In this thesis, we introduce the fundamental operation of intra-body communications. The efficiency of the intra-body communications and the disturbance of intra-body communication are also studied. Intra-body communications propagate the signal by using the surface of human skin. Our study is mainly based on simulation. The accuracy of the simulation is verified by comparing with results in two papers. Then, five tissues are used to represent in the simulation. Firstly, we find design rules of transmitter and receiver for improving efficiency. The larger size of the circuit board is, the stronger signal receives. Length is more sensitivity than width but electrodes cannot be close. The signal does not vary widely with the location of the receiver. By setting proper parameters of skin, we can differentiate between wet skin and dry skin. Because the conductivity of wet skin is higher than dry one, the wet skin will give a stronger received signal. In the latter part of the thesis, we study the parameters cause the disturbance of intra-body communications. First, we study the effects of the person is close to the system. Second, we discuss the changes of the impedance of the system when another person touches the user. In the last, we discuss the variety of the receiving signal due to the bending of the arm, furthermore, we can distinguish the angles of the arm¡¦s bend from the coupling of electric field.

<p>Progress in miniaturized computing and connectivity has led to a plethora of smart connected electronic devices around humans, leading us towards the era of seamless human-electronics co-operation. In this connected society, radiative communication using electromagnetic fields is the backbone of inter-device connectivity. This unfortunately leads to high power usage as well as physical signals being available for malicious interceptors to snoop. To address the need of security and energy efficiency of inter-device communication for devices on and around the human body, Human Body Communication (HBC) has been proposed. The fundamental philosophy of HBC is to use the human body as a medium - thus being helped and not hurt by the body - for communication between devices. Confinement of a signal within the body implies higher security as well as efficiency. This dissertation is an analysis of these properties of different HBC modalities, through electromagnetic modelling, simulation, and experienced. Electro-quasistatic (EQS) HBC has been explored in significant detail, including a complete theoretical formulation of return path capacitance, as well as a study of inter-body coupling for interference and security management in EQS-HBC. Magnetic modes of HBC have also been analyzed, and compared with its electric counterparts. Finally, a novel HBC technique, GSW-HBC, has been proposed. GSW-HBC or a Goubau line inspired surface wave based HBC, is shown to be a viable, secure and energy efficient alternative to RF wireless communication, leading the search for Gbps communication around the body.</p><p>In reference to IEEE copyrighted material which is used with permission in this thesis, the IEEE does not endorse any of Purdue University's products or services. Internal or personal use of this material is permitted. If interested in reprinting/republishing IEEE copyrighted material for advertising or promotional purposes or for creating new collective works for resale or redistribution, please go to <a href="http://www.ieee.org/publications_standards/publications/rights/rights_link.html" rel="noreferrer" target="_blank">http://www.ieee.org/publications_standards/publications/rights/rights_link.html</a> to learn how to obtain a License from RightsLink.</p>

Connected Me is a Human Body Communication (HBC) system, which is used fortransferring data through human body. The working principle is based on theorycalled Body Coupled Communication (BCC), which uses electrostatic couplingfor transferring data between device and human body. Capacitance between bodyand electrode acts as an electrical interface between devices. BCC has become aprominent research area in the field of Personal Area Network (PAN), introducedby Zimmerman in 1995. Until now there have been significant amount of paperspublished on human body models and Analog Front End (AFE), but only fewreports are available in digital baseband processing. The proposed Human Body Communication (HBC) system consists ofdigital baseband and AFE. Digital baseband is used for transferring data packets.AFE is designed for reconstructing signal shape after signal degradation causedby the human body. This thesis implements high speed serial digital communicationsystem for a human body channel. Available modulation schemes andcharacteristics of the Physical layer (PHY) with respect to human body channelare analyzed before implementing the system. The outcome of this thesis is aFPGA demonstrator that shows the possibility of communication through thehuman body. / Connected Me

<div>Decades of scaling in semiconductor technology has resulted in a drastic reduction in the cost and size of unit computing. This has enabled computing capabilities in small form factor wearable and implantable devices. These devices communicate with each other to form a network around the body, commonly known as the Wireless Body Area Network (WBAN). Radio wave transmission over air is the commonly used method of communication among these devices. However, the human body can be used as the communication medium by utilizing its electrical conductivity property. This has given rise to Human Body Communication (HBC), which provides higher energy efficiency and enhanced security compared to over the air radio wave communication enabling applications like remote health monitoring, secure authentication. In this thesis we characterize the human body channel characteristics at low frequencies, utilize the insight obtained from the channel characterization to build high energy-efficiency, interference-robust circuits and demonstrate the security and selectivity aspect of HBC through a Common Off the Shelf (COTS) component-based system. First, we characterize the response of the human body channel in the 10KHz1MHz frequency range with wearable transmitter/ receiver to study the feasibility of using it as a broadband communication channel. Voltage mode measurements with capacitive termination show almost at-band response in this frequency range, establishing the body as a broadband channel. The body channel response is also measured across different interaction scenario between two wearable devices and a wearable and a computer. A bio-physical model of the HBC channel is developed to explain the measurement results and the wide discrepancies found in previous studies.We analyze the safety aspect of different type of HBC by carrying out theoretical circuit and FEM based simulations. A study is carried out among multiple subjects to assess the effect of HBC on the vital parameters of a subject. A statistical analysis of the results shows no signicant change in the vital parameters before and during HBC transmission, validating the theoretical simulations showing >!000x safety margin compared to the established ICNIRP guidelines. Next, an HBC transceiver is built utilizing the wire-like, broadband human body channel to enable high energy efficiency. The transceiver also provides robustness to ambient interference picked up by the human body through integration followed by periodic sampling. The transceiver achieves 6.3pJ/bit energy effciency while operating at a maximum data rate of 30Mbps, while providing -30dB interference tolerant operation. Finally, a COTS based HBC prototype is developed, which utilizes low frequency operation to enable selective and physically secure communication strictly during touch for Human Computer Interaction (HCI) between two wearable devices for the rst time. A thorough study of the effect of different parameters such as environment, posture, subject variation, on the channel loss has also been characterized to build a robust HBC system working across different use cases. Applications such as secure authentication (e.g. opening a door, pairing a smart device) and information exchange (e.g. payment, image, medical data, personal profile transfer) through touch is demonstrated to show the impact of HBC in enabling new human-machine interaction modalities.</div>

<p> </p><div> <div> <div> <p> </p><div> <div> <div> <p> </p><div> <div> <div> <p>The current state of the art in biopotential recordings rely on radiative electromagnetic (EM) fields. In such transmissions, only a small fraction of this energy is received since the EM fields are widely radiated resulting in lossy inefficient systems. Using the body as a communication medium (similar to a ’wire’) allows for the containment of the energy within the body, yielding order(s) of magnitude lower energy than radiative EM communication. The first part of this work introduces Animal Body Communication for untethered rodent biopotential recording and for the first time this work develops the theory and models for animal body communication circuitry and channel loss. In vivo experimental analysis proves that ABC successfully transmits acquired electrocardiogram (EKG) signals through the body with correlation greater than 99% when compared to traditional wireless communication modalities, with a 50x reduction in power consumption. The second part of this work focusses on the analysis and design of an Electro-Quasistatic Human Body Communication (EQS-HBC) system for simultaneous sensing and transmission of biopotential signals. In this work, detailed analysis on the system level interaction between the sensing and transmitting circuitry is studied and a design to enable simultaneous sensing and transmission is proposed. Experimental analysis was performed to understand the interaction between the Right Leg-Drive circuitry and the HBC transmission along with the effect of the ADC quantization on signal quality. Finally, experimental trials proves that EKG signals can be transmitted through the body with greater than 96% correlation when compared to Bluetooth systems at extremely low powers. </p> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div>

Capacitive communication using human body as a electrical channel has attracted much attention in the area of personal area networks (PANs) since its introduction by Zimmerman in 1995. The reason being that the personal information and communication appliances are becoming an integral part of our daily lives. The advancement in technology is also helping a great deal in making them interesting,useful and very much affordable. If we interconnect these body-based devices with capacitive communication approach in a manner appropriate to the power, size, cost and functionality, it lessens the burden of supporting a communication channel by existing wired and wireless technologies. More than that, using body as physical communication channel for a PAN device compared to traditional radio transmission seems to have a lot of inherent advantages in terms of power and security etc. But still a lot of feasibility and reliability issues have to be addressed before it is ready for prime time. This promising technology is recently sub-classified into body area networks (BAN) and is currently under discussion in the IEEE 802.15.6 Task Group for addressing the technical requirements to unleash its full potential for BANs. This could play a part in Ericsson's envision of  50 billion connections by 2020. This thesis work is part of the main project to investigate the models, interface and derive requirements on the analog-front-end (AFE) required for the system. Also to suggest a first order model of the AFE that suits this communication system.In this thesis work the human body is modeled along with interfaces and transceiver to reflect the true condition of the system functioning. Various requirements like sensitivity, dynamic range, noise figure and signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) requirements are derived based on the system model. An AFE model based on discrete components is simulated, which was later used for proof of concept. Also a first order AFE model is developed based on the requirements derived. The AFE model is simulated under the assumed interference and noise conditions. The first order requirements for the submodules of the AFE are also derived. Future work and challenges are discussed.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-08-03T12:29:30Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 GISELE FLOR PG 1_108.pdf: 3382173 bytes, checksum: 02574911033a69dc771f1e404644eeb1 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-04-09 / This study aims to analyze how Boa Forma Magazine presents the human body. The corpus of this study for analysis is the editions of January and February 2005 and 2011; the editions of October, November and December 2005 and 2010. We have utilized as samples the cover articles which publish wellness and fitness. As a methodology we have applied Discourse Analysis and Content Analysis, using a qualitative approach. We have confirmed, by the analyses, that the magazine shows the human body as a commodity, reflecting the characteristics of the consumption society of the early XXI Century. The application of discursive paraphrase and interdiscourse emphasizes the appreciation of the perfect body, as a commodity, conquered by dedication, persistence, investment; therefore, the perfect body delimits prestige, honor, emulation and narcissism. / O estudo tem por fim analisar como a revista Boa Forma apresenta o corpo, sendo o corpus de análise as edições de outubro, novembro e dezembro de 2005 e 2010, as de janeiro e fevereiro de 2005 e 2011. Utilizamos como amostra as chamadas de capa, os respectivos títulos, subtítulos, olhos e reportagens que tratam da temática corpo-boa forma. Comprovamos pelo conjunto de análise, de Conteúdo e de Discurso, que Boa Forma apresenta o corpo como um produto de alto valor simbólico refletindo as características da sociedade de consumidores, a qual apresenta como peculiaridades a honorabilidade, hedonismo, emulação e narcisismo, e ainda o cotidiano do início do século XXI, sendo a paráfrase e o interdiscurso os recursos discursivos utilizados para aproximar o corpo perfeito a uma mercadoria.

Wireless communication for biomedical equipment is rapidly improving with the invention of new technologies. Due to the absence of cables, wireless technology is a growing area of interest for biomedical applications. As technology advances, many gadgets are becoming smaller and more portable. Often, there is a need for these medical devices to transfer data in real-time. However, it is critical to recognize the special obstacles connected with the creation of novel products that need in-body to off-body communication. Unlike standard wireless communication scenarios, such as Wi-Fi or cellular networks, where data passes through the air; in-body to off-body communication occurs within or on the surface of the human body. Itis a significant technological challenge to provide dependable and secure communication inside the body’s dynamic and changing environment. The human body’s dielectric characteristics, attenuation, received power, transmitted power, and distance to the receiver must be considered when designing any wireless implantable device. In this thesis, we designed tests with a lossy medium that simulates the human body and a few test protocols that can facilitate the testing and development of wireless communications from in-body to off-body for a medical device intended to support pelvic muscle floor training. We designed the test protocols based on this application and safety requirements. These tests were then used to evaluate and compare two commercially available transceivers operating at 433MHz and 2.4 GHz.We created and implemented several experiments using the communication models. This thesis investigated the properties of a lossy medium in the context of electromagnetic signals in wireless communication. The tests included a study of connectivity, range, latency, and packet errors that occur during signal transmission across the medium. The findings indicate that BLE modules might be more favorable for future advances. The outcomes of this thesis can be utilized as a starting point for the future development of the intended application.BLE technology is distinctive largely by its low power consumption, which is critical for applications where energy efficiency is the main concern. Especially important in the context of IoT (Internet of Things) and wearable devices, where long-lasting battery life is required. Furthermore, BLE provides a more robust and standardized communication protocol, making it easy to integrate and compatible with a wide range of devices and platforms. While 433 MHz modules have advantages such as a longer range and simpler technology, BLE’s increased transmission rate capabilities and broad acceptance in current smartphones and tablets make it more adaptable for applications that require frequent data exchange and compatibility with consumer devices.

Submitted by Maike Costa (maiksebas@gmail.com) on 2016-01-22T12:50:29Z No. of bitstreams: 1 arquivototal.pdf: 2863825 bytes, checksum: 4a50fcfc819e37d2c597ba65a0ab6546 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-01-22T12:50:29Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 arquivototal.pdf: 2863825 bytes, checksum: 4a50fcfc819e37d2c597ba65a0ab6546 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-08-25 / This research investigated the process of social learning through the body communication modes of the students of elementary school from a public school at the time of the game Geometric Balance of the National Pact for Literacy in the Age One - PNAIC. We can question-problem: bodily communication modes present in the PNAIC game practice contribute to the development of social learning? The study aims to analyze social learning by bodily communication modes present in the game situation. It is a descriptive, qualitative, characterized as a case study. The study was developed with the collaboration of 24 children aged between 7 and 8 years of the 3rd year of elementary school at the Escola Estadual Gilberto Rola, located in the Rural Area of the city of Mossoró, Rio Grande do Norte. They were used as data collection instruments participant observation, the field diary, observation protocol and the dialogical group. The game Geometric Balance was implemented in the school routine in four classes conducted by literacy teacher accompanied by the researcher teacher. The collected data on participant observation and the field diary were analyzed by Analytic Existential Movement (Gomes-da-Silva, 2012; 2011; 2001) and the Social Cognitive Theory (Albert Bandura, 1986, 1977, 2008). Data from the dialogical group were investigated by content analysis (Bardin, 2011). The study shows that social modeling developed in the game Geometric balance was driven by body communication mode "primordial of fronting" by having a competitive character action immediately and creative. The so that children move is a means of driving the communication behavior modeling process and therefore social learning. We conclude that learning the game Geometric Balance depart directly from interactions between players in this communication process is to promote creativity and competitiveness between subjects, reverberating significant new interactive practices. / Esta pesquisa investigou o processo de aprendizagem social, através dos modos de comunicação corporal dos alunos do Ensino Fundamental I de uma escola pública, no momento do jogo Equilíbrio Geométrico do Pacto Nacional pela Alfabetização na Idade Certa - PNAIC. Tendo como questão-problema: Quais as contribuições dos modos de comunicação corporais presentes na prática do jogo do PNAIC contribuem para o desenvolvimento da aprendizagem social, e como elas ocorrem? O estudo objetivou analisar a aprendizagem social pelos modos de comunicação corporais presentes na situação do jogo. É uma pesquisa descritiva e analítica, de natureza qualitativa, caracterizada como estudo de caso. O estudo se desenvolveu com a colaboração de 24 crianças com idades entre sete e oito anos do 3º ano do Ensino Fundamental I, da Escola Estadual Gilberto Rola, situada na zona rural da cidade de Mossoró - Rio Grande do Norte. Foram utilizados como instrumentos de coleta de dados a observação participante, o diário de campo, o protocolo de observação e o grupo dialogal. O jogo Equilíbrio Geométrico foi implementado na rotina escolar em quatro aulas, conduzidas pela professora alfabetizadora, acompanhada pela professora pesquisadora. Os dados coletados na observação participante e no diário de campo foram analisados pela Analítica Existencial do Movimento (Gomes-da-Silva, 2012; 2011; 2001) e pela Teoria Social Cognitiva (BANDURA, 1986, 1977, 2008). Os dados obtidos no grupo dialogal foram investigados pela Análise de conteúdo (BARDIN, 2011). O estudo aponta que a modelação social desenvolvida no jogo Equilíbrio Geométrico foi impulsionada pelo modo de comunicação corporal “primordial de anteposição”, por ter um caráter de ação competitiva, imediata e criativa. O modo como as crianças se movimentam é uma forma de comunicação impulsionadora do processo de modelação dos comportamentos e, consequentemente, da aprendizagem social. Concluímos que, no jogo ‘Equilíbrio Geométrico’, as aprendizagens partem diretamente das interações entre os jogadores. Nesse processo de comunicação, promovem-se a criatividade e a competitividade entre os sujeitos, reverberando novas práticas interativas significativas.

Předkládaná disertační práce je zaměřena na \uv{Modelování propagačního kanálu pro off-body komunikaci v oblasti milimetrových vln}. Navzdory pokrokům v rámci bezdrátových sítí v přímé blízkosti člověka stále systémy 5. generace postrádají dostatečnou šířku pásma a dostatečně nízkou odezvu. To je způsobeno neefektivním využíváním rádiového spektra. Tento nedostatek je potřeba co nejdříve odstranit a právě z tohoto důvodu je hlavním cílem této práce navrhnout vylepšený model rádiového kanálů pro off-body komunikaci. Úkolem tohoto modelu je umožnit uživatelům efektivněji a přesněji simulovat propagaci signálu v rámci daného prostředí. Navržený model je dále optimalizován a ověřen vůči nejnovějším měřením, získaným z literatury. Nakonec je tento model implementován do simulačního nástroje NS-3, pomocí kterého je následně využit k simulaci množství scénářů. Hlavním výstupem této práce je ověřený model přenosového kanálu pro off-body komunikaci v rámci milimetrových vln, společně s jeho implementací do simulačního nástroje NS-3, díky čemuž je dostupný pro širokou veřejnost.