The racial violence between Navajos and whites in Farmington, New Mexico is historical. One of the first documented acts of racial violence was in 1875, when white settlers would take gunshots at Navajos for entertainment. This violent atmosphere continued throughout the years, and most notoriously in 1974 with the murders of three Navajo men by three white teenagers. This violence was part of an ongoing cycle of racism and hostility between Navajos and whites. The murders ignited local and national media frenzy, and Farmington was dubbed the "Selma, Alabama of the Southwest." Navajo citizens responded to the murders with activism and demonstrations in the streets of Farmington, and demanded justice and change. Throughout subsequent years, racism and racial violence continues and Navajos are still the targets of hate crimes. The purpose of this study is to examine and investigate the hate crimes that have been committed against Navajo people in Farmington and its neighboring towns. This study, in particular, analyzes the impacts that hate crime has on Navajo citizens. Interviews with Navajo victims of hate crime expand on the findings of a pilot interview. The research in this dissertation shows that the affects of hate crime are long lasting and impact not only the victims but also the entire Navajo Nation. As a result of the unrelenting hate crimes in Farmington, the Navajo Nation has created a human rights commission to investigate race relations in Navajo Nation border towns. This study addresses what steps the Navajo Nation and Navajo citizens have taken to combat and recover from racism and racial violence. Finally, this study proposes interventions to improve race relations.

x, 144 p. ： col. ill. / Together, the cities El Paso, Texas and Juarez, Mexico form the largest international border metropolis in the world. While El Paso consistently ranks among the safest cities in the U.S., Cd. Juarez's recent and extreme escalation of violence has produced one of the world's most dangerous locales. Within this starkly differentiated and transnational urban conglomeration, complex geographies of gender, culture, and identity have emerged, prompting the following question: how is mobility shifting throughout el Paso del Norte in response to the heightened violence in Juarez, and what are the implications of these negotiations of mobility for fronterizo (borderlander) identity? By focusing on gendered mobilities in the U.S./Mexico borderlands, this study engages with cultural implications of the recent drug conflict fueled exodus from Juarez into El Paso, articulating the negotiation of identities and daily geographies which characterize the divided lives of borderlanders. / Committee in charge: Lise Nelson， Chairperson； Alexander Murphy， Member； Kathryn Meehan， Member

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-16T00:15:14Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 3 Isabella Benini Lolli Ghetti1.pdf: 1849347 bytes, checksum: f54bfef8d3248fcef265a94dfbaa0db2 (MD5) Isabella Benini Lolli Ghetti2pdf.pdf: 1372286 bytes, checksum: c08714054f61e6a0401700cdbf675ce9 (MD5) Isabella Benini Lolli Ghetti3pdf.pdf: 1561756 bytes, checksum: e699e20af70dbf86abd7580fbfbfb883 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008-08-20 / The discussion about international borders has increased since the 1990s both at the national and international levels, especially face to the local relations of these realities in a context of supranational interests and conflicts. Brazilian border, Ponta Porã, in Mato Grosso do Sul State, is separated from its twin-town, Pedro Juan Caballero, in Paraguay, by means of a strip Linha Internacional (International Strip). On the basis of the understanding of the peculiar aspects of border cities and of the recent urban policy in Brazil (Constituição Federal of 1988 and Estatuto da Cidade of 2001), the objective of this study is to discuss the Plano Diretor Participativo (Participative Direction Planning), of Ponta Porã - 2006, and its interface with the Paraguayan town. The historical formation of this reality, the analysis of the interactions in the frontier space and the identification of the region conflicts and potentialities made up the basis for this study to analyze not only the aspects of the Plano Diretor, which incorporate the international border, but also its challenges face to the articulation of urban policy with other instruments at the national level, so that conflicts may be equated and solutions for this reality may be devised. / A discussão a respeito das fronteiras internacionais tem-se ampliado a partir da década de 1990, tanto no âmbito nacional, quanto no internacional, principalmente face às relações locais destas realidades em um contexto de interações e conflitos supranacionais. A fronteira brasileira de Ponta Porã, no Estado de Mato Grosso do Sul, separa-se por meio de uma faixa Linha Internacional da cidade-gêmea Pedro Juan Caballero, no Paraguai. A partir da compreensão da política urbana recente do Brasil (Constituição Federal de 1988 e Estatuto da Cidade de 2001) e do entendimento dos aspectos peculiares dos municípios de fronteira, este trabalho tem como objetivo discutir o Plano Diretor Participativo de Ponta Porã, de 2006, em sua interface com a cidade paraguaia. Partindo do entendimento histórico de formação dessa realidade, da análise das interações existentes no espaço fronteiriço e da identificação dos conflitos e potencialidades da região, destacam-se os aspectos do Plano Diretor que incorporam a fronteira internacional, bem como os desafios que se colocam para a articulação da política urbana com outros instrumentos de âmbito nacional, de forma a equacionar os conflitos e encaminhar soluções integradas para essa realidade.