Three scenarios regarding a target man's moral behavior were used to examine 'religious halo' 'religious boomerang', and a 'halo recovery' effect. Initially, participants rated a male target in response to his religious affiliation. Secondly, participants rated the male target following an act of infidelity. Finally, participants provided ratings of the male target with the knowledge that the target received forgiveness from significant others. Results indicated that participants did not discriminate based on knowledge of the target's religious affiliation but did reject the target following an act of infidelity. New to this research, however, was discovery of a 'halo recovery' where participants were again accepting of a target following forgiveness from his wife and church leaders. These results varied from previous findings that suggested that participants' religious affiliation primarily influenced judgments of moral behavior.

The central topic of the thesis is the Cuban pro-democracy opposition movement and its activities towards an official regime of Raul Castro. This is to try and achieve improvements in civil and political rights in Cuba. The opposition tools and strategies are analysed in the context of specific conditions of the current repressive Cuban regime. Special attention is dedicated to framing processes towards the local audience, communication strategies oriented to an international society, and an ability to involve external players to participate in effective pressure from outside; the so called boomerang effect. The movement's progress is displayed on a base of particular achievements as well as challenges faced in a long term pursuit to a democratic transition of the country.

Submitted by Bruna Oliveira (brunamiyuki@gmail.com) on 2017-08-29T17:05:38Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Tese_versãofinal.pdf: 3842360 bytes, checksum: 086bcf268fcb7702a198316e866fa6a2 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Pamela Beltran Tonsa (pamela.tonsa@fgv.br) on 2017-08-29T19:48:14Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Tese_versãofinal.pdf: 3842360 bytes, checksum: 086bcf268fcb7702a198316e866fa6a2 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-08-30T13:07:01Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Tese_versãofinal.pdf: 3842360 bytes, checksum: 086bcf268fcb7702a198316e866fa6a2 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-07-31 / A privacidade de informações na internet é uma das maiores preocupações advindas da ascensão da web 2.0. Entretanto, cada vez é mais comum a requisição e manejamento de dados pessoais por empresas que, por meio de Sistemas de Recomendação (SR), visam garantir aos usuários serviços ou produtos personalizados às suas necessidades. Porém, frequentemente os consumidores enfrentam um paradoxo de privacidade-personalização, pois precisam conceder informações, mas temem como elas serão utilizadas pelas empresas. O uso incoerente de tais dados pode dar ao indivíduo a sensação de que sua liberdade está sendo cerceada, levando-o a reagir de maneira diversa da intenção do sistema. Trata-se, efetivamente, de um efeito bumerangue, entendido como uma resposta oposta à ameaça de sua liberdade na web. Tendo em vista que a literatura de SI explora de maneira insuficiente os efeitos da percepção de intrusão na disposição em revelar informações, sobretudo por meio da teoria da reatância psicológica – de onde advém o efeito bumerangue – o objetivo desta pesquisa foi verificar como a percepção dos usuários sobre a intrusão do Sistema de Recomendação pode afetar a sua disposição em revelar suas informações. Foram realizados dois experimentos, sendo um nos Estados Unidos e outro no Brasil, com amostras válidas de 213 e 237 participantes, respectivamente. Para isto, foi desenvolvido um protótipo de Sistema de Recomendação Experimental na plataforma Qualtrics. As técnicas utilizadas para análise de dados foram a análise de variância de um fator (one-way ANOVA) e a análise de covariância (ANCOVA). Dentre os resultados obtidos, demonstrou-se o efeito bumerangue do SR, pois quanto maior o nível de intrusão do SR, menor a disposição para revelar suas informações; verificou-se a existência de apenas dois níveis de intrusão percebida pelo usuário; foi constatado o impacto das preocupações de privacidade na internet na relação entre percepção de intrusão e disposição em revelar suas informações, além da uniformidade no comportamento entre as duas amostras. Com base nos resultados, espera-se que desenvolvedores de SR e empresas que os utilizam evitem futuros efeitos bumerangue em suas recomendações, o que afugentaria um potencial cliente. / Information privacy on internet is one of the biggest concerns that arise with web 2.0. However, it is increasingly common for companies that use Recommendation Systems (RS) the request and manage of personal data aiming to guarantee personalized services or products to the users. However, consumers often face a privacy-personalization paradox because they need to provide information, but fear how companies will use it. Incoherent use of such data can give to the individual the feeling that their freedom is being curtailed, causing reactions differently than the system’s intention. It is a boomerang effect, understood as an opposed response to the threat of its freedom on the web. Considering that the IS literature insufficiently explores the effects of the perception of intrusion on the willingness to disclose information, especially through the theory of psychological reactance – where the boomerang effect comes from – the objective of this research is to verify how the users' perception of the intrusion of the Recommendation System may affect your willingness to disclose your information. Two experiments were conducted in the United States and Brazil, with valid samples of 213 and 237 participants, respectively. A prototype of an Experimental Recommendation System (ERS) was developed on the Qualtrics platform. The techniques used for data analysis were the analysis of one-way variance (one-way ANOVA) and covariance analysis (ANCOVA). Among the results, the boomerang effect of RS was demonstrated, because the higher the level of SR intrusion, the less is the willingness to disclose its information. It was verified the existence of only two levels of intrusion perceived by the user. The impact of Internet privacy concerns on the relationship between perception of intrusion and willingness to disclose information was verified, as well as the behavioral indifference between the two samples. Based on the results, RS developers and companies that use them are expected to avoid future boomerang effects in their recommendations, which would scare away a potential customer.

Quel est le pouvoir des normes internationales de droits humains ? Ces normes ont-elles un pouvoir politique? En s’appuyant sur le cas mexicain (entre 1988 et 2006), la thèse tente de répondre à trois questionnements. Le premier est lié à la trajectoire des normes: les défenseurs mexicains des droits humains cherchent-ils l’appui d’acteurs internationaux pour promouvoir les droits humains vis-à-vis leur gouvernement, tel que le suggère le modèle du boomerang ? Deuxièmement, il s’agit de comprendre l’impact du processus de diffusion des normes sur le respect des droits humains : les acteurs internationaux et nationaux qui défendent les droits humains parviennent-ils à influencer les décisions politiques gouvernementales, en matière de protection des droits humains ? Et finalement: ces groupes contribuent-ils à changer le cours du processus de démocratisation d’un État ? Les résultats de la recherche permettent de tirer quelques conclusions. La thèse confirme dans un premier temps la théorie du boomerang de Keck et Sikkink (1998), puisque les pressions domestiques en matière de droits humains deviennent efficaces au moment où les acteurs domestiques gagnent l’appui des acteurs internationaux. En ce qui concerne l’impact de la diffusion des normes internationales des droits humains sur leur protection gouvernementale, il semble que le gouvernement mexicain entre 1988 et 2006 réagisse aux pressions des acteurs qui diffusent les normes de droits humains par la mise en place d’institutions et de lois et non par une protection effective de ces droits. Un deuxième type d’impact, lié à la diffusion des normes en droits humains, est observé sur le processus de démocratisation. La thèse montre que les acteurs qui diffusent les normes en droits humains jouent un rôle dans la mise en place de réformes électorales, tout en contribuant à une redéfinition plus démocratique des rapports de pouvoir entre la société civile et l’État. / What is the power of international human rights norms ? Do those norms have the capacity to change the political course of a State ? More precisely, can they contribute to a better human rights protection and the democratization of a State ? This thesis tackles these questions and tries to figure out how the international human rights norms are participating to the political evolution of a country. Examining the case of Mexico, this thesis seeks to provide answers to three main questions. The first one is related to the path followed by norms : are the domestic human rights groups bypassing their State to search out international allies to bring pressure on the government, as suggested by the boomerang model, or are they able to display effective pressure for human rights changes? This thesis also tries to understand the impact of human rights groups on human rights domestic changes : are the international and national human rights groups able to bring out domestic human rights changes ? Finally, the impact of human rights groups on democratization is examined : do international and national human rights groups play a role within the democratization of the mexican State ? The analysis of data helps to draw the appropriate conclusions. First, the thesis argues that domestic human rights groups are using the boomerang effect, seeking international allies in Mexico to put effective pressure on their gouvernment. Indeed, the human rights domestic pressure became effective only when the international community started to get involved in the protection of human rights in Mexico. Secondly, it shows that international and national human rights groups have been efficient in encouraging the Mexican government to adopt human rights policies between 1988 and 2006. As the human rights sector expanded in Mexico, the government has put into place many reforms and institutions to promote human rights.

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