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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
1

Le transport maritime de stupéfiants / The maritime carriage of narcortics

Gallouët, Emmanuelle 14 January 2011 (has links)
Dans les années 1970, le trafic de stupéfiants a connu une rapide expansion, et n’a cessé, depuis, de s’accroître pour se mondialiser dans les années 1990 et atteindre une dimension géopolitique.De grands axes maritimes d’acheminement des différentes drogues exploités par les grandes organisations criminelles sont apparus, et il est devenu évident que les mesures qui permettent au secteur maritime de contribuer au développement des échanges mondiaux, et donc à la prospérité économique, l’ont rendu particulièrement propice au développement de ce type de trafic.Face à l’importance de la menace que constitue le transport maritime de stupéfiants, les Etats ont pris conscience de la nécessité d’en étendre et d’en rationaliser la répression à l’échelon international.Avec le temps, plusieurs conventions internationales, toujours en vigueur, ont vu le jour, sous l’égide des Nations Unies. La dernière en date, la Convention contre le trafic illicite de stupéfiants et des substances psychotropes, signée à Vienne en 1988, détermine, dans son article 17, le cadre de l’arraisonnement des navires suspecté de se livrer à un tel trafic en haute mer, mais, ce qui constitue le caractère propre d’une pareille capacité d’action est qu’elle doit s’inclure dans le respect des deux principes fondamentaux que sont, d’une part, la souveraineté des Etats, d’autre part, la liberté des mers définie par la Convention de Montego Bay de 1982, ceux-ci pouvant être antinomiques de celle-là. Avec la lutte contre le transport maritime de stupéfiants, la liberté des mers est devenue une liberté « encadrée ».Ceci pose de nombreuses difficultés d’interprétation et d’application des textes, qui ont conduit les Etats, par ailleurs souvent gênés dans leur action par la multiplication des structures intervenantes, à rechercher des solutions de coopération sur un plan opérationnel ou plus globalement avec des accords régionaux, pour résoudre de manière ponctuelle ou plus générale, certains types de problèmes.Dans ce contexte, les gouvernements ont en particulier perçu la nécessité de mettre en place des séries de mesures pratiques destinées à prévenir les menaces au niveau des différents maillons du réseau de transport maritime, singulièrement, et tout d’abord, en établissant un système d’information et de surveillance des approches maritimes, ensuite, en adoptant un ensemble de mesures de nature à organiser une meilleure sûreté portuaire avec le Code international pour la sûreté des navires et des ports (Code ISPS) et une meilleure sûreté concernant les conteneurs avec la Container security Initiative américaine.Là encore, l’instauration de cadres de coopération juridique et opérationnelle demeure, aujourd’hui comme pour le futur, une condition sine qua non du succès de la lutte contre un fléau mondial. / In the 1970s, the drug trafficking underwent a fast growth and continually increased to globalize in the 1990s reaching a geopolitical dimension.Criminal organizations began to use large sea routes to transport the flow of drugs. These increased sea routes along with the measures related to the maritime sector contributed to the development of the world exchanges and the economic prosperity. Thus, this turned to be convenient to the development of drug trafficking.This important threat of sea transportation of narcotics made the States aware that it was necessary to repress this threat at international level.The previous international Agreements that were established by the United Nations are still valid. The latest Convention against the illicit traffic in Narcotics Drugs and Psychotropic substances, signed in Vienna in 1988 under article 17 determines how ships suspected of engaging in drug trafficking in open sea would be inspected.The Montego Bay Agreement of 1982 defined the freedom of seas along with the States desire to remain sovereign are two basic fundamental principles combined in this capacity. However with the fight against the drug trafficking over the seas, the freedom of seas became framed.The numerous difficulties of interpretation and application of texts led States, often hampered in their action by many structures, to look for solutions for cooperation on an operational plan or more globally with regional agreements, to meet short or long term solutions.In this context, the governments mainly perceived the necessity of setting up a series of practical measures intended to prevent the threats at the level of the various links of the maritime transport network, first of all, by establishing an information and monitoring system of the maritime approaches, then, by adopting a set of measures likely to organize better harbour safety with the International Ship and Port Security Code (code ISPS) and better safety concerning containers with American security Container Initiative.Once again, the institution of frames of legal and operational cooperation remains, today as for the future, an indispensable condition of the success of the fight against a world plague.
2

從「聯合國跨界與高度洄游魚類協定」論公海海域登臨及檢查權之理論與實踐---以WCPFC為例 / A Study on the theory and practice of high seas boarding and inspection from the provisions of 1995 UNFSA: With a special reference to the practice of WCPFC

陳盈廷, Chen, Ying Ting Unknown Date (has links)
1982年《聯合國海洋法公約》確立了專屬經濟區的制度後,公海成為海洋生物資源養護與管理的一大缺口,特別是在養護與管理跨界及高度洄游魚群上產生防護的漏洞。1995年國際間通過《聯合國跨界與高度洄游魚類協定》,旨在履行《聯合國海洋法公約》關於養護跨界與高度洄游魚群之規定,並進一步訂立更完善之規範,特別是協定重視各區域性漁業組織之功能,期能透過該些組織,更有效率地管理並養護各區域之跨界與高度洄游魚群。因此,《聯合國海洋法公約》、1995年協定與區域性漁業組織相互間透過法律規範,從架構、實踐與實際執行這三方面試圖形塑一個較為嚴謹及嚴密的網絡。 2004年中西太平洋漁業委員會(WCPFC)成立。協定與委員會透過登臨與檢查的方式,以養護與管理在公海海域之跨界與洄游魚群。然公海自由及公海上由船旗國管轄乃習慣國際法,而為在保育海洋生物資源,在公海上採取相互登臨與檢查為國際海洋法發展之趨勢。由於登臨與檢查乃涉及一國之主權問題,台灣因於國際上之特殊地位,在WCPFC中之登臨與檢查權便為一值得探討之議題。 《WCPFC登檢程序》規定《WCPFC公約》之締約方有相互登臨檢查之權利與義務,而WCPFC之會員有被登檢之義務。由於台灣乃以漁業實體之身份加入,成為WCPFC之會員,並非《WCPFC公約》之締約方,因此台灣是否有登檢其他會員船舶之權利便為我方關切之議題。筆者透過對1995年協定、《WCPFC公約》,以及《WCPFC登檢程序》之分析,認為台灣倘與其他會員或《WCPFC公約》締約方締結登檢協議,則台灣與協議締約方間當可享有《WCPFC登檢程序》中規定之完整的登檢權利與義務,而不受僅為「會員」身份所造成之模糊地位所限制。 / As the 1982 LOS Convention establishes the concept of Exclusive Economic Zone, the high seas has not only become the rest areas without authorities’ jurisdiction, but also been a breach of the conservation and management of living recourses, especially in aspect of the conservation and management of straddling and highly migratory stocks. In 1995, Straddling Stocks Agreement was approved, in which the main purpose is to enforce the principles of LOS Convention relating to the conservation and management of straddling and highly migratory stocks. Straddling Stocks Agreement respects the functions of the regional fishing organizations and expects it to manage and conserve straddling and highly migratory stocks more efficiently in each region. Consequently, through making stipulations, the LOS Convention, 1995 Agreement, and regional fishing organizations attempt to build up a strict network of framework, implementation, and enforcement. In 2004, WCPFC Commission was founded. Through boarding and inspection, 1995 Agreement and WCPFC Commission conserve and manage the straddling and highly migratory stocks. Although the high-seas freedoms and flag State jurisdiction are the parts of customary international law, it is the trend in development of international law to adopt boarding and inspection in high seas for conserving living resources in ocean. Due to boarding and inspection concerning the sovereignty, as the special status in international society, Taiwan’s boarding and inspection rights in WCPFC Commission become a disputed issue. WCPFC Boarding and Inspection Procedures imply that the Contracting Parties of WCPFC Convention have rights and obligations to board and inspect each other’s ships, but the members of WCPFC only have the obligation of being boarded and inspected. Since Taiwan, as the fishing entity, participated in WCPFC as the Member rather than the Contracting Parties. As a result, whether Taiwan possessing any rights to board and inspect other members’ ships is concerned by Taiwan’s authority. By analyzing 1995 Agreement, WCPFC Convention, and WCPFC Boarding and Inspection Procedures, the author concludes that if Taiwan has the agreements relating to boarding and inspection with other Members or Contracting Parties, Taiwan would absolutely possess the full rights and obligations, which the WCPFC Boarding and Inspection Procedures stipulate, without constrained by its ambiguous status caused by the role of Member.

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