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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
1

Synthesis and characterisation of ³²P labelled bisphosphonates conjugated carbon nanotubes as a potential chemo and radiotherapeutic system for the treatment of secondary bone cancer

Dlamini, Njabuliso Lucia 02 May 2012 (has links)
M.Sc. / The statistical proof that most forms of cancer metastasize to bone has redirected the focus of secondary bone cancer to probe into the most efficient forms of treatment. Due to the fact that secondary bone cancer delocalizes to bone, chemotherapy has been established as an efficient form of treatment. Bisphosphonates is one chemotherapeutic agent that has shown a great potency in treating bone related sicknesses. Bisphosphonates are analogues of pyrophosphates that are characterized by the presence of two P-C bonds. They have a very high affinity for bone undergoing renewal and are thus able to inhibit tumour induced resorption. Bisphosphonates’ efficiency is however reduced due to that they have a low molecular weight hence are excreted before reaching targeted sites. In this study, an attempt to improve the efficiency was done by providing carbon nanotubes (which were synthesized in our laboratories) as delivery systems. By conjugating bisphosphonates onto carbon nanotubes the molecular weight was increased. Bisphosphonates conjugated carbon nanotubes have been radiolabelled to increase their anticancer activity. By exploiting the Enhanced Permeability Retention (EPR) effect and the high energy electrons from the radioisotope (³²P), it is anticipated that bone metastasis will be successfully treated by the ³²P labelled bisphosphonates carbon nanotube conjugates. Successful synthesis of bisphosphonates conjugated carbon nanotubes was confirmed by several characterization techniques namely: the Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM), Transmission Electron Microscope (TEM), Raman spectroscopy, Thermal Gravimetric Analysis (TGA), Electron Dispersive X-ray (EDX), and the Fourier Transmission Infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR). Oxidation and bisphosphonates conjugation onto carbon nanotubes were further confirmed by the Raman, TGA, FT-IR, EDX and the SXPS (Scanning X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy) Successful radiolabelling was determined by a liquid scintillation counter (LSC).
2

Complexing ability and activity of N-containing bisphosphonates in bone cancer treatment

Castelo Branco, Jose Soares 11 June 2008 (has links)
The nitrogen-containing bisphosphonates (N-BPs), 4-amino-1-hydroxy-1,1-butylidenebisphosphonic acid, or Alendronate, (ALN) and 6-amino-1-hydroxy-1,1-hexylidenebisphosphonic acid, or Neridronate (NED), were studied with metal ions Mg(II), Ca(II), Cd(II) and Pb(II) at ionic strength 0.15 M at 25 oC in NaCl. The complexes of ALN and NED with Mg(II) and Ca(II) were studied by glass electrode potentiometry (GEP), and with Cd(II) and Pb(II) by sampled direct current polarography (DCP) and normal pulse polarography (NPP) at fixed total ligand to total metal concentration ratios and varied pH values. Virtual potential was used in the modelling of the metal ligand-system derived from DCP and NPP. Protonation constants and complex formation constants for ligands ALN and NED with metal ions are reported. The structures of metal-complexes proposed were compared to the reported crystal structures of the metal-complexes of the ligands ALN and NED. The linear free energy relationships (LFER) that include stability constants log KML for Mg(II), Ca(II) and Cd(II) with ligands ALN and NED were used to estimate log KML values for Sm(III) and Ho(III) with ALN and NED. The stability constants estimated here might be regarded as not reliable due to the few points available for that purpose. / Dissertation (MSc (Chemistry))--University of Pretoria, 2008. / Chemistry / unrestricted
3

Ακτινοθεραπεία οστικών μεταστάσεων σε ασθενείς με καρκίνο, σε συνδυασμό με χορήγηση διφωσφονικών

Βασιλείου, Βασίλειος Π. 29 August 2008 (has links)
Σκοπός της μελέτης: Ο σκοπός της μελέτης ήταν η διερεύνηση του θεραπευτικού αποτελέσματος και της ασφάλειας του συνδυασμού ακτινοθεραπείας και ιβανδρονικού οξέος, σε ασθενείς με οστικές μεταστάσεις από συμπαγείς όγκους. Το θεραπευτικό αποτέλεσμα διερευνήθηκε τόσο για το σύνολο των ασθενών, όσο και ξεχωριστά για τους ασθενείς με λυτικές, μικτές και σκληρυντικές οστικές μεταστάσεις. Παράλληλα, επιχειρήθηκε ο συσχετισμός της κλινικής ανταπόκρισης των ασθενών με την μέτρηση της μέσης οστικής πυκνότητας των οστικών βλαβών με αξονικό τομογράφο (ΑΤ). Η επανοστεοποίηση διερευνήθηκε και με Μαγνητικό Τομογράφο. Ασθενείς και μέθοδος: 52 ασθενείς (33 άντρες, 19 γυναίκες, μέσης ηλικίας 68.3 έτη) με οστικές μεταστάσεις από διάφορους ιστολογικά επιβεβαιωμένους συμπαγείς όγκους, υποβλήθηκαν σε εξωτερική ακτινοθεραπεία, από τον Νοέμβριο του 2003 μέχρι τον Ιούνιο του 2005. Η συνολική δόση κυμαινότανε από 30 έως 40 Gy και η ημερήσια δόση από 1.8 έως 2.0 Gy. Κατά την πρώτη ημέρα της ακτινοθεραπείας οι ασθενείς υποβάλλονταν και σε ενδοφλέβια έγχυση με 6mg ιβανδρονικό οξύ. Η χορήγηση διαρκούσε μια ώρα και επαναλαμβανόταν κάθε 4 εβδομάδες, με μέγιστο αριθμό χορηγήσεων τις 10. Όλοι οι ασθενείς υποβάλλονταν σε κλινική και ακτινολογική αξιολόγηση με ΑΤ κατά την πρώτη ημέρα της συνδυασμένης θεραπείας και τρείς, έξι και δέκα μήνες μετά. Η αξιολόγηση της κλινικής ανταπόκρισης ελάμβανε χώρα με την καταγραφή της κλίμακας πόνου (0-10), της ποιότητας ζωής (ερωτηματολόγιο EORTC-QΟL- κλίμακα φυσικής λειτουργικότητας, 0-100), της φυσικής κατάστασης (Karnofsky Performance Status index, 0-100), της κατανάλωσης αναλγητικών, όπως και της συχνότητας επανάληψης της ακτινοθεραπείας, εμφάνισης παθολογικών καταγμάτων και συνδρόμου συμπίεσης νωτιαίου μυελού. Η ακτινολογική αξιολόγηση με ΑΤ περιλάμβανε την μέτρηση της μέσης οστικής πυκνότητας σε κάθε οστική βλάβη, αλλά και κατηγοριοποίηση των οστικών βλαβών σε 3 τύπους: λυτικού, μικτού και σκληρυντικού. Μια οστική μετάσταση χαρακτηριζόταν ως λυτική όταν επικρατούσε η οστεολυτική δραστηριότητα και σκληρυντική όταν επικρατούσε η οστεοβλαστική δραστηριότητα. Σε περιπτώσεις όπου καμία από τις δύο δραστηριότητες δεν επικρατούσε, η βλάβη χαρακτηριζόταν ως μικτού τύπου. Επτά ασθενείς διερευνήθηκαν περαιτέρω με Μαγνητικό Τομογράφο, προ της θεραπείας και τρείς μήνες μετά. Αποτελέσματα: 52 ασθενείς αξιολογήθηκαν κατά το χρονικό σημείο των τριών μηνών, 34 στους έξι μήνες και 30 στους δέκα. Ο μέσος όρος κλίμακας πόνου του συνόλου των ασθενών μειώθηκε από τις 6.3 στις 0.5 μονάδες στους 10 μήνες παρακολούθησης (p<0.001). Στο ίδιο χρονικό σημείο 23/30 ασθενείς, ή ποσοστό 76.7% ανάφεραν ολική ανταπόκριση πόνου (κλίμακα πόνου 0). Ο μέσος όρος ποιότητας ζωής κατά την αρχική αξιολόγηση έφθανε μόλις τις 40.9 μονάδες, ενώ μετά από δέκα μήνες παρακολούθησης ο μέσος όρος ανήλθε στις 88.5 μονάδες (p<0.001). Σημαντική βελτίωση καταγράφηκε και για τη φυσική κατάσταση των ασθενών, αφού δέκα μήνες μετά την έναρξη της συνδυασμένης θεραπείας παρατηρήθηκε αύξηση κατά 23.3 μονάδες (p<0.001). Κατά την έναρξη της συνδυασμένης θεραπείας, 84.6% των ασθενών ήταν υπό αναλγητική αγωγή με οπιοειδή. Το ποσοστό αυτό μειώθηκε στο 10% κατά την αξιολόγηση των δέκα μηνών (p<0.001). Εκτός από τη μείωση της ποσοστιαίας κατανάλωσης οπιοειδών αναλγητικών, σημαντική ήταν και η μείωση στην ημερήσια κατανάλωση. Κατά την αξιολόγηση των δέκα μηνών, η μέση οστική πυκνότητα αυξήθηκε κατά 73.2% (p<0.001) (συγκριτικά με τις μετρήσεις προ της έναρξης της θεραπείας). Η αξιολόγηση των οστικών βλαβών με Μαγνητικό Τομογράφο τρείς μήνες μετά την έναρξη της συνδυασμένης θεραπείας, ανέδειξε μείωση στην ενίσχυση σήματος σε Τ1 TSE ακολουθίες, η οποία ήταν πιο έντονη μετά από έγχυση παραμαγνητικής ουσίας. Πιο συγκεκριμένα, προ της θεραπείας η ποσοστιαία ενίσχυση σήματος με παραμαγνητική ουσία έφθανε το 60%, ενώ τρείς μήνες μετά περιορίστηκε στο 15%. Η κατηγοριοποίηση των ασθενών σύμφωνα με τον τύπο των οστικών μεταστάσεων κατά την αρχική αξιολόγηση, έδειξε πως οι ασθενείς των οποίων οι οστικές βλάβες χαρακτηρίζονταν από λυτική δραστηριότητα (λυτικού τύπου), είχαν τον υψηλότερο μέσο όρο οστικού πόνου (8.1 μονάδες) και το χαμηλότερο μέσο όρο ποιότητας ζωής (29.7 μονάδες) και φυσικής κατάστασης (60.9 μονάδες). Η ομάδα αυτή είχε και την υψηλότερη ποσοστιαία και ημερήσια κατανάλωση οπιοειδών αναλγητικών. Το αντίθετο παρατηρήθηκε για την ομάδα των ασθενών με σκληρυντικού τύπου οστικές μεταστάσεις, οι οποίοι είχαν το μικρότερο αρχικό μέσο όρο οστικού πόνου (4.4 μονάδες) και την υψηλότερη βαθμολογία ποιότητας ζωής (52.5 μονάδες) και φυσικής κατάστασης (69.3 μονάδες). Οι ασθενείς με σκληρυντικού τύπου οστικές βλάβες είχαν επίσης την χαμηλότερη ποσοστιαία και ημερήσια κατανάλωση οπιοειδών αναλγητικών. Οι ασθενείς με μικτού τύπου οστικές μεταστάσεις είχαν ενδιάμεσο μέσο όρο αποτελεσμάτων αξιολόγησης. Η ομάδα των ασθενών με λυτικού τύπου οστικές μεταστάσεις είχαν επίσης το χαμηλότερο μέσο όρο οστικής πυκνότητας και οι ασθενείς με σκληρυντικού τύπου βλάβες τον υψηλότερο. Οι διαφορές μεταξύ των τριών ομάδων κατά την αρχική αξιολόγηση ήταν στατιστικά σημαντικές για όλες τις παραμέτρους που εκτιμήθηκαν. Οι διαφορές αυτές εξομαλύνθηκαν (δηλ. έπαψαν να είναι στατιστικά σημαντικές), από το χρονικό σημείο των τριών μηνών και μετά. Το μεγαλύτερο θεραπευτικό όφελος παρατηρήθηκε για τους ασθενείς με λυτικού τύπου οστικές μεταστάσεις, αφού δέκα μήνες μετά την έναρξη της θεραπείας σημειώθηκε μείωση στην κλίμακα πόνου κατά 7.6 μονάδες (p<0.001). Κατά το ίδιο χρονικό σημείο, παρατηρήθηκε σημαντικού βαθμού βελτίωση στην ποιότητα ζωής αλλά και φυσική κατάσταση, παραμέτρους για τις οποίες καταγράφηκε αύξηση κατά 57.8 και 24.1 μονάδες αντίστοιχα (p<0.001). Σε σχέση με τη μέτρηση προ της έναρξης της θεραπείας, η μέση οστική πυκνότητα αυξήθηκε κατά 186% 10 μήνες μετά (p<0.001). Το ποσοστό αυτό ήταν και το υψηλότερο των τριών ομάδων. Το μικρότερο θεραπευτικό όφελος (συγκριτικά πάντα με την αρχική αξιολόγηση) παρατηρήθηκε για τους ασθενείς με σκληρυντικού τύπου οστικές μεταστάσεις. Στους δέκα μήνες το θεραπευτικό αποτέλεσμα για τις τρείς ομάδες ήταν ισάξιο, αφού ο μέσος όρος των κλινικών παραμέτρων που αξιολογήθηκαν ήταν συγκρίσιμος. Η διερεύνηση των συσχετίσεων μεταξύ των παραμέτρων που διερευνήθηκαν με την δοκιμασία Spearman ανέδειξε ενδιαφέροντα αποτελέσματα. Κατά την αρχική αξιολόγηση η συσχέτιση μεταξύ του οστικού πόνου και της οστικής πυκνότητας ήταν αρνητική και στατιστικά σημαντική (Rs=-0.43). Επίσης ο οστικός πόνος ήταν ο κύριος παράγοντας που επηρέαζε την ποιότητα ζωής και την φυσική κατάσταση αρνητικά (Rs= -0.78 και Rs= -0.38 αντίστοιχα, p<0.05). Κατά τις αξιολογήσεις των τριών, έξι και δέκα μηνών η συσχέτιση μεταξύ του πόνου, φυσικής κατάστασης και ποιότητας ζωής δεν ήταν στατιστικά σημαντική. Κατά τη διάρκεια της μελέτης δεν υπήρξε οποιαδήποτε επανάληψη ακτινοθεραπείας λόγω υποτροπής πόνου. Καταγράφηκε ένα παθολογικό κάταγμα και ένα επεισόδιο συμπίεσης νωτιαίου μυελού. Επίσης, δεν παρατηρήθηκε οποιαδήποτε σοβαρή τοξικότητα. Συμπεράσματα: Ο συνδυασμός της ακτινοθεραπείας και ιβανδρονικού οξέος βρέθηκε να είναι αποτελεσματικός και ασφαλής για την αντιμετώπιση επώδυνων οστικών μεταστάσεων από διάφορους συμπαγείς όγκους. Παρατηρήθηκε αξιόλογη ύφεση του άλγους, αλλά και βελτίωση στην ποιότητα ζωής και φυσική κατάσταση για το σύνολο των ασθενών. Τη μεγαλύτερη κλινική και ακτινολογική ανταπόκριση είχε η ομάδα των ασθενών με λυτικού τύπου οστικές μεταστάσεις. Η ομάδα αυτή είχε τον υψηλότερο αρχικό μέσο όρο οστικού πόνου και τον χαμηλότερο αρχικό μέσο όρο ποιότητας ζωής και φυσικής κατάστασης. Οι συσχετίσεις μεταξύ των παραμέτρων που διερευνήθηκαν ανέδειξαν ενδιαφέροντα και σημαντικά αποτελέσματα, με κυριότερη τη συσχέτιση μεταξύ πόνου και οστικής πυκνότητας. Η συσχέτιση αυτή ήταν στατιστικά σημαντική, αρνητική και ισχυρή. Η συνέργια μεταξύ της ακτινοθεραπείας και του ιβανδρονικού οξέως επέφερε αυξημένη επανοστεοποίηση, που είχε σαν αποτέλεσμα τη μερική ή πλήρη ύφεση του πόνου και τη βελτίωση της κλινικής εικόνας των ασθενών. Τέλος, η ακτινολογική αξιολόγηση με ΑΤ έδωσε την δυνατότητα της αντικειμενικής παρακολούθησης του θεραπευτικού αποτελέσματος και της κλινικής ανταπόκρισης. Η κατηγοριοποίηση των ασθενών με βάση ακτινολογικά κριτήρια έδωσε τη δυνατότητα της μελέτης των διαφορών μεταξύ ασθενών με διαφορετικού τύπου οστικές μεταστάσεις (όσον αφορά τις παράμερους που διερευνήθηκαν), αλλά και τη διερεύνηση των τυχών διαφορών στην ανταπόκριση στη θεραπεία. / Purpose: The purpose of the study was to investigate the effectiveness and safety of the combination of radiotherapy and ibandronate in managing bone metastases form solid tumours. The therapeutic outcome was studied for the total number of patients taking part in the study, as well as for patients with different types of bone metastases: lytic, mixed and sclerotic. The changes in bone density in the metastatic bone lesions were followed by computed tomography (CT). The correlation between bone density and the clinical parameters evaluated in the study was also investigated. Reossification was investigated by using Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) as well. Patients and methods: 52 patients (33 males, 19 females, mean age 68.3 years) with bone metastases from a variety of solid tumors were involved in the study. All patients underwent radiotherapy, receiving a total dose ranging between 30 to 40 Gy, with a daily fractionation of 1.8 to 2.0 Gy. On the first day of radiotherapy patients received an intravenous infusion of 6mg ibandronate. Each infusion lasted for 1 hour and was repeated monthly for up to a total of 10 cycles. Patients underwent both clinical and radiological evaluations on the first day of radiotherapy and 3, 6 and 10 months post the onset of treatment. Clinical status was assessed by bone pain (pain scale rated from 0 to 10), quality of life (EORTC QOL-Physical functioning, 0-100), and performance status (Karnofsky performance status index, 0-100). Analgesic use was also recorded in detail and opioid consumption transformed in daily oral morphine equivalents. Retreatments and incidences of pathological fractures and spinal cord compression were also recorded. Patients undergoing such events were excluded from the study. The radiological evaluation was carried out by using CT and the bone density of each metastatic bone lesion was measured in Hounsfield units. CT was also used to separate patients into three groups on the basis of the type of their bone metastases. A bone metastasis was characterized as “Lytic” when osteolysis was predominant and “sclerotic” when osteoblastic activity was mainly evident. In cases were none of the above activities was predominant, the lesion was characterized as “mixed” type. Seven patients were also evaluated by using MRI. This was done prior to therapy and 3 moths later. Results: 52 patients were evaluated at the time point of 3 months, 34 at 6 months and 30 at 10 months. The mean pain score at baseline was 6.3 points, being reduced to 0.5 points after 10 months of follow up (p<0.001). At the same time point 23/30 patients (76.7%) experienced a complete pain response (pain score zero). The mean baseline score for quality of life was 40.9 points, reaching 88.5 points at the end of the study (p<0.001). Significant improvement was also recorded for performance status, since the mean Karnofsky performance status score increased by 23.3 points, 10 months post the baseline evaluation (p<0.001). Considerable reduction was also noted for opioid consumption, both in the percentage and mean daily oral morphine equivalents. At 10 months of follow up mean bone density increased by 73.2%, as compared to the baseline evaluation (p<0.001). The MRI evaluation at baseline revealed a low signal in T1 TSE sequences, and enhancement after administration of paramagnetic contrast agent. 3 months after the onset of therapy, T1 TSE signal intensities (with paramagnetic contrast agent) were significantly lower than the corresponding baseline signal intensity values (p<0.01). At the baseline evaluation the patients with Lytic bone lesions had the highest baseline mean bone pain with 8.1 points, the lowest mean quality of life (29.7 points) and the lowest mean performance status with 60.9 points. This group also had the highest percentage and mean daily oral morphine equivalent consumption. On the contrary, the sclerotic group had the least mean bone pain with 4.4 points, the highest mean score for quality of life with 52.5 points, and the highest mean score for performance status with 69.3 points. These patients also had the lowest percentage and mean daily opioid consumption. The group of patients with mixed type bone lesions had intermediate mean assessment values. Mean baseline bone density was the least for the lytic group and the highest for the sclerotic group. For all the evaluated parameters, the differences between the 3 groups at the baseline evaluation were statistically significant. From the evaluation at 3 months and onwards the differences were levelled out (were not statistically significant). The highest clinical response was noted for the lytic group, since at 10 months of follow up the mean bone pain was reduced by 7.6 points as compared to the baseline evaluation (p<0.001). At the same time point significant improvements were also noted for quality of life and performance status, since as compared to the baseline evaluation the mean scores increased by 57.8 and 24.1 points respectively (p<0.001). After 10 months of follow up bone density increased by 186%. This was the highest increase out of the 3 groups. Even though the therapeutic response at 10 months was highest for the lytic group (as compared to the baseline assessments), the overall therapeutic outcome for the 3 groups was equal, since at the end of the study the mean values of the clinical assessments were comparable. The spearman correlation test revealed important associations between the evaluated parameters. At baseline bone pain had a negative, strong and statistically significant correlation with bone density (Rs = -0.43). Bone pain was the main factor influencing quality of life and performance status (Rs = -0.78 and Rs = -0.38 respectively, p<0.05). At the evaluations of 3, 6 and 10 months the correlations between bone pain, performance status and quality of life were not statistically significant. During the 10 months of follow up there was no retreatment due to pain relapse. One pathological fracture and 1 spinal cord compression were recorded. No major toxicity was noted. Conclusions: The combination of radiotherapy and ibandronate for the management of bone metastases, turned out to be effective and safe. The effectiveness was manifested through clinical and radiological parameters. The reduction in bone pain was significant, as well as the improvements in quality of life and performance status of patients. The highest therapeutic response was noted for the lytic group, since out of the 3 groups this group had the highest mean baseline pain, and the lowest baseline mean scores for quality of life and performance status. The correlations between the evaluated parameters were interesting and revealed a strong and negative association between bone pain and bone density. The synergy between radiotherapy and ibandronate resulted in accelerated reossification that brought about an improvement in the clinical parameters that were assessed. CT enabled us to follow the therapeutic response and investigate the differences in the parameters evaluated between the patients with different types of bone metastases. The therapeutic response of each group was investigated separately.
4

Réactivité gliale et transmission glutamatergique/glycinergique spinale dans un modèle de douleur cancéreuse osseuse chez le rat : approches comportementale, immunohistochimique, moléculaire et biochimique / Glial reactivity and spinal glutamatergic/glycinergic transmission in a rat model of bone cancer pain : behavioral, immunohistochemical, molecular and biochemical approaches

Ducourneau, Vincent 25 March 2013 (has links)
Au vu de la relative inefficacité des traitements actuels de la douleur cancéreuse osseuse (DCO) il est devenu nécessaire aujourd'hui d'identifier de nouvelles cibles (cellulaires et/ou moléculaires) pour développer de nouveaux outils thérapeutiques. Dans ce contexte, ces dernières années, de nombreuses études ont suggéré que les cellules gliales, principalement les astrocytes et la microglie, pourraient contribuer au développement et au maintien de la douleur chronique. D'autre part, dans des modèles d'études précliniques de la DCO, plusieurs auteurs ont récemment constaté une réactivité astrocytaire importante dans les cornes dorsales de la moelle épinière et ont montré que, si on empêche cette réactivité, les symptômes douloureux sont diminués. Cependant, la relation exacte existant entre la réactivité des cellules gliales et les symptômes douloureux en condition de DCO est inconnue. Afin de décrypter cette relation, nous avons dans un premier temps étudié le décours temporel des comportements douloureux et caractérisé l’état de sensibilisation centrale dans un modèle de DCO chez le rat induit par l'injection de cellules de carcinome glandulaire mammaire (MRMT-1) dans le tibia. Nous montrons par des approches radiologiques, comportementales (tests de douleur évoquée et de distribution pondérale dynamique) et immunohistochimiques (immunodétection de la protéine Fos après palpation non douloureuse de la patte) que les animaux cancéreux MRMT développent graduellement une tumeur osseuse (premiers signes au 10ème jour post-inoculation), une allodynie et une hyperalgésie mécaniques (à partir du 10ème jour) et thermiques (à partir du 14ème jour), un inconfort de la patte injectée (à partir du 14ème jour ) et des phénomènes de sensibilisation centrale. Dans un deuxième temps, nous avons recherché des indices structuraux et fonctionnels de réactivité gliale spinale dans notre modèle de DCO. L'objectif était donc de dater l'apparition de la réactivité gliale, et de déterminer la nature des cellules gliales impliquées : microglie et/ou astrocytes. Nous montrons par des approches immunohistochimiques qu’aucun signe morphologique de réactivité astrocytaire ni microgliale n’est observable pendant l’établissement et le maintien de la DCO alors que ces signes existent dans un modèle de douleur neuropathique (ligature de nerfs spinaux). De plus, par des approches moléculaire (qRT-PCR) et biochimique (technique du Bio-Plex) nous montrons que, parmi les 20 marqueurs structuraux et fonctionnels de réactivité gliale testés, seule l’expression de l’aquaporine 4 (un canal à eau spécifique des astrocytes) est significativement augmentée en condition de DCO. Nos résultats suggèrent donc que les astrocytes et les cellules microgliales jouent des rôles différents dans la douleur cancéreuse et dans la douleur neuropathique. Enfin, dans un troisième temps, nous avons cherché à mettre en évidence une implication des astrocytes dans la pathologie DCO au travers d’une caractérisation des transmissions glutamatergique et glycinergique, qui sont toutes deux fortement modulées par l’environnement astrocytaire. Par la quantification de l’expression de l’ARNm (qRT-PCR) et par dosage des taux d’acides aminés (électrophorèse capillaire), nous montrons que les principaux acteurs (transporteurs, récepteurs, agonistes et co-agonistes) de la transmission glutamatergique et glycinergique spinale ne subissent pas d’altération significative en condition de DCO. En conclusion, nous montrons que des symptômes douloureux chroniques peuvent se développer et se maintenir (1) sans signe d’astrogliose et de réactivité microgliale spinale ; et (2) sans altération de l’expression des principaux acteurs de la transmission spinale glutamatergique et glycinergique. Nos résultats invitent donc à revoir le lien très fort qui est fait actuellement entre douleur chronique et astrogliose. / The relative lack of efficiency of current treatments used to relieve bone cancer pain prompts to the identification of new molecular and/or cellular targets for the development of new therapeutic strategies. In that context, a large number of recent studies have suggested the involvement of glial cells, among which astrocytes and microglial cells, in the onset and maintenance of chronic pain symptoms. In few animal models of bone cancer pain, several authors have recently evidenced an increased glial reactivity in spinal cord dorsal horn, and demonstrated that preventing astrocytic reactivity was sufficient to reduce pain symptoms in these models. However, the exact relationship of glial reactivity with bone cancer pain symptoms remains poorly understood. In order to decipher this link, we have first studied the temporal development of pain symptoms, and characterized the degree of central sensitization in a rat model of bone cancer pain induced by the injection of mammary gland carcinoma cells (MRMT-1) in the tibial bone. Using radiologic assessment of tumor development, behavioral measurements to quantify evoked (von Frey hairs) and spontaneous (dynamic weight bearing) pain and immunodetection of Fos after non nociceptive palpation of cancer bearing limb, we demonstrate that animals injected with MRMT-1 cells gradually develop a bone tumor (first detectable 10 days after inoculation), a mechanical allodynia and hyperalgesia (first noticeable at day 10), and later on a thermal allodynia and hyperalgesia (first detectable at day 14) as well as discomfort of the injected limb (day 14) and finally central sensitization phenomenons. Second, we have investigated the presence of structural and functional markers of spinal glial reactivity in our model of bone cancer pain. Our objectives were to date the onset of spinal glial reactivity, for microglial and astrocytic cells. Using immunohistochemical approaches, we show that none of the classical markers of astrocytic and microglial reactivity can be observed during the onset and the persistent phase of bone cancer pain whereas the markerswere easily identified in a neuropathic pain model (spinal nerve ligation). Furthermore, using molecular (qRT-PCR) as well as biochemical (Bio-Plex) approaches, we show that among the 20 structural and functional markers of glial reactivity tested, only aquaporin-4 displays increased mRNA levels in bone cancer pain model. Hence, our results suggest that astrocytes and microglial cells play different roles in bone cancer and neuropathic pain. Finally, we tried to evidence the involvement of astrocytes in bone cancer pain by characterizing glutamatergic and glycinergic synaptic transmission, both of which are heavily modulated by astrocytic environment. By quantifying mRNA levels (qRT-PCR) and measuring the level of inhibitory and excitatory amino acids (capillary electrophoresis), we show that the main actors (transporters, receptors, agonists and co-agonists) of glutamatergic and glycinergic transmissions in the spinal cord do not undergo any significant alteration in bone cancer pain conditions. We conclude that chronic painful symptoms may develop and persist (1) without any sign of astrogliosis or enhanced microglial reactivity in the spinal cord, and (2) without any alteration in the expression/levels of the main actors involved in glutamatergic and glycinergic transmission. These results therefore question the strong link that is frequently made between astrogliosis and chronic pain.
5

Naturally occurring canine osteosarcoma in the dog animal model for research of targeted radiotherapy using beta-emitting radioisotopes with various ligands

Milner, Rowan James 18 June 2013 (has links)
Metastatic and primary bone cancers are devastating diseases of paediatric and adult humans because of the morbidity associated with bone pain. Controlling bone pain from multiple metastatic sites can be difficult in end-stage cancers using conventional therapies. Bone-seeking radiopharmaceuticals have been successful in this area as radiation can be delivered with moderate selectivity to the target. Unfortunately, targeted radiotherapy using radiopharmaceuticals have been relegated to palliative therapy as myelosuppression largely limits the radiation dose to sub-therapeutic levels. Efforts to overcome this therapeutic limitation include autologous bone marrow transplants in combination with chemotherapy-radiosensitization and the development of new radiopharmaceuticals. Development work using laboratory rodent models has been complicated by dosimetric limitations because of size and inherent problems with human xenografted tumour models in rodents. To address this need we studied naturally occurring canine osteosarcoma as a translational model for human bone cancer. Central to our hypothesis was that naturally occurring canine osteosarcoma would serve as an investigational model for comparing the pharmacokinetics (biodistribution), dosimetry, toxicity, and therapeutic effect of 153Sm-EDTMP, 188Re-HEDP, 186Re-HEDP, and a novel ligand, polyethyleneiminomethyl phosphonic acid (PEI-MP). Data collected from existing radiopharmaceuticals was then compared to PEI-MP labelled with 99mTc, 153Sm, and 186Re. This innovative and unique study allowed for the evaluation of various radiopharmaceuticals in a naturally occurring animal model of bone cancer, documenting the pharmacokinetics and dosimetry of a novel radiolabelled-ligand (PEI-MP). Benefits resulting from the successful completion of the study would allow more rapid transfer of rodent preclinical data into a naturally occurring cancer model more resembling to the human diseases and would thus more likely identify problems with pharmacokinetics and toxicity before proceeding to expensive clinical trials. The expected outcomes of the study were originally formulated based on limited previous published data in dogs. For instance, no data exists describing the pharmacokinetics or toxicity of 188Re-HEDP and 186Re-HEDP in the dog. The study was conducted in two phases. The first phase deals with the evaluation of 153Sm-EDTMP, 188Re-HEDP, and 186Re-HEDP in the dog model. Phase-two was the development of a novel ligand (PEI-MP) in the dog model of osteosarcoma, which has the characteristics of an ideal ligand. Pharmacokinetic results for 153Sm-EDTMP in normal dogs (n=4) for blood were similar to published reports for dogs and human. When compared statistically to human data the majority of results were the same, lending credence to the hypothesis that dogs could serve as models for human radiopharmaceutical research. Normal dogs and the osteosarcoma dog did differ from human pharmacokinetics in the urine elimination phase (t½-â). This can most likely be explained by the tumour burden in the human research populations or due to the fact that most humans were aged and likely to have some renal disease. Certainly, the trend in dogs with osteosarcoma was to have a prolonged urine elimination phase (t½-â) compared to normal dogs which supported the hypothesis that the biodistribution and pharmacokinetics results from dogs were similar to human published data. Statistical comparisons were also made between normal dogs receiving 188Re-HEDP and 153Sm-EDTMP. The prolonged urine elimination phase (t½-â) and increased blood retention of 188Re-HEDP was most likely a reflection of prolonged bone washout and soft issue retention. This could be attributed to the differences between the antiresorptive capability of bisphosphonate ligands e.g., EDTMP (lexidronam) with a greater than 100-fold antiresorptive capability than HEDP (etidronate). Additional observational biodistribution studies using macro- and micro-autoradiography techniques were also performed in canine tissue and Sprague-Dawley rats. Results from the studies showed heterogeneous uptake within tumours in dogs. In rats, localization of 153Sm-EDTMP in red marrow areas would lead to a high radiation dose to blood producing elements. In addition, high uptake was documented at the metaphyseal growth plate confirming the likelihood of a delay or cessation of growth if 153Sm-EDTMP were used in growing children. Phase-one of the clinical trial in dogs with naturally occurring osteosarcoma identified only mild toxicity at the dosage rate of 37 MBq/kg (1 mCi/kg) for both 153Sm-EDTMP and188Re-HEDP. In addition, a pilot trial was conducted in dogs receiving 153Sm-EDTMP which also received a carboplatin infusion at the time of the radiopharmaceutical administration followed by another 3 cycles of carboplatin at 3 weekly intervals. No differences in toxicity were noted between the carboplatin group and dogs receiving only 153Sm-EDTMP. As a part of the 188Re-HEDP clinical trial, 3 dogs with osteosarcomas received weekly dose of 188Re-HEDP at 37MBq/kg for 4 weeks in which only mild toxicity was noted. Unfortunately, there was no cessation in growth of the tumours, with all dogs showing progression. The median survival time for both radiopharmaceuticals was 4 months, significantly shorter than the 10-month median survival time for amputation and chemotherapy. Interestingly six dogs that had 99mTc-MDP and 153Sm-EDTMP showed scans of tumours that had consistently lower 99mTc-MDP uptake ratios (normal bone compared to cancerous bone) compared to solely 153Sm-EDTMP. In contrast, this was not evident for uptake ratios between 188Re-HEDP and 99mTc-MDP scans. Once again, this finding highlights the differences between the antiresorptive capabilities of the bisphosphonates ligands. Interestingly, another three dogs were scanned with 99mTc-MDP , 153Sm-EDTMP, and 99mTc-PEI-MP (10-30 kDa) showed a variation in uptake between scans of the same tumours. More importantly, the uptake ratios of 99mTc-MDP and 153Sm-EDTMP scans showed wide variation with a coefficient of variance of 52% and 39% respectively. However, the range in uptake from the 99mTc-PEI-MP (10-30 kDa) scan was narrow with a coefficient of variance of only 6%. This could be attributed to more consistent uptake ratio of the unique ligand PEI-MP and its hypothesized mechanism of action: enhanced permeability and retention (EPR) in tumour vasculature. This requires further investigation with larger groups. In phase-two, the pharmacokinetic result for the novel ligand PEI-MP was initially studied labelled with 99mTc. Various molecular weights were tested in normal dogs and compared to previously published results in baboons. Results from the dog studies were found to be similar to those from the primate study. As in the primate study, molecular weight and charge played a significant role in 99mTc-PEI-MP pharmacokinetics. Increasing the size of the macromolecules and altering their charge resulted in marked changes in their pharmacokinetics and biodistribution. The PEI-MP molecular weight of 10-30 kDa and 20-30 kDa were the most promising and fulfilled the hypothesized criteria of an ideal radiopharmaceutical. In keeping with the aims of the study, the 20-30kDa polymer was considered more desirable because of its faster clearance. However, because of the limitations imposed by the percentage yield of the different molecular weights of the ligand during filtration, we decided to label the 10-30kDa molecular weight MW-fraction with 153Sm. Unexpectedly, the 153Sm-PEI-MP 10-30 kDa had a prolonged urine elimination phase (t½-â) associated with increased liver uptake when compared to 99mTc-PEI-MP10-30 kDa. To explain this, computer modelling for blood plasma (ECCLES) was done which predicted that there would be some chemical dissociation of the 153Sm from the PEI-MP polymer in blood. This is due to interaction between the radiopharmaceutical and citrate, forming 153Sm-citrate. The ECCLES model for blood plasma also predicted that the anionic MW-fraction, PEI-MP 10-30kDa, would be a poor ligand complexed to 166Ho, 212Pb, 213Pb, and 89Sr, but was expected to be effective when complexed to 186Re or 188Re, based on their close proximity to 99mTc on the periodic table. As a preliminary study 186Re was complexed to 20-30 kDa (n=2) and 30-50 kDa (n=1) MW-fractions and tested in dogs. The results were similar to 99mTc-PEI-MP 10-30 kDa. The biodistribution data and pharmacokinetic data were also used to do comparative dosimetry between radiopharmaceuticals. Not surprisingly, the dosimetry data confirmed the high red marrow dose for 153Sm-EDTMP and the increased soft-tissue dose of the radionuclides complexed to HEDP. The radiation dose to the tumour for all radiopharmaceuticals fell within the range of 26Gy to 44Gy. This is well within the range used to treat canine osteosarcoma using external beam radiotherapy. When compared to external beam radiotherapy, the probable lack of tumour response in our clinical trial relates to the heterogenous distribution of the radiopharmaceutical in the tumour and the inherent resistance of osteosarcoma cells to continuous low-dose radiation delivery (CLDR) inherent in radionuclide -particle decay. The study met the majority of outcomes with the exception of labelling PEI-MP with 153Sm. This was due to the interaction of the 153Sm-PEI-MP complex with citrate ions in blood. Rapid deterioration of the Rhenium-188 generator also led to earlier than expected curtailment of the 188Re-HEDP therapeutic trial although sufficient data was available to be used in a comparative study. / Thesis (PhD)--University of Pretoria, 2013. / Internal Medicine / unrestricted

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