperature ranges furnished evidence to support the hypothesis that 2003 nocturnal temperatures had more of an effect on daily ovipositing than diurnal temperatures for P. eximia and Cynomyopsis cadaverina (Robineau-Desvoidy).

Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis (IUPUI) / Development rate is a quantitative trait that displays significant variation within many species, including Cochliomyia macellaria Meigen (Diptera: Calliphoridae). Calliphorids are a family of dipterans known as blow flies and are commonly used in forensic entomology to estimate the minimum postmortem interval (PMIMIN), given some assumptions are made. In order to dissect the genetic underpinnings of development rate variation in this species, artificial selection for fast and slow development with population-based resequencing was used. The objective of this study is to isolate and characterize genomic regions that are correlated to development rate variation in blow flies. The first approach used known regulatory development genes from Drosophila melanogaster Meigen (Diptera: Drosophilidae) and isolated variants that were associated with development time changes in artificially selected fast and slow development C. macellaria strains. Three variants located in Ras and Eip74EF were associated with fast or slow development in selection strains with a significant change in allele frequency. The second approach involved the comparison of pooled artificially selected fast and slow C. macellaria genomes to investigate the genetic basis of development rate variation. When comparing the fast and slow genomes, 699 sequences were identified that contained 7290 variants with consistent changes in allele frequency. The variants indicated that the genomic regions that are associated with development rate were associated with developmental processes, including regulation of RNA polymerase II activity, and transporter activity, such as protein dimerization. Of the 699 sequences, 69 sequences were related to Achaete-scute complex and 14 were related to Cyp12A7. The identification of the genomic regions that associated with development rates from this study provides an important resource for future studies in identifying potential genetic markers to increase the effectiveness of PMIMIN estimates. By using significantly associated variants as a priori candidates for future studies, the data increases the understanding of natural development variation in blow flies.

Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis (IUPUI) / Forensic entomology is a subdiscipline of entomology that involves the use of insect behavior and developmental data to aid in criminal investigations. Genetic data has become increasingly important to the field as there has been a push for DNA-based species identification methods of forensically relevant insects. Genetic data can also elucidate population structure and relatedness of these insects, and such knowledge can contribute to the development of more specific datasets for insects in different regions. The first study presented here investigated the phylogenetics of sister species Lucilia cuprina and Lucilia sericata to identify possible subspecies divisions and issues with DNA-based identifications in the United States. The initial aim of this study was to identify genetic differences between specimens of L. cuprina that preferred live versus carrion flesh. Flies collected from Indiana, USA and South Africa were sequenced and analyzed. Upon sequencing of the genes COI, Period, and 28s, our results indicated that L. cuprina from Indiana possess a unique combination of nuclear and mitochondrial haplotypes that suggest a unique lineage, possibly indicating modern hybridization with L. sericata. The inability of both nuclear and mitochondrial genes to distinguish between L. cuprina and L. sericata raises questions about the capabilities of DNA-based species identifications within this genus. Additionally, the inability of these genes to distinguish between specimens that preferred live versus carrion flesh highlights a need for continued research of these behavioral differences. The second study presented here investigated the population structure and relatedness of house flies in the American southwest in relation to a civil lawsuit where neighbors of a poultry farm alleged that flies were emanating from the farm to their homes. Musca domestica (house fly) specimens were collected from the chicken farm and from locations in varying directions and distances from the farm. Amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) analysis was performed and the data were used in a number of analyses. Population reallocation simulations generally indicated that samples from different locations were not genetically different enough from other locations to allocate to their true origin population over others. Kinship analysis showed differences in samples collected in a later season that indicate a genetic bottleneck over time. Population structure analysis indicated the presence of two intermixing genetic populations in the dataset. AMOVA revealed that the majority of genetic variation laid within, rather than among, populations. A Mantel test revealed no significant correlation between genetic and geographic distances. These results indicate that the M. domestica population in this region of southwestern America is large and intermixing, with no clear genetic distinctions between specimens collected at the poultry farm versus the surrounding locations. In regard to the civil lawsuit, it was not possible to conclude that the flies did not emanate from the poultry farm. In a broader perspective, these data can be utilized to develop pest management strategies in this region. Overall, the data from both studies presented here will be useful to forensic investigations, development of more specific and detailed data and identification techniques, and pest control measures.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-01-26T18:55:44Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertacao Leonice.pdf: 133859 bytes, checksum: f76fd4ea314f1866f9aa2bbb11079d19 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008-04-23 / The study of Calliphoridae and Muscidae biodiversity in the garbage dump of Presidente Prudente, São Paulo, Brazil, was carried out between March, 2006 and March, 2007. To that purpose, six traps made of plastic bottles with 2 L capacity, and containing bovine liver as attractive, were placed around the garbage discarding site. The total of Calliphoridae captured was 44,688. Chrysomya megacephala was the most frequent species (93.61%; n= 41,833) of fly, with significant differences (p<0.05) between C. megacephala and C. albiceps (1.50%; n= 672) and C. putoria (0.79%; n= 352). There was influence of temperature and of rainfall on the C. megacephala population. In the coldest months, the capture of flies, especially C. albiceps e de C. putoria was extremely low. Regarding the Muscidae family, 1307 individuals were captured. Musca domestica was the most frequent species (99.6%; n= 1,302). The other 0.4% (n= 5) corresponded to Ophyra aenescens. The highest number of Muscidae was observed in the summer and in the springer. Thus, it is concluded that the garbage site of Presidente Prudente is an environment that gives conditions to maintenance of Calliphoridae and Muscidae, especially C. megacephala. / Estudou-se a biodiversidade de califorídeos e muscídeos no lixão de Presidente Prudente, São Paulo, Brasil, no período de março de 2006 a março de 2007. Para esse propósito, seis armadilhas com garrafas tipo pet de 2 litros, contendo como atrativo fígado bovino, foram alocadas ao redor do lixão. Foram capturadas 44.688 califorídeos, com maior freqüência das espécies Chrysomya megacephala (93,61%; n= 41.833), seguindo-se de C. albiceps (1,5%; n= 672) e C. putoria (0,79%; n= 352), com diferença significativa entre a primeira e as demais espécies (p<0,05). Houve influência da temperatura e da precipitação pluviométrica na sazonalidade de C. megacephala, com maiores capturas nos meses quentes e chuvosos (p<0,05). Nos meses frios, a captura das moscas, especialmente de C. albiceps e de C. putoria foi praticamente ausente. No caso dos muscídeos, capturou-se 1.307 espécimes, sendo que a espécie Musca domestica representou 99,6% (n= 1.302) e a espécie Ophyra aenescens 0,4% (n= 5), havendo maior incidência no verão, seguido da primavera, outono e inverno. Dessa forma, conclui-se que o depósito de lixo urbano de Presidente Prudente oferece condições para a manutenção de moscas varejeiras, especialmente C. megacephala, e de mosca doméstica.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-07-18T17:53:18Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertacao Leonice.pdf: 133859 bytes, checksum: f76fd4ea314f1866f9aa2bbb11079d19 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008-04-23 / The study of Calliphoridae and Muscidae biodiversity in the garbage dump of Presidente Prudente, São Paulo, Brazil, was carried out between March, 2006 and March, 2007. To that purpose, six traps made of plastic bottles with 2 L capacity, and containing bovine liver as attractive, were placed around the garbage discarding site. The total of Calliphoridae captured was 44,688. Chrysomya megacephala was the most frequent species (93.61%; n= 41,833) of fly, with significant differences (p<0.05) between C. megacephala and C. albiceps (1.50%; n= 672) and C. putoria (0.79%; n= 352). There was influence of temperature and of rainfall on the C. megacephala population. In the coldest months, the capture of flies, especially C. albiceps e de C. putoria was extremely low. Regarding the Muscidae family, 1307 individuals were captured. Musca domestica was the most frequent species (99.6%; n= 1,302). The other 0.4% (n= 5) corresponded to Ophyra aenescens. The highest number of Muscidae was observed in the summer and in the springer. Thus, it is concluded that the garbage site of Presidente Prudente is an environment that gives conditions to maintenance of Calliphoridae and Muscidae, especially C. megacephala. / Estudou-se a biodiversidade de califorídeos e muscídeos no lixão de Presidente Prudente, São Paulo, Brasil, no período de março de 2006 a março de 2007. Para esse propósito, seis armadilhas com garrafas tipo pet de 2 litros, contendo como atrativo fígado bovino, foram alocadas ao redor do lixão. Foram capturadas 44.688 califorídeos, com maior freqüência das espécies Chrysomya megacephala (93,61%; n= 41.833), seguindo-se de C. albiceps (1,5%; n= 672) e C. putoria (0,79%; n= 352), com diferença significativa entre a primeira e as demais espécies (p<0,05). Houve influência da temperatura e da precipitação pluviométrica na sazonalidade de C. megacephala, com maiores capturas nos meses quentes e chuvosos (p<0,05). Nos meses frios, a captura das moscas, especialmente de C. albiceps e de C. putoria foi praticamente ausente. No caso dos muscídeos, capturou-se 1.307 espécimes, sendo que a espécie Musca domestica representou 99,6% (n= 1.302) e a espécie Ophyra aenescens 0,4% (n= 5), havendo maior incidência no verão, seguido da primavera, outono e inverno. Dessa forma, conclui-se que o depósito de lixo urbano de Presidente Prudente oferece condições para a manutenção de moscas varejeiras, especialmente C. megacephala, e de mosca doméstica.

Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis (IUPUI) / Chromosomal mechanisms of sex determination vary greatly in phylogenetically closely related species, indicative of rapid evolutionary rates. Sex chromosome karyotypes are generally conserved within families; however, many species have derived sex chromosome configurations. Insects display a plethora of sex chromosome systems due to rapid diversification caused by changes in evolutionary processes within and between species. A good example of such a system are insects in the blow fly family Calliphoridae. While cytogenetic studies observe that the karyotype in blow flies is highly conserved (five pairs of autosomal chromosomes and one pair sex chromosome), there is variation in sex determining mechanisms and sex chromosome structure within closely related species in blow flies. The evolutionary history of sex chromosomes in blow fly species have not been fully explored. Therefore, the objective of this research was to characterize the sex chromosome structures in four species of blow flies and investigate the selective forces which have played a role in shaping the diverse sex chromosome system observed in blow flies. The blow fly species used in this study are Phormia regina, Lucilia cuprina, Chrysomya rufifacies and Chrysomya albiceps. Phormia regina,and Lucilia cuprina have a heteromorphic sex chromosome system and are amphogenic (females produce both male and female offspring in equal ratio). In contrast, Chrysomya rufifacies and Chrysomya albiceps, have a homomorphic sex chromosome system, are monogenic (females produce unisexual progeny), have two types of females (arrhenogenic females – male producers and thelygenic females – female producers), and sex of the offspring is determined by the maternal genotype. To accomplish these tasks, a total of nine male and female individual draft genomes for each of the four species (including three individual draft genomes of Chrysomya rufifacies – male, and the two females) were sequenced and assembled providing genomic data to explore sex chromosome evolution in blow flies. Whole genome analysis was utilized to characterize and identify putative sex chromosomal sequences of the four blow fly species. Genomic evidence confirmed the presence of genetically differentiated sex chromosomes in P. regina and L. cuprina; and genetically undifferentiated sex chromosomes in C. rufifacies and C. albiceps. Furthermore, comparative analysis of the ancestral Dipteran sex chromosome (Muller element F in Drosophila) was determined to be X-linked in P. regina and L. cuprina contributing to sex chromosome differentiation but not sex-linked in C. rufifacies and C. albiceps. Evolutionary pressures are often quantified by the ratio of substitution rates at non-synonymous (dN) and synonymous (dS) sites. Substitution rate ratio analysis (dN/dS) of homologous genes indicated a weaker purifying selection may have contributed to the loss of sex-linked genes in Muller element F genes of the undifferentiated sex chromosome as compared to the differentiated sex chromosome system. Overall, the results presented herein greatly expands our knowledge in sex chromosome evolution within blow flies and will reinforce the study of sex chromosome evolution in other species with diverse sex chromosome systems.

Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis (IUPUI) / Blow flies are often utilized in the field of forensic science due to their ability to aid in the estimation of time since death. Currently, estimations of postmortem interval require assumptions to be made and are prone to a margin of error, prompting research that may contribute to more accurate postmortem interval estimations and help to fill in the gaps of unknown information. Blow flies are necrophagous, feeding on feces and carrion, and therefore, are constantly sampling the environment. This behavior can be exploited in order to monitor the biodiversity in an environment. Through analysis of DNA isolated from the guts of blow flies, information can be obtained regarding what animals have died in an environment, what animals are still living in that environment, and the abundance and diversity of the animals present in a specific environment. Using fly-derived ingested DNA is a viable method for vertebrate resource identification and biodiversity monitoring. Over the course of a two-summer sampling period, in and around two national parks, a total of 162 blow fly (Phormia regina) samples returned a positive vertebrate DNA identification, with 33 species identified from five animal orders. Of the total number of flies collected and analyzed, 23.58% returned a positive vertebrate species identification. The method detected both abundant and common species based on National Park surveys, as well as some uncommon or unknown to the park species. In the SE region, 9 individuals belonging to the Rodentia order, 12 individuals belonging to the Artiodactyla order, 21 individuals belonging to the Carnivora order, 1 individual belonging to the Cingulata order, and 3 individuals belonging to the Lagomorph order were detected. In the SE region, 63% of the individuals detected belonged to the common category, 14% of the individuals detected belonged to the uncommon category, and 23% of the individuals detected belonged to the not in park/unknown category. In the NW region, 42 individuals belonging to the Rodentia order, 46 individuals belonging to the Artiodactyla order, and 28 individuals belonging to the Carnivora order were detected. In the NW region, 52% of the individuals detected belonged to the abundant category, 36% of the individuals detected belonged to the common category, and 12% of the individuals detected belonged to the uncommon category. The relative biodiversity of the sampled environment can be inferred. In the SE region, the Shannon Biodiversity Index was calculated to be 2.28 with an evenness of 0.844, while in the NW region, the Shannon Biodiversity Index was calculated to be 2.79 with an evenness of 0.855. Unsurprisingly, there was greater biodiversity in the Northwest Park samples than in the Southeast Park samples. Additionally, the ideal weather conditions for blow fly collection were determined be at a temperature of between 60- and 80-degrees Fahrenheit, a relative humidity between 50% and 60%, no precipitation, and a wind speed between 2 and 8 miles per hour. This information has further implications in the field of forensic science, specifically dealing with wildlife forensics, pathogen distributions, and can help to improve accuracy in regards to postmortem interval (PMI) estimations.

<p>  </p> <p>Blow flies are often utilized in the field of forensic science due to their ability to aid in the estimation of time since death. Currently, estimations of postmortem interval require assumptions to be made and are prone to a margin of error, prompting research that may contribute to more accurate postmortem interval estimations and help to fill in the gaps of unknown information. Blow flies are necrophagous, feeding on feces and carrion, and therefore, are constantly sampling the environment. This behavior can be exploited in order to monitor the biodiversity in an environment. Through analysis of DNA isolated from the guts of blow flies, information can be obtained regarding what animals have died in an environment, what animals are still living in that environment, and the abundance and diversity of the animals present in a specific environment. Using fly-derived ingested DNA is a viable method for vertebrate resource identification and biodiversity monitoring. Over the course of a two-summer sampling period, in and around two national parks, a total of 162 blow fly (<em>Phormia regina</em>) samples returned a positive vertebrate DNA identification, with 33 species identified from five animal orders. Of the total number of flies collected and analyzed, 23.58% returned a positive vertebrate species identification. The method detected both abundant and common species based on National Park surveys, as well as some uncommon or unknown to the park species. In the SE region, 9 individuals belonging to the Rodentia order, 12 individuals belonging to the Artiodactyla order, 21 individuals belonging to the Carnivora order, 1 individual belonging to the Cingulata order, and 3 individuals belonging to the Lagomorph order were detected. In the SE region, 63% of the individuals detected belonged to the common category, 14% of the individuals detected belonged to the uncommon category, and 23% of the individuals detected belonged to the not in park/unknown category. In the NW region, 42 individuals belonging to the Rodentia order, 46 individuals belonging to the Artiodactyla order, and 28 individuals belonging to the Carnivora order were detected. In the NW region, 52% of the individuals detected belonged to the abundant category, 36% of the individuals detected belonged to the common category, and 12% of the individuals detected belonged to the uncommon category. The relative biodiversity of the sampled environment can be inferred. In the SE region, the Shannon Biodiversity Index was calculated to be 2.28 with an evenness of 0.844, while in the NW region, the Shannon Biodiversity Index was calculated to be 2.79 with an evenness of 0.855. Unsurprisingly, there was greater biodiversity in the Northwest Park samples than in the Southeast Park samples. Additionally, the ideal weather conditions for blow fly collection were determined be at a temperature of between 60- and 80-degrees Fahrenheit, a relative humidity between 50% and 60%, no precipitation, and a wind speed between 2 and 8 miles per hour. This information has further implications in the field of forensic science, specifically dealing with wildlife forensics, pathogen distributions, and can help to improve accuracy in regards to postmortem interval (PMI) estimations. </p> <p>  </p>

Submitted by Jorge Silva (jorgelmsilva@ufrrj.br) on 2017-05-16T17:27:57Z No. of bitstreams: 1 2012 - Adriana Cristina Pedroso Ferraz.pdf: 2396072 bytes, checksum: 4c8224201e7dfca3888239f1edd74e0f (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-05-16T17:27:57Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2012 - Adriana Cristina Pedroso Ferraz.pdf: 2396072 bytes, checksum: 4c8224201e7dfca3888239f1edd74e0f (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-05-02 / CNPq / The research was divided into chapters. The first assessed the post-embryonic development of Chrysomya albiceps (Widemann) on chicken gizzard (control: beef). There were four replications (100g each diet, 40 1st instar/2nd generation larvae) per treatment, each recipient was placed in a larger one containing sawdust and then sealed. The mature larvae were weighed and stored in test tubes. The variation among mature larva weight means and the duration of the larva, pupa and total stages were analyzed by the Student t test (?=5%), the viabilities by ANOVA and the sex ratio by the chi-square test. The following were recorded: mean temperature 25.6oC and 72.4% relative air humidity, larva-adult period mean duration of 8.1 days (meat) and 8.2 days (gizzard); 71% to 87% larva viability; 100% and 99% pupa viability 58% and 67% larva and adult viabilities, respectively. Chicken gizzard was shown to be satisfactory as diet for C. albiceps. The second chapter assessed the post embryonic development of Chysomya putoria (Widemann) in chicken gizzard and homogenized chicken gizzard in 65% agar (control: meat). Four replications (60 mL diet, 40 1st instar/5th generation larvae) were made per treatment. The homogenate was prepared in a mixer (gizzard, distilled water and agar). A mean temperature of 20.6 oC and 67.7% relative air humidity were recorded. The mean duration of the larva-adult period was 8.868 days (meat), 8.676 days (gizzard) and 9.067 days (homogenate); the larva viability was 98%; 92% and 73%; the pupa viability was 98%; 91% and 71%; the larva and adult viabilities were 93%; 83% and 64%, respectively. There were significant difference in the duration of the pupa period between meat and the homogenate. Both diets were shown to be satisfactory for C. putoria. The third chapter assessed different ciprofloxacin concentrations (3.33 ?g/mL; 6.66 ?g/mL and 13.33 ?g/mL in gizzard/65% agar homogenate) on C. putoria development (the control received distilled water). They were replicated four times (60 grams diet, 40 1st instar/3rd generation larvae) in an acclimatized chamber 30oC day/28 oC night, 70+10%relative air humidity and 14-hour photoperiod. There was no significant difference for: mean individual larva weight, mean duration of the larva inoculation until abandonment and the larva, pupa and total stages. Only treatment 2 differed significantly from the control in the larval and total viability. Ciprofloxacin seemed not to alter C. putoria development. The fourth chapter assessed different gentamicin concentrations (4.44?g/mL; 13.33?g/mL and 66.66?g/mL) on C. putoria. The materials and methods were similar to those of chapter III. There was no significant difference for: mean individual larva weight, mean duration of the larva inoculation until abandonment and the larva, pupa and total stages. Only treatment 2 differed significantly from the control for larva viability. Gentamicin seemed not to alter C. putoria development. The fifth chapter assessed different ampicillin concentrations (66?g/mL; 81.33?g/mL and 166.66?g/mL) on C. putoria. The materials and methods were similar to chapter III. There was no significant difference for: mean individual larva weight, mean duration of the larvae inoculation until abandonment and the larval, pupa and total stages. There was no significant difference for larva and total viability, but pupa viability in T1 differed significantly from the control and T2, and T3 differed from the control. Ampicillin seemed not to alter C. putoria development. / A pesquisa foi dividida em cap?tulos. O primeiro avaliou o desenvolvimento p?s-embrion?rio de Chrysomya albiceps (Widemann) em moela de frango (controle: carne bovina). Foram quatro repeti??es (100g de dieta cada, 40 larvas de 1? instar/2? gera??o) por tratamento, cada recipiente inserido em outro maior contendo serragem e vedado. As larvas maduras foram pesadas e armazenadas em tubos de ensaio. A varia??o entre m?dias de massa de larvas maduras e dura??es dos est?gios de larva, pupa e total foram analisadas por Teste t de Student (?=5%), as viabilidades por ANOVA, a raz?o sexual pelo qui-quadrado. Foram registradas temperatura m?dia 25,6?C e umidade relativa do ar m?dia 72,4%; dura??o m?dia do per?odo de larva a adulto 8,1 dias (carne) e 8,2 (moela); viabilidades de larva 71% e 87%; viabilidades de pupa 100% e 99%; viabilidades de larva a adulto 58% e 67%, respectivamente. Moela de frango se mostrou satisfat?ria como dieta para C. albiceps. O segundo cap?tulo avaliou desenvolvimento p?s-embrion?rio de Chysomya putoria (Widemann) em moela e homogenato de moela de frango em agar 65% (controle: carne). Foram quatro repeti??es (60 mL de dieta, 40 larvas de 1? instar/5?gera??o) por tratamento. O homogenato foi preparado em mixer (moela, ?gua destilada e agar). Foram registradas temperatura m?dia 20,6? C e umidade relativa do ar m?dia 67,7%. A dura??o m?dia do per?odo de larva a adulto foi 8,868 dias (carne), 8,676 (moela) e 9,067 (homogenato); as viabilidades larvais 98%; 92% e 73%; as viabilidades de pupa 98%; 91% e 71%; as viabilidades de larva a adulto 93%; 83% e 64%, respectivamente. Houve diferen?a significativa na dura??o do per?odo pupal entre carne e homogenato. Ambas dietas mostraram-se satisfat?rias para C. putoria. O terceiro cap?tulo avaliou diferentes concentra??es de ciprofloxacino (3,33 ?g/mL; 6,66 ?g/mL e 13,33 ?g/mL em homogenato de moela/agar 65%) sobre desenvolvimento de C. putoria (controle recebeu agua destilada). Foram replicados quatro vezes (60 gramas dieta, 40 larvas 1? ?nstar/3? gera??o) em c?mara climatizada 30?C dia/28?C noite, 70+10% U.R. e 14 horas fotoper?odo. N?o houve diferen?a significativa: massa individual m?dio das larvas, dura??o m?dia da inocula??o das larvas at? abandono e est?gios larval, pupal e total. Apenas tratamento 2 diferiu significativamente do controle nas viabilidades larval e total. Ciprofloxacino pareceu n?o alterar desenvolvimento de C. putoria. O quarto cap?tulo avaliou diferentes concentra??es de gentamicina (4,44?g/mL; 13,33?g/mL e 66,66?g/mL) sobre C. putoria. Os materiais e m?todos foram semelhantes ao do cap?tulo III. N?o houve diferen?a significativa: massa individual m?dia das larvas; dura??o m?dia da inocula??o das larvas at? abandono e dos est?gios larval, pupal e total. Apenas tratamento 2 diferiu significativamente do controle na viabilidade larval. Gentamicina pareceu n?o alterar o desenvolvimento de C. putoria. O quinto cap?tulo avaliou diferentes concentra??es de ampicilina (66?g/mL; 81,33?g/mL e 166,66?g/mL) sobre C. putoria. Os materiais e m?todos foram semelhantes ao cap?tulo III. N?o houve diferen?a significativa: massa individual m?dia das larvas, dura??o m?dia da inocula??o das larvas at? abandono e est?gios larval, pupal e total. N?o houve diferen?a significativa: viabilidades larval e total, por?m viabilidade pupal do T1 diferiu significativamente do controle e T2, e T3 diferiu do controle. Ampicilina pareceu n?o alterar desenvolvimento de C. putoria.