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京都大学 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(医学) / 甲第24836号 / 医博第5004号 / 新制||医||1068(附属図書館) / 京都大学大学院医学研究科医学専攻 / (主査)教授 安達, 泰治, 教授 森本, 尚樹, 教授 上杉, 志成 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Medical Science / Kyoto University / DFAM

Thermosonic ball bonding is a key technology in electrical interconnections between an integrated circuit and an external circuitry in microelectronics. Although this bonding process has been extensively utilised in electronics packaging industry, certain fundamental aspects behind all the practice are still not fully understood. This thesis is intended to address the existing knowledge gap in terms of bonding mechanisms and interfacial characteristics that are involved in thermosonic gold and copper ball bonding on aluminium pads. The research specifically targets the fine pitch interconnect applications where a thin metal wire of approximately 20 µm in diameter is commonly used. In thermosonic ball bonding process, a thin gold or copper ball formed at the end of a wire is attached to an aluminum pad through a combination of ultrasonic energy, pressure and heat, in order to initiate a complex solid-state reaction. In this research, the mechanisms of thermosonic ball bonding were elaborated by carefully examining interfacial characteristics as the results of the bonding process by utilising dual-beam focused ion beam and high resolution transmission electron microscopy, including the breakdown of the native alumina layer on Al pads, and formation of initial intermetallic compounds (IMCs). The effect of bonding parameters on these interfacial behaviours and bonding strength is also investigated in order to establish an inter-relationship between them. Interfacial evolution in both Au-Al and Cu-Al bonds during isothermal annealing in the temperature rage from 175ºC to 250ºC was investigated and compared. The results obtained demonstrated that the remnant alumina remains inside IMCs and moves towards the ball during annealing. The IMCs are formed preferentially in the peripheral and the central areas of the bonds during bonding and, moreover, they grow from the initially formed IMC particles. Growth kinetics of Cu-Al IMCs obey a parabolic growth law before the Al pad is completely consumed. The activation energies calculated for the growth of CuAl2, Cu9Al4 and the combination (CuAl2 + Cu9Al4) are 60.66 kJ/mol, 75.61 kJ/mol, and 65.83 kJ/mol, respectively. In Au-Al bonds, Au-Al IMC growth is controlled by diffusion only at the start of the annealing process. A t^0.2-0.3 growth law can be applied to the Au-Al IMC growth after the Al pad is depleted. The sequence of IMC phase transformation in both Au-Al and Cu-Al bonds were investigated. Voids in Au-Al bonds grow dramatically during annealing, however, only a few voids nucleate and grow very slowly in Cu-Al bonds. The mechanisms of void formation, including volumetric shrinkage, oxidation and metal diffusion were proposed and discussed.

O objetivo do presente estudo foi avaliar a resistência de união (RU) e a interface adesiva de pinos de fibra de vidro multifilamentados e convencionais em canais radiculares achatados. Molares inferiores foram escaneados por meio de tomografia computadorizada de feixe cônico para a seleção de 22 raízes distais com canais radiculares achatados, levando em consideração a relação de diâmetro maior/menor entre 2,5 e 4,0 e de circularidade < 0,35. Foi realizado o preparo biomecânico com instrumento Reciproc R50 e obturação pela técnica de condensação lateral com cimento AH Plus. As raízes foram distribuídas em dois grupos (n=11) de acordo com o protocolo restaurador utilizado: raízes com preparo do conduto radicular e cimentação de pinos de fibra de vidro convencionais (WhitePost DC #0,5, FGM, Joinvile, SC, Brasil), e raízes sem preparo do conduto radicular e cimentação de pinos de fibra de vidro multifilamentados Comet Tail® #4 (Synca, Repentigny, Quebec, Canadá). Os pinos foram submetidos a tratamento de superfície com ácido fluorídrico 10% e cimentados com cimento RelyX U200 de acordo com as recomendações do fabricante. Após a cimentação dos pinos, os dentes foram seccionados transversalmente em slices de 1 mm de espessura, obtendo-se 2 slices de cada terço (cervical, médio e apical). Os slices mais cervicais de cada terço foram utilizados para avaliar a RU, por meio do teste de push-out com velocidade de 0,5 mm/min, e posterior análise do padrão de falha em estereomicroscópio. Os slices mais apicais de cada terço foram selecionados para análise da interface pino/cimento/dentina em microscopia eletrônica de varredura com aumentos de 100, 1000, 2000 e 4000X. Os dados de RU e adaptação da interface cimento/dentina foram submetidos aos testes de distribuição normal (Kolmogorov-Smirnov e Shapiro-Wilk) e homogeneidade (Levene). Os resultados de RU foram expressos em valores médios (e desvios-padrão) e comparados entre grupos utilizando os testes ANOVA dois fatores com pós-teste de Tukey e os resultados da adaptação da interface foram expressos em porcentagem e comparados entre grupos por meio dos testes Mann-Whitney e Kruskal-Wallis, seguido do teste de Dunns, com nível de significância de 5%. A análise de variância dois fatores evidenciou diferença estatisticamente significante para o fator tipos de pino de fibra de vidro (convencional e multifilamentado), sendo que o pino convencional (2,61 ± 1,30) apresentou os maiores valores de resistência de união quando comparado ao pino multifilamentado (1,59 ± 1,54) (P=0,008), no entanto, não houve diferença estatística para o fator terços radiculares (P=0,621) e nem para a interação dos fatores tipos de pino x terços radiculares (P=0,266). O padrão de falhas mostrou predominância de falhas adesivas mistas para os pinos convencionais e adesivas à dentina para os pinos multifilamentados. Já a análise da interface cimento/dentina por MEV, mostrou melhor adaptação do material restaurador no terço cervical para os pinos convencionais e nos terços médio e apical para os pinos multifilamentados. Conclui-se que os pinos de fibra de vidro multifilamentados apresentaram menores valores de resistência de união em relação aos pinos convencionais, com maior prevalência de falhas adesivas à dentina e melhor adaptação da interface adesiva nos terços médio e apical / The aim of this study was to evaluate the bond strength (BS) and the adhesive interface of multifilament and conventional glass fiber posts in flat-oval root canals. Mandibular molars were scanned by cone beam computed tomography for the selection of 22 distal roots with flat-oval root canals, with major / minor diameter ratio between 2.5 and 4.0 and <0.35 roundness. Biomechanical preparation with Reciproc R50 instrument and filling by lateral condensation technique with AH Plus sealer were performed. The roots were distributed in two groups (n = 11) according to the restorative protocol used: post space preparation with burs and conventional fiberglass post cementation (WhitePost DC # 0.5, FGM, Joinvile, SC, Brazil), or no post space preparation and #4 Comet Tail® multifilament fiberglass posts cementation (Synca, Repentigny, Quebec, Canada). The posts surface were treated with 10% hydrofluoric acid and cemented with RelyX U200 resin cement according to the manufacturer\'s recommendations. After the posts cementation, the teeth were sectioned transversely into 1 mm thick slices, obtaining 2 slices from each third (cervical, middle and apical). The cervical slices of each third were used to evaluate the BS by push-out test with 0.5 mm / min crosshead speed, followed by the analysis of the failure pattern by stereomicroscope. The apical slices of each third were selected for analysis of the post / resin cement / dentin interface by scanning electron microscopy with the following magnifications 100, 1000, 2000 and 4000X. The BS and adaptation of the resin cement / dentin interface data were submitted to normal distribution (Kolmogorov-Smirnov and Shapiro-Wilk) and homogeneity (Levene) tests. The BS results were expressed as mean values (and standard deviations) and compared between groups using two-way ANOVA with Tukey\'s post-test and interface adaptation results were expressed as percentages and compared between groups using the Mann-Whitney and Kruskal-Wallis, followed by Dunn\'s test, with a significance level of 5%. The two-way analysis of variance showed a statistically significant difference between the fiberglass posts types (conventional and multifilament), and the conventional posts (2.61 ± 1.30) had the highest bond strength values when compared to the multifilament (1.59 ± 1.54) (P = 0.008), however, there was no statistically significant difference for the root thirds (P = 0.621) and for the interaction between the factors (P = 0.266). The failure pattern showed a predominance of mixed adhesive failures for the conventional posts and adhesive to dentin failures for the multifilament posts. The cement / dentin interface analysis by SEM showed a better adaptation of the restorative material in the cervical third for the conventional and in the middle and apical thirds for the multifilament posts. It can be concluded that the multifilament fiberglass posts had lower bond strength values compared to conventional posts, with a higher prevalence of adhesive to dentin failures and better adhesive interface adaptation for the middle and apical thirds

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Thesis (M.S.)--The University of Michigan, 1986. / Also issued in print.

Thesis (M.S.)--The University of Michigan, 1986. / eContent provider-neutral record in process. Description based on print version record.

Le principe du procédé cold spray réside dans la projection de poudres à haute vitesse sur un matériau, le substrat. La formation d'un revêtement plus ou moins dense à sa surface passe par l'adhérence et l'empilement des particules projetées. Un des domaines d'application d'un tel procédé est la réparation de composants métalliques ou composites utilisés dans le secteur aéronautique. Les particules et le substrat adhèrent par différents mécanismes, notamment mécaniques. Les duretés respectives des matériaux et la topographie de surface du substrat influent sur l'intensité de cet ancrage mécanique. Cette étude permet de statuer sur ces deux contributions. Pour cela, des systèmes purement métalliques et composites aux propriétés mécaniques différentes sont choisis. Le dépôt de particules sur des surfaces rugueuses est étudié à travers l'élaboration de revêtements d'aluminium pur sur substrats d'alliage d'aluminium plus durs. Des mécanismes de déformation plastique et d'empilement sont analysés par construction de revêtements d'Al-SiC sur aluminium. L'élaboration de ces revêtements passe par l'optimisation de nombreux paramètres liés au procédé et à la nature des matériaux (température, pression, granulométrie). Les conditions d'impact des particules sont également déterminées par l'emploi de techniques mesurant la vitesse des poudres projetées (DPV 2000), la température du substrat par thermocouples et la température des particules par simulation numérique. L'ancrage mécanique des particules est analysé par observation en coupe de l'interface revêtement-substrat. Le gradient de dureté est également quantifié. Une analyse de la morphologie des surfaces sablées est réalisée afin de corréler la granulométrie des particules aux dimensions de rugosité mesurées. Un modèle d'impact par simulation numérique est mis en place pour étudier les déformations plastiques des interfaces en fonction de la topographie de surface. Enfin, des essais d'adhérence par choc laser (LASAT®) sont entrepris afin d'identifier le rôle de la rugosité d'interface sur les seuils de rupture déterminés numériquement. / The cold spray process is based on high-speed spraying of a powder onto a substrate. The formation of a more or less dense coating depends on sprayed particle adhesion and coating build-up. The repair of metallic or composite aircraft / aerospace components is a recent application of cold spraying. The particle-substrate bond strength is due to various mechanisms, including mechanical anchoring. Substrate material hardness and surface topography governs the degree of mechanical anchoring. This thesis study is centered on the influence of these two contributions. Pure metallic and composite systems with different mechanical properties are selected. Particle deposition onto rough surfaces is investigated through the development of pure aluminium coating of harder aluminum alloy substrates. Plastic deformation and build-up mechanisms are studied for Al-SiC coatings onto ductile substrate. All the coatings resulted from an optimization stage where process parameters and materials properties are considered (gas temperature, gas pressure, particle size). Particle impact conditions are also determined by particle speed experimental measurements (using a DPV 2000 system). Substrate temperatures are determined using thermocouple and particle temperatures are studied by numerical simulation. Mechanical anchoring of particles is investigated by cross-section observation of the coating-substrate interface. Hardness gradient is also quantified. An analysis of sand-blasted surfaces morphology is performed to correlate particle size and roughness parameters. A model of particle impact is established from a finite element analysis of interface plastic deformation as a function of surface topography. Lastly, dynamic adhesion testing using a laser shock (LASAT®) are undertaken to study the potential role of interface roughness on the fracture thresholds in the light of a numerical analysis.