Grenzen sind soziale Tatsachen, die sich räumlich manifestieren – etwa wenn Schmuggler und Grenzschützer an Grenzübergängen aufeinandertreffen und in ritualisierter Form Bedingungen und Möglichkeiten des Grenzübertritts aushandeln. Das Grenzgeschehen wird in diesem Beitrag in soziologisch-ethnologischer Perspektive am Beispiel des Kaliningrader Grenzgebiets betrachtet.

The topic of this thesis is divided towns, defined as the towns which once existed as unified administrative units before an international border divided them. In a time of globalization, the character of many border lines is changing. In many places, borders are loosing their dividing character. In the European Union, divided towns might be perceived as natural symbols of integration between neighboring countries. The main goal of the study is to answer the research question: “In towns divided by an international border that is a river, what are the conditions that must be met to achieve a mutually beneficial level of cooperation?” In order to address the research question, benefits and barriers in cross-border cooperation and integration are studied. A quality of cooperation and an advancement of integration between bordering communities are explored. Impact of actions undertaken by local decision makers to improve the cross-border cooperation and integration are examined. Görlitz-Zgorzelec, located on the German-Polish border, was chosen as a case study place. The research methods used in the study requiring public involvement are official and non-official interviews and questionnaires. Additional information was also collected from academic and non-academic sources. Based on the data collected during the research, a set of key indicators was created to measure an advancement of cooperation between the divided town sections, in the field of spatial planning, culture and social integration.

Cross-border acquisitions as effective strategic choicesare used widely to enhance competitive advantages inChinese enterprises in manufacturing industry. The decisionmaking is influenced by certain institutions under theuniqueness of Chinese socialism system. This study investigatesthe influence of institutions towards the decisionmaking of cross-border acquisitions. The study aims to build a conceptual model to identifythe major regulative institutions and how they are influencingthe decision making of cross-border acquisitionsin Chinese manufacturing industry. The study conducts a case study on Lenovo and Geelybased on secondary data to investigate the influence ofregulative institutions on cross-border acquisitions. The decision making of cross-border acquisitions inmanufacturing enterprises is influenced by regulative institutionsfrom international and national level which presentedin three ways. First, the supportive regulation institutionscreate a favorable environment for cross-borderacquisitions. Second, government promotes cross-borderacquisitions by using policy as guidance. Third, the imperfectof the legal system impede the organizationsprogress.

The topic of this thesis is divided towns, defined as the towns which once existed as unified administrative units before an international border divided them. In a time of globalization, the character of many border lines is changing. In many places, borders are loosing their dividing character. In the European Union, divided towns might be perceived as natural symbols of integration between neighboring countries. The main goal of the study is to answer the research question: “In towns divided by an international border that is a river, what are the conditions that must be met to achieve a mutually beneficial level of cooperation?” In order to address the research question, benefits and barriers in cross-border cooperation and integration are studied. A quality of cooperation and an advancement of integration between bordering communities are explored. Impact of actions undertaken by local decision makers to improve the cross-border cooperation and integration are examined. Görlitz-Zgorzelec, located on the German-Polish border, was chosen as a case study place. The research methods used in the study requiring public involvement are official and non-official interviews and questionnaires. Additional information was also collected from academic and non-academic sources. Based on the data collected during the research, a set of key indicators was created to measure an advancement of cooperation between the divided town sections, in the field of spatial planning, culture and social integration.

Denna uppsats grundar sig på ett examensarbete via Scandinavian Islands där syftet har varit att studera möjligheterna till att skapa en turistprodukt, utifrån temat vikingar, som kan förstärka och binda besöksnäringen i regionerna mellan länderna Sverige och Finland. Utifrån detta har frågor tagits fram i form av: Är det möjligt att skapa en cross-border produkt, i form av en vikingarutt, som sträcker sig mellan Sveriges och Finlands skärgård? Hur ser samarbetsmöjligheterna ut för en potentiell vikingarutt?, och Är vikingatemat något som skulle fungera året om, eller är det säsongsbetonat? För att besvara dessa frågor har vi utgått från framförallt kvalitativa metoder i form av intervjuer och informationssökning via olika webbsidor kopplade till temat. Den teoretiska referensramen grundar sig mycket utifrån turistiska perspektiv blandat med tankar från det kulturgeografiska. Under tidigare forskning tas exempel upp som både kan kopplas till temat och vikingarutten som attraktion, men även styrka teoriernas grundvärderingar. Under arbetets gång har vi kommit fram till att samarbete är något som viktigt vid skapandet av en cross-border produkt. Utifrån detta har vi kommit fram till att en vikingarutt skulle vara möjlig att konstruera, då det enligt vår undersökning finns en vilja att samarbeta. Ett problem som dock kvarstår är vikingaattraktionernas olika öppettider och kapacitets möjligheter att ta emot besökare. Detta finner vi inte som omöjligt att ändra på om det skulle finnas ett välfungerande samarbete mellan de olika attraktionerna. / This essay is based on a thesis by Scandinavian Islands where the aim has been to examine the possibility of creating a tourism product, based on the theme of Vikings, who can strengthen and bind the hospitality industry in the regions between the two countries Sweden and Finland. Based on the purpose of this essay questions has been developed in the form of: Is it possible to create a cross-border product, in the form of a Viking route, which extends between the Swedish and Finnish archipelago? What is the potential for cooperation out of a potential Viking route?, and Is a Viking theme something that would work year round, or is it seasonal? To answer these questions we have used primarily qualitative methods in the form of interviews and information from different Web sites linked to the theme. The theoretical framework is based much on the basis of touristic perspective mixed with ideas from the cultural geography. In previous research, examples are given, which can be connected to the theme and the Viking route attraction, but also confirm theories core values. In the process, we have concluded that collaboration is something that is important in creating a cross-border product. From this we concluded that a Viking route would be possible to produce, when, according to our study demonstrates a willingness to cooperate. One problem, however remains, that the Viking attraction has different opening hours and capacity options to receive visitors. That we don’t find impossible to change if there was good cooperation between the various attractions.

Disabled people in society, gives the impression of the capabilities, rely on the government or society resource survivor, personal life tragic fate of poor people, or this is cumulative since the society's views. But physically the expulsion of the disorder but personal questions ? But this article take social model point of view, that this apparent disabilities as personal opinions is a piece of construction, we must be physically facing life's problems, as is the social factors, is the entire community concerns and resolve issues. Life obstacles do not occur only in disabled people, such as the elderly, young children, pregnant women or obese due to physical deterioration or physiological factors make the past life is no longer easy , these are life obstacles. Because life obstacles, plus social differences, right to work can easily be deprived, disabled people want a circular marriage dream, still is. At present, often see corss-border marriage, let physically able to complete the life stages of another dream. The author himself physically role, to look at society for disabled people in life in which barriers; Then to talk about corss-border marriage protagonist to physically transnational marriage in question. This article by qualitative research in common searching and quantity surveys conducted, the results from the questionnaire survey, with proceeds from content than searching on, and to the author's own experience to make empirical analysis. In my research found that the overall environment in Taiwan on disabled people living acceptance has gradually increased, but the marriage partner and job opportunities on the department's disadvantaged, reason is or and disabled people and about their own defects, physically established corss-border marriage major problems or from "economic factor".

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Problems of some regularities in strings, such as repetition, period, seed, square, etc., have been studied extensively recently. Many algorithms have been proposed to solve these problems in O(1) time complexity on an n imes n reconfigurable bus model, where $n$ is the length of the given string. In this paper, we concentrate to solve problems of another form of regularity, the string superprimitivity test problem and the LCS (longest common subsequence) problem in strings on the reconfigurable bus model. And we propose a O(log n) time parallel algorithm to solve the string superprimitivity test problem. We also review some algorithms for the LCS problem. Further research is also given in this paper.

Firstly, this Study focuses on ¡§Border Measures¡¨ in World Trade Organization¡]WTO¡^Agreement on Trade-related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights¡]TRIPS¡^and in World Customs Organization¡]WCO¡^¡§Model Legislation¡¨. These two measures appear to form the backbone of China Intellectual Property Rights¡]IPR¡^ border protection for the time being. Other reasons for China Customs to implement IPR protection are U.S-China IPR MOUs. Secondly, after this explanatory study on China Customs¡¦ border measures, we find some structural problems existing in PRC¡¦s¡]People¡¦s Republic of China¡^General Administration of Customs¡]GAC¡^ that IPR infringements couldn¡¦t be eliminated at all. Owing to the PRC¡¦s special political-economic conditions, China Customs¡¦ IPR border measures cannot achieve the international standard. They cannot effectively limit the import/export of infringements or counterfeit goods. In their enactment as well as in enforcement of IPR border measures, China Customs still has a long way to go.

In reduced speed zones, where no other cues indicate the need to slow down, drivers sometimes fail to notice the standard Speed Limit sign and may be speeding inadvertently. To help reduce inadvertent speeding, a red border was installed around the Speed Limit sign in seven reduced speed areas and the impacts of the increased conspicuity on speed limit compliance were measured. The general study approach was to collect and compare speed data for a standard sign (before condition) and a red border sign (after condition). The short-term effects of a modified red border sign, which was achieved by replacing the thin black border of the standard sign with a four inch wide red border, were evaluated at four sites. Results of this modified border study indicated that there was a statistically significant reduction in the mean speeds as well as in the 85th percentile speeds for the red border sign conditions, however the reductions were not practically significant. This study also evaluated the effect of using a higher conspicuity sheeting material at two sites. The results indicated that use of higher conspicuity sheeting has some benefits for the standard sign but no additional benefits for the red border sign. The added border study evaluated the long-term effects (approximately nine to eleven months after the treatment) of adding a three inch wide red border to the standard Speed Limit sign at three sites. The results of this study indicated that impacts of the red border treatment increase with passage of time. The mean speeds decreased by 8.1 percent and the percent of vehicles exceeding the speed limit (55 mph) decreased by 21.7 percent. The decreases in speeds were both statistically and practically significant. A comparison of the thesis study with other similar studies found in literature shows comparable benefits of the red border sign with other speed management measures. Based on the results for long-term effects, use of the red border Speed Limit sign is recommended in reduced speed zones where inadvertent speeding is common.