Στα πλαίσια αυτής της μεταπτυχιακής εργασίας, πραγματοποιήθηκε η μελέτη των σημαντικότερων Βοτανικών Κήπων της Ελλάδας. Γίνεται επίσης εκτενής αναφορά στους σημαντικότερους Βοτανικούς Κήπους της Ευρώπης, του Kew, του Βερολίνου, της Μαδρίτης, του Βελιγραδίου και του Παλέρμο. Ο κύριος σκοπός για τον οποίο εκπονήθηκε η παρούσα μεταπτυχιακή εργασία είναι για να μελετηθεί ο Βοτανικός Κήπος του Πανεπιστημίου Πατρών, που δυστυχώς δεν έχει ακόμη αξιοποιηθεί και προορίζεται να αποτελέσει ένα πρότυπο Βοτανικό Κήπο στην Ελλάδα. Η όλη προσπάθεια βρίσκει δυσκολίες όσον αφορά τη στελέχωσή του και τον εξοπλισμό του. Με βάση τα προγενέστερα σχέδια (τοπογραφικά, αρχιτεκτονικά) του Βοτανικού Κήπου, που απεικονίζουν τη βασική διάταξη των αξόνων κυκλοφορίας του Κήπου, καθώς και των κτιριακών υποδομών και θερμοκηπίων, εκπονείται εκ νέου η αρχιτεκτονική μελέτη του χώρου και επίσης γίνονται προτάσεις καλύτερης αισθητικής και λειτουργικής αξιοποίησής του, αποσκοπώντας στην εκπλήρωση των στόχων, τους οποίους έχει θέσει η BGCI. Στον καινούριο τοπογραφικό χάρτη που έχει εκπονηθεί, απεικονίζονται οι διάφορες φυτικές ομάδες ως κατωτέρω και δίδονται κατάλογοι και εικόνες φυτών χαρακτηριστικών της “Ελληνικής Χλωρίδας” αλλά και άλλων καλλωπιστικών ή μη φυτών : 1. Φρύγανα, 2. Θερόφυτα, 3. Ιστορικά φυτά, 4. Υδροχαρή φυτά , 5. Φυλλοβόλα δέντρα, 6. Μακκία βλάστηση, 7. Κωνοφόρα δέντρα, 8. Εργαστηριακά φυτά – Φυτώριο, 9. Καλλωπιστικά βολβώδη φυτά, 10. Αυτοφυή βολβώδη φυτά, 11. Παχύφυτα, 12. Υψηλή Μακκία, 13. Αρωματικά φυτά , 14. Φαρμακευτικά φυτά, 15. Θαμνώνες, 16. Ενδημικά φυτά, 17. Βραχόκηπος, 18. Χλωροτάπητας, 19. Ξενικά είδη, 20. Ενδημικά βολβώδη, 21. Ενδημικά σερπεντινικά, 22. Φαρμακευτικά θαμνίσκοι, 23. Κινδυνεύοντα, απειλούμενα & σπάνια είδη. Βέβαια, ένας από τους κύριους στόχους αυτής της προσπάθειας είναι η προστασία της βιοποικιλότητας της τόσο πλούσιας και σπάνιας Ελληνικής Χλωρίδας. Με αυτή τη μελέτη για το Βοτανικό Κήπο του Πανεπιστημίου Πατρών αναμένεται να δοθεί μεγαλύτερο ενδιαφέρον και ίσως είναι μια καλή αρχή ώστε οι αρμόδιοι φορείς να κάνουν πραγματικότητα τη δημιουργία του, που θα είναι σημαντική όχι μόνο για το Πανεπιστήμιο, αλλά και για την πόλη των Πατρών γενικότερα. / In the terms of this essay a study on the most important Botanical Gardens of Greece has been made. Reference is also made to a thorough report on the most important Botanical gardens of Europe, Kew, Berlin, Madrid ,Belgrade and Palermo. In the second part of this essay the Botanical garden of the University of Patra is being studied,which unfortunately has not yet been developed but it's being destined to become an template model of the Botanical garden in Greece. the whole attempt faces difficulties due to shortage of personnel and equipment. based on the anterior plans (topografic and architectural)for the Botanical garden, which depicts the basic arrangement of the axial circulation of the garden, as well as the contractual foundations and greenhouses, a new architectural study of the ground is being elaborated and additionally new suggestions are made for better aesthetic functional results, aiming at the fulfillment of the goals that the BGCI has set. In the new topographic map that has been elaborated, the following catalogue and plant groups are shown as characteristic Greek floral: 1.Firewood, 2. therofytes, 3. historical plants, 4. aquatic plants, 5. deciduous trees 6. clerophyllous evergreen woodland, 7.coniferous trees, 8. laboratory plants-nursary garden, 9.decorative bulbous plants, 10. selfgrowing bulbous plants, 11. succulents, 12 sclerophyllous evergreen woodland, 13. odouriferous plants, 14.pharmaceutical plants, 15. bushes, 16. endemic plants, 17. rockgarden 18. green carpet, 19. foreign kind plants, 20. endemic bulbous plants, 21. endemic serpedenic, 22. pharmaceutical bushes, 23. endangered & rare specimens. Of course the primary goal of this effort is the protection of the biodiversity of the very rich and rare Greek flora. With this research on the Botanical Garden of the University of Patras a greater interest is expected, while is a good start in order for the competent and relevant carriers to materialize its creation, which will be vital not only for the University but for the city of Patras in general.

Dragonfly assemblages and their biotope preferences in the National Botanical Gardens, Pietermaritzburg, South Africa were investigated. The information served as background for increasing public awareness and education by designing a dragonfly observation trail. Multivariate analyses of data, classified 20 a priori selected sampling units into four ecologically meaningful biotope types, each with characteristic dragonfly assemblages. These biotopes were: 'waterfall', 'forested river', 'shaded pond/stream' and 'open ponds/dam'. Species-environmental variables correlations were significantly high for six out of twelve, measured environmental variables: pH, percentage shade, vegetation (structural and compositional), ambient temperatures, water temperatures, and water depth. Sunlit ponds/dam had higher species richness and diversity than the other water bodies. The months of November to April were significantly high in species richness and diversity, and were characterized by both rare and abundant, and both localized and widespread species. The winter months (May to October), in contrast, were characterized by only the widespread and abundant species. Questionnaire responses were used to test the popularity of the concept of a dragonfly trail, and showed a high level of awareness and commitment on the part of respondents (visitors to the botanical gardens) across all age groups. There was a strong response to knowing more about dragonflies (using a trail) and to become involved in conserving them. The scientific results, the responses to the questionnaire, and practical feasibility, all indicated that the instigation of a trail was possible. After some preliminary trials, a full trail was designed, which is now being installed by the National Botanical Gardens for the benefit of a wide sector of the public and for heightening public awareness of the need for dragonfly and other invertebrate conservation. This study was partly in response to the IUCN Status Survey and Conservation Action Plan: Dragonflies, and to widen the value and appeal of the botanical gardens, which are an already well-established public asset. / Thesis (M.Sc.)-University of Natal, Pietermaritzburg, 1999.

A study of the odonate fauna was carried out at the edge of a major escarpment, in eastern South Africa, using the same methodology as has been used in the temperate regions to obtain a sub-tropical perspective. The study used the macroecology approach to compare patterns and responses of these animals (at the developmental stages of larva, tenerals and adults) to seasonal, topographical and anthropogenic disturbances. The habitats used were small, but well-established reservoirs located at five elevational gradients: Stainbank Nature Reserve (100 m), Krantzkloof Nature Reserve (450 m), National Botanical Gardens Pietermaritzburg (790 m) Cedara (1050 m) and Mondi Goodhope Estate (1350 m). Although this is essentially a local component of a larger macroecological study, it is shown that even though species and identities differ between temperate, tropical and sub-tropical ecoregions, the general pattern of community response to these variables is similar. Odonate species phenologies in this sub-tropical study showed great similarity to their tropical counterparts by reason of their adults being highly elevation-tolerant, with long flight periods and over-lapping generations. Yet they also show temperate characteristics by over-wintering principally as larvae and eggs. The Libellulidae, followed by the Coenagrionidae were the most abundant, elevationtolerant families, with national endernics constituting only 6.5% of the total species sampled. Classification and ordination methods identified and characterised sub-sites to ecologically meaningful biotopes for odonates . This also allowed inferences as to how the various landscape disturbances at the five elevations affect species richness and abundance. Species that responded to these impacts were potential indicator groups that can assist in the planning and management of the landscape for conservation of biodiversity. Some management recommendations for these landscapes are given. Individual odonate species developmental stages and their environmental relations were investigated using both univariate and multivariate analyses. The solutions to these analyses were then used to describe how odonate species are distributed along major environmental gradients. It was shown that regional processes e.g. elevation and insolation alongside local variables e.g. pH, marginal grasses, percentage shade, exposed rock, marginal forest, marsh and flow greatly accounted for adult (aerial stage) assemblage variation and distribution. Turbidity, floating/submerged vegetation and water depth (also influenced by regional factors), highly explained larval (aquatic stage) variation. Elevation has therefore, an indirect effect in that it determines climate, which in turn, determines soil and vegetation types which then determine species presence and absence. Also, although these artificial water bodies do not increase the 'extent of species occurrence', they are important in increasing their 'area of occupancy'. Dragonflies play a major role in conservation. The Japanese culture has strongly illustrated how dragonflies feature in everyday life more than any other country in the world. While many parks and Botanical Gardens feature dragonfly trails in their nature trails in Britain, this does not necessarily cater for threatened species . Conservation of invertebrates in urban environments in South Africa for example by ecological landscaping designed to encourage dragonflies has been particularly rewarding. A core of regularly occurring odonate species occupied the dragonfly trail at the National Botanical Gardens in Pietermaritzburg, while other species visited the study site at irregular periods . This is likely to be the case for a longer term, say ten years or more. Also, the trail, with updated information on species phenologies, variability and habitat preferences continues to play a valuable role in sensitising an increasingly urbanised population to biodiversity and conservation issues. Odonates remain a major component when assessing ecological components of aquatic biotopes, with the assemblage composition at anyone locality capable of changing over time. This has been extensively illustrated in the northern hemisphere. Medium to longer term changes in odonate population at established reservoirs as demonstrated in this study at the National Botanical Gardens in Pietermaritzburg, South Africa, makes it possible to determine whe[t]her a species in a conservation area is being given enough protection from local anthropogenic impacts and effects of unpredictable weather conditions. This in turn enables one to understand how concepts of residency and succession underpin conservation management decisions. In conclusion, this study has addressed some salient aspects of species inventory, monitoring and conservation practice at a local scale that also play a central role in conventional biodiversity conservation practice of a global nature. Information on species phenologies enhances their awareness-raising in addition to providing valuable insights into their population dynamics and conservation, especially for those under threat. In addition, baseline data from this study and similar ones is useful in conserving biodiversity (as subjects) or in multi-taxa studies (as tools) in conserving ecosystems and/or landscapes. Finally, the macroecological approach employed in this study has great potential for teasing apart local effects from regional and/or global ones, and can contribute to the conservation of biodiversity at both small and large scales. / Thesis (Ph.D.)-University of KwaZulu-Natal, Pietermaritzburg, 2004.

Thesis (M.S.)--University of Delaware, 2008. / Principal faculty advisor: Robert E. Lyons, Dept. of Plant & Soil Sciences. Includes bibliographical references.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Missouri-Columbia, 1998. / Typescript. Vita. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 274-287). Also available on the Internet.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Missouri-Columbia, 1998. / Typescript. Vita. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 274-287). Also available on the Internet.

The purpose of this study was to investigate if botanical gardens in Stockholm, Uppsala and Gothenburg could be a source for spread of invasive species in Sweden. The method consisted of visits to each garden with inventory of the collections and interviews with the staff. The species included in the study were either on or suggested for the list in the EU regulation 1143/2014 or listed by the Swedish Environmental Protection Agency as invasive or potentially invasive species in Sweden. 16 of the 34 species included in the study were found within or around one or more gardens and of those are 8 already established in Sweden and 6 could establish and become invasive with climate change. The study showed that the invasive species could outcompete other organisms by being fast growing and persistent as well as highly reproductive and sometimes harmful to other plants, animals or humans. It also suggests that high seed production and vegetative reproduction from small plant fragments may facilitate spread from botanical gardens in general. By creating awareness of invasive species, the gardens could prevent spread from other sources. Whether or not the gardens’ management of their collections could lead to spread and introduction of invasive species in Sweden is still unexplored and suitable for further studies. The species’ traits however do pose a risk of spread from the botanical gardens in the study, as well as other gardens, and establishment in the Swedish nature.

Master of Landscape Architecture / Department of Landscape Architecture/Regional and Community Planning / Mary Catherine (Katie) Kingery-Page / This project explores the potential of gardens as specific physical places where humans cultivate vegetation. Humans are increasingly separated from natural systems, particularly vegetation, in their daily lives. Such a disconnect results in a failure to build emotional ties to and deep care for the natural world. To address this disconnect, landscape architects and planting designers need to understand how to design public gardens as ambiguous landscapes, landscapes that refer to natural ecosystems while also clearly revealing the human role in their design and care. Design choices involve environmental components and their articulation. Designers currently lack a vocabulary to identify the components of transformative experiences between people and plants. They also lack a visual understanding of how relationships between components can be articulated to establish ambiguity in specific sites. Synthesis of literature in experiential learning, dynamic vegetation, and planting design establishes a vocabulary of component cues to set up conditions for transformative experience in public gardens. Critical drawing of ambiguous landscapes by contemporary planting designers augments the researcher’s understanding of experiential cues. In order to explore the potential formal impact of designing for ambiguity throughout the design process, this project’s design application spans two sites: Chapman Botanical Garden in Apalachicola, Florida, and the Meadow on the Kansas State University campus, Manhattan, Kansas. Designing Chapman Botanical Garden offers the potential to be involved with the conceptual phases of site design: site planning, programming, and planting design. Designing at the Meadow offers the opportunity to be involved in the implementation phase of design: stakeholder involvement, selection and growing of plants, and design interpretation. Together, the two planting design explorations represent a complete design process for transformative experience.

Na discussão atual sobre a Alfabetização Científica, há um consenso que esse processo ocorre ao longo da vida e em diferentes espaços educativos. A fim de colaborar com essa discussão, o presente estudo investigou se as exposições em jardins botânicos contribuem para a Alfabetização Científica de seus visitantes. A revisão da literatura referente à Alfabetização Científica e à educação em museus permitiu desenvolver uma Ferramenta de Análise para avaliar a presença de indicadores de Alfabetização Científica. A pesquisa foi realizada em uma exposição no Jardim Botânico de São Paulo e teve duas unidades de coleta de dados: exposição e público. Em ambas foi empregada a Ferramenta de Análise, sendo que, para o público, a análise dos diálogos identificou ainda a presença de habilidades investigativas. Os resultados revelam que a exposição, apesar de não ter sido elaborada na perspectiva da Alfabetização Científica, contempla todos os indicadores propostos científicos, institucionais, sociais e estéticos/afetivos e carrega 10 dos 19 atributos estabelecidos pela Ferramenta de Análise, sendo o Indicador Científico o mais presente na exposição. Quanto à análise dos diálogos das famílias, o Indicador Científico também foi o mais presente, mostrando que as afinidades pessoais e as vivências com o meio natural despertam a atenção dos visitantes para os assuntos relacionados à ciência. As habilidades investigativas mais evidenciadas são: observação, questionamento e explicação. Concluímos que a exposição estudada incita a compreensão e a discussão de temas científicos relacionados às questões ambientais atuais discutidas pela sociedade. Como produto final de nossas análises, traçamos recomendações para a Alfabetização Científica em jardins botânicos. / There is a consensus in the current discussion regarding scientific literacy that this process occurs throughout life and in different educational grounds. In order to collaborate with this discussion, this study investigated if exhibitions in botanical gardens contribute to the scientific literacy of theirs visitors. Literature reviews related to scientific literacy and education in museums, allowed us to develop an Analytical Tool with the purpose to evaluate the presence of scientific literacy indicators. The research was conducted in an exhibition at the Botanical Garden of São Paulo, and we used two components to collect data: the exhibition itself and the public. The Analytical Tool was employed in both of them, and while the public was concerned, the analysis of the dialogues identified the presence of inquiry skills. The results showed that the exhibition, despite not being elaborated in the scientific literacy perspective, contemplates all of the proposed indicators scientific, institutional, social, and aesthetic/affective and carries ten out of the nineteen attributes established by the Analytical Tool, being the Scientific Indicator the most present in the exhibition. Regarding the analysis of families dialogues, the Scientific Indicator was also the most present, showing that personal affinities and experiences with natural environment arouse the visitors attention to subjects related to science. The most apparent inquiry skills are: observation, questioning, and explanation. We conclude that, the exhibition studied incites comprehension and the discussion of scientific themes related to current environmental issues debated by society. As a result, we recommend scientific literacy in botanical gardens.

Thesis (M.Sc. (Agriculture)) --University of Limpopo, 2017 / Root-knot nematodes (Meloidogyne species) are the major soil-borne pests of tomato (Solanum lycorpesicum) plants. Due to the global withdrawal of effective chemical nematicides from the agrochemical markets, nematodes are difficult to control under the production systems. Currently, botanicals are being researched and developed as alternative to chemical nematicides with promising results, although they have challenge of phytotoxicity. The objective of this study was to determine the Mean Concentration Stimulation Point (MCSP) of Tickberry (Lantana camara) extracts for tomato plant-infected with M. javanica. Treatments consisted of six levels of L. camara extracts, namely, 0, 2, 4, 6, 8 and 10% per pot, which were arranged in a randomised complete block design, with ten replicates. Tomato seedlings were inoculated with 2500 second-stage juveniles (J2S) of M. javanica at five days after transplanting, with treatments applied at seven days after inoculation. At 56 days after inoculation, L. camara extracts had positive effects on plant height, stem diameter, number of leaves, number of fruits and fruit mass, contributing 65, 74, 61, 25 and 61% in total treatment variation (TTV), respectively, under greenhouse conditions. Under microplot conditions, treatments contributed 55, 85, 61, 36 and 85% in TTV of the respective plant variables. Under greenhouse it contributed 60, 35 and 77% and 29, 79 and 70% under microplot on dry shoot mass, dry root mass and galling index respectively. Treatments did not have any effects on soil pH and electrical conductivity (EC). Under greenhouse conditions, treatments contributed 88, 94 and 92% in TTV of nematode in roots, soil and final population, respectively, whereas under microplot conditions 94, 97 and 95% in xvii TTV of the respective nematode stages. The derived mean concentration of L. camara extracts for tomato was 5.76 and 5.31% under microplot and greenhouse conditions, respectively. The overall sensitivity of tomato plants to L. camara extracts under microplot and greenhouse were 3 and 0, respectively. In conclusion Meloidogyne species can be managed using L. camara extracts 5.31 and 5.76% under glasshouse production and field production system respectively.