Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Washington, 2005. / Vita. Includes bibliographical references (p. 139-142).

Thesis (M.S.)--Naval Postgraduate School, 1999. / "December, 1999." Includes bibliographical references.

Coastal areas in many parts of the world are vulnerable to tsunami waves. Large tsunamis are strong enough to bring about a substantial amount of sediment mobilization. Several post-tsunami field investigations performed in recent years have documented destruction induced by scouring process. For example, the 1993 Nicaraguan earthquake centred 100km off the Nicaraguan coast caused devastating tsunami-induced scour around structures and bridges (Satake et al., 1993). Differences in the scour depths were related to soil properties, shapes of structures, and tsunami hydrodynamics (Jayaratne et al., 2016). Furthermore, depending on the soil permeability, the flow and pressure propagate at different speeds within the soil, which affects water table fluctuations and the soil strength (e.g., Tonkin et al., 2003; Yeh and Li 2008). The primary objective of this research was to study the effect of different inland-propagating dam-break bore heights on pore pressure variations and scour evolution in saturated beds with two different bed slopes (i.e., zero and +5% slope) by performing comprehensive laboratory studies at a 1:40 scale. To achieve the objective, tsunami-like dam-break bores generated by rapidly opening a swing gate and propagated towards and over a sediment section and hit a structure centred within a sediment bed. The secondary objective of this experimental investigation was finding a relation between scour depths and pore pressure values as a function of still-to-impoundment water depth ratio. The results of this experimental investigation showed that effective pore pressures were consistently greater in the front face of a model than in the side face. Besides that, the highest effective pore pressures took place near the saturated bed surface. Such that, due to the propagation of supercritical bores the maximum effective pore pressure in the bottom of the front corner was 50% larger than the exact same location in the side face. While, this difference decreased to 10% in the case of subcritical bores. For the same hydrodynamic bore conditions, the maximum difference between effective pore pressure in the two faces of the model reduced by 70% in the inclined bed test than the horizontal bed tests and this difference was only 15%. However, the peak effective pore pressure around the model doubled in the inclined bed tests compared to the horizontal ones. The 5% upsloping decreased the maximum scour depths by two times as a result of the same hydrodynamic loading conditions.

Le contexte du marché automobile actuel est conditionné par deux facteurs principaux : la prise de conscience del'impact sur l'écologie de ce mode de transport et une concurrence mondiale exacerbée. Ainsi, de nombreusesétudes soulignent l'intérêt de concevoir des moteurs dont le ratio puissance sur masse soit maximisé (Down Sizing).Ainsi les carters-cylindres traditionnellement réalisés en fonte pour des raisons de comportement tribologique sontreconçus pour être fabriqués à partir d'alliages d'aluminium. Ces derniers apportent un gain de masse au groupemotopropulseur mais présentent de piètres propriétés tribologiques. Pour pallier ce défaut, des chemises en fontesont généralement insérées dans les blocs lors de leur coulée. Toutefois cette solution n'est pas optimale et lesprocédés de projection thermique sont de plus en plus mis en oeuvre pour remplacer ces chemises par une mincecouche protectrice qui sera en contact avec les segments.Dans ce contexte ce travail se focalise sur l'application du procédé de projection thermique arc-fil rotatif pour ledépôt de revêtements en acier sur la paroi interne des fûts de carters-cylindres. L'objectif principal est de contribuerà cerner les mécanismes physiques reliant les paramètres de projection et les propriétés des revêtements. Desinvestigations ont été menées sur les différentes étapes de la vie des particules : les mécanismes d'atomisation ontété observés et quantifiés, les comportements à l'étalement des particules et les modes de refroidissement deslamelles ont été déterminés au moyen d'analyses des phases cristallines et les effets des paramètres opératoiressur la structure des dépôts ont été évalués. L'ensemble apporte ainsi de nouveaux éléments pour la maîtrise del'application de la projection thermique à l'arc-fil en milieu confiné et des pistes sont proposées pour optimiser lespropriétés des dépôts. / The current automotive market's context is conditioned by two main factors : the rising awareness of theenvironmental impact of this transportation mode and a strong competition between automakers at the world level.Thus, many studies already underlined the relevance of the « down sizing » of the engine blocks.Thus, cylinders-blocks, traditionally made from cast iron given its excellent tribological behavior and low cost, arenow designed with hypoeutectic aluminium-silicon cast alloys. However, the weight reduction brought by thesealloys is counteracted by their poor tribological properties. Therefore, Thermal spray processes are more and moresolicited to address this issue with the application of thin protective coatings on the working surfaces of thecylinders-blocks.In this frame, the present work was focused on the application of steel coatings on the bores' inner walls of cylinderblocks using the rotative twin-wire arc spray process. The main objective was to contribute to the understanding ofphysical mechanisms linking the spray parameters and the coating properties. Every stages of particles' life werethus investigated : the atomization mechanisms were observed and quantified, particles' spreading and coolingbehaviours were determined by mean of crystallographic examinations and process parameters' effects on coatingstructure were estimated. Globally, this document provides new elements contributing to the understanding and thecontrol of the process and solutions are proposed to raise the coatings properties.

Ce travail porte sur l’étude des processus hydrodynamiques consécutifs à l’interaction entre deux ressauts hydrauliques propagatifs, particulièrement lorsqu’elle intervient sur une plage faiblement inclinée, ou à proximité. L’étude est menée dans un dispositif expérimental original constitué d’un canal de faible longueur, fermé à ses extrémités, et par deux vannes séparant le canal en trois parties de longueurs variables, remplies à des niveaux différents, qui définissent deux réservoirs et une "zone de large". A l’autre extrémité du canal est disposé un plan incliné, imperméable, qui modélise la plage. Les ouvertures des vannes, rapides et décalées d’un intervalle de temps contrôlé (rupture de barrage), génèrent deux vagues successives qui interagissent avant ou sur la plage, ou après que l’une d’entre-elles se soit préalablement réfléchie dessus. Un dispositif de métrologie optique – "ombroscopie" – permet la mesure à haute fréquence de la position de l’interface libre au cours du temps. Lors de la caractérisation du dispositif expérimental, nous avons mis en évidence que la célérité du front consécutif à une rupture de barrage suit un modèle théorique basé sur une méthode des caractéristiques pour les équations de Saint-Venant, obtenues dans l’approximation d’eau peu profonde ("shallow water"), et proposé par Stoker (1957), malgré quelques effets qui perturbent cette dynamique comme la taille finie des réservoirs par exemple. Nous observons en particulier que cette célérité dépend principalement de la nonlinéarité et faiblement de la dispersion, en accord avec l’approximation d’eau peu profonde. Lors de la génération de deux ressauts hydrauliques successifs, nous proposons deux modélisations simples pour décrire la dynamique initiale du déplacement du deuxième front, avant qu’il n’interagisse avec le premier. Ces modèles simples encadrent la solution réelle, mais se heurtent également aux effets de taille finie des réservoirs. Les interactions des deux ressauts "similaires" sur la plage, ou à proximité, et la dynamique de la lame d’eau sur la plage, sont analysées en fonction du décalage temporel, et de l’angle de pente de la plage, en considérant la nature "fusion" ou "collision" de l’interaction. Pour un angle de plage donné, le "run-up "maximum est obtenu, dans notre étude, pour un déphasage entre les fronts qui entraîne une interaction de "fusion" au début de la plage. L’angle de plage optimum, dans ce cadre, semble correspondre à un type de plage intermédiaire entre une plage très réflective et uneplage dissipative / This study investigates the hydrodynamic processes resulting fromthe interaction between two bores, particularly when these happen on a beach with a gradual slope or nearby. The research was conducted with a new experimental device. The latter was designed with a short channel, closed at both ends, with two gates separating the channel in three parts of varying lengths and filled to different levels, defining respectively two reservoirs and a “nearshore zone”. At the other end of the channel lies an inclined, impermeable plane, which represents the beach. The rapid openings of the gates, with a controlled lag time, generate two successive waves that interact either before or on the beach, or after one of them swashes on the beach. A classical shadowgraphy method enables high frequency measurement of the free interface position over time. During the characterisation of the experimental device, we demonstrated that the velocity of the front originating from the dam break follows a theoretical model based on the characteristics evolution of the hyperbolic Saint-Venant equations obtained in the shallow water approximation, and proposed by Stoker (1957) fairly well. This occurs despite some effects that disrupt this dynamic, as for instance the finite size of the thanks. In particular, we observe that the front velocity depends mostly on non-linearity and not on dispersive effects, accordingly to shallow water approximation. During the generation of two successive bores, we propose two simple modelizations to describe the initial dynamics of the displacement of the second front, before it interacts with the first one. These simple models frame the actual solution, but also collide with the finite size effects of the reservoirs. The interactions of the two "similar" bores on the beach, or nearby, and the dynamics of the water lens swashing on the beach are analysed according to the time shift, and the angle of slope, considering the nature "fusion" or "collision" of the interaction. For a given beach angle, our study obtained the maximum run-up with a time shift that generates a merging of the fronts at the beginning of the shore. It appears that the optimum angle in this settingmatches that of a type of intermediate beach between a very reflective and a dissipativebeach

This study presents a new Lagrangian model for predicting dynamics and transport in rivers and shallow water flows. A hydrostatic model is developed for the prediction of rivers and floodplain flow and lateral interactions between them. The model is extended to the Boussinesq weakly non-linear, non-hydrostatic model for the simulation of solitary waves and undular bores. A model for advection-diffusion transport of tracers in open channel flow is also presented. The simulation results are compared against an analytical solution and published laboratory data, field data and theoretical results. It is demonstrated that the Lagrangian moving grid eliminates numerical diffusion and oscillations; the model is dynamically adaptive, providing higher resolution under the wave by compressing the parcels (grid). It also allows flow over dry beds and moving boundaries to be handled efficiently. The hydrostatic model results have shown that the model accurately simulates wave propagation and non-linear steepening until wave breaking. The model is successfully applied to simulate flow and lateral interactions in a compound channel and flood wave movement in a natural river. The non-hydrostatic model has successfully reproduced the general features of solitary waves such as the balance between non-linearity and wave dispersion and non-linear interactions of two solitary waves by phase-shift. Also, the model successfully reproduced undular bores (high frequency short waves) from a long wave and the predicted maximum height of the leading wave agreed very well with the published results. It is shown that the simple second order accurate Lagrangian scheme efficiently simulates dispersive waves without any numerical diffusion. Lagrangian modeling of advection-diffusion transport of Gaussian tracer distributions, top hat tracer distributions and steep fronts (step function) in steady, uniform flow has provided exact results and has shown that the scheme allows the use of a large time step without any numerical diffusion and oscillations, including for the advection of steep fronts. The scheme can handle large Courant numbers (results are presented for Cr = 0 to 20) and the entire range of grid Peclet numbers from zero to infinity. The model is successfully applied to tracer transport due to flow induced by simple waves, solitary waves and undular bores

Dans cette thèse, nous introduisons un nouveau modèle instationnaire de vagues valable de la zone de levée à la zone de jet de rive adapté à l'étude de la submersion. Le modèle est basé sur les équations de Serre Green-Naghdi (S-GN), dont l'application à la zone de surf reste un domaine de recherche ouvert. Nous proposons une nouvelle approche pour gérer le déferlement dans ce type de modèle, basée sur la représentation des fronts déferlés par des chocs. Cette approche a été utilisée avec succès pour les modèles basés sur les équations de Saint-Venant (SV) et permet une description simple et efficace du déferlement et des mouvements de la ligne d'eau. Dans ces travaux, nous cherchons à étendre le domaine de validité du modèle SV SURF-WB (Marche et al. 2007) vers la zone de levée en incluant les termes dispersifs propres aux équations de S-GN. Des basculements locaux vers les équations de SV au niveau des fronts permettent alors aux vagues de déferler et dissiper leur énergie. Le modèle obtenu, appelé SURF-GN, est validé à l'aide de données de laboratoire correspondant à différents types de vagues incidentes et de plages. Il est ensuite utilisé pour analyser la dynamique des fronts d'ondes longues de type tsunami en zone littorale. Nous montrons que SURF-GN peut décrire les différents types de fronts, d'ondulé non-déferlé à purement déferlé. Les conséquences de la transformation d'une onde de type tsunami en train d'ondulations lors de la propagation sur une plage sont ensuite considérées. Nous présentons finalement une étude de la célérité des vagues déferlées, basée sur les données de la campagne de mesure in-situ ECORS Truc-Vert 2008. L'influence des non-linéarités est en particulier quantifiée. / In this thesis, we introduce a new numerical model able to describe wave transformation from the shoaling to the swash zones, including overtopping. This model is based on Serre Green-Naghdi equations, which are the basic fully nonlinear Boussinesq-type equations. These equations can accurately describe wave dynamics prior to breaking, but their application to the surf zone usually requires the use of complex parameterizations. We propose a new approach to describe wave breaking in S-GN models, based on the representation of breaking wave fronts as shocks. This method has been successfully applied to the Nonlinear Shallow Water (NSW) equations, and allows for an easy treatment of wave breaking and shoreline motions. However, the NSW equations can only be applied after breaking. In this thesis, we aim at extending the validity domain of the NSW model SURF-WB (Marche et al. 2007) to the shoaling zone by adding the S-GN dispersive terms to the governing equations. Local switches to NSW equations are then performed in the vicinity of the breaking fronts, allowing for the waves to break and dissipate their energy. Extensive validations using laboratory data are presented. The new model, called SURF-GN, is then applied to study tsunami-like undular bore dynamics in the nearshore. The model ability to describe bore dynamics for a large range of Froude number is first demonstrated, and the effects of the bore transformation on wave run-up over a sloping beach are considered. We finally present an in-situ study of broken wave celerity, based on the ECORS-Truc Vert 2008 field experiment. In particular, we quantify the effects of non-linearities and evaluate the predictive ability of several non-linear celerity models.

This diploma thesis is focused on building survey and evaluating the state of existing constructions. Process of evaluating the state of existing constructions and selected diagnostic methods are described in the theoretical part. The practical part is dealing with performed structural and technical survey of two industrial structures including evaluation of the strength of concrete and verification of the reinforcement. The final part includes assessment of both of the evaluated structures.

This diploma thesis is focused on building survey and evaluating of the state of the three-storey industrial hall. The diploma thesis consists of two parts - theoretical and practical. In the theoretical part is described a common procedure for evaluation of the state of existing structures, methods used in diagnostics (selected ones - more detailed), advantages and disadvantages of methods. In the practical part is carried out construction and technical survey of the industrial hall, the concrete strength evaluation and verification of presence and type of reinforcement. At the end of the work - evaluation of objects.

This diploma thesis is focused on building survey and evaluating the state of existing constructions. In theoretical part are described the process of evaluating the state of existing constructions and selected diagnostic methods. The practical part is dealing with performed structural and technical survey of industrial object including evaluation of the strength of concrete and verification of the reinforcement. The last part is focused on a static assessment of selected supporting element of the structure.