Bandpass microwave filters are often modeled as a set of coupled discrete and localized resonators. This model is adequate in the narrow-band case. It, however, fails to describe accurately compact structures where stray couplings can be strong. To address this problem, a new view is proposed in this thesis. Instead of basing the model on localized discrete resonances, we start by constructing a model that is based on the global resonances of the structure. These are the resonances that the ports see and emerge when the entire structure is treated as a single unit. The resulting circuit, the transversal circuit, is universal. It is valid for any coupled resonator filter. The circuit is used in optimization of compact and ultra wideband suspended stripline filters and excellent results were obtained. In order to relate the global-eigen modes model to the conventional model, the issue of representation of microwave filters is investigated in detail. It is shown that a microwave filter can be represented by an infinite number of similar coupling matrices by using different modes as basis. According to this new view, a similarity transformation in microwave coupled resonator filters is interpreted as a change of basis. Two circuits that are related by a similarity transformation represent the same filter structure by using different sets of modes as basis. These conclusions were exploited in establishing a design theory for filters with dual-mode cavities. The new theory leads to direct and accurate design techniques that need no, or minimal, optimization. No tuning is used in the CAD steps. Tuning may only be required to account for manufacturing tolerances. A new tuning configuration is described and validated by computer simulation. A novel dual-mode filter with improved quality factor and reduced sensitivity is developed and designed within the same approach. The filter is fabricated and measured and excellent results are achieved. The same design methodology was used to introduce a new class of dual-mode dual-band microwave filters with improved sensitivity. It is also shown that canonical dual-mode filters can be designed within the same view with minimal local optimization of the input cavity. / Thesis (Ph.D, Electrical & Computer Engineering) -- Queen's University, 2010-03-31 01:33:36.818

In this research, subsonic rarefied flows over a flat-plate at constant pressure are investigated using the direct simulation Monte Carlo (DSMC) technique. An infinitely thin plate (either finite or semi-infinite) with zero angle of attack is considered. Flows with a Mach number of 0.102 and 0.4 and a Reynolds number varying between 0.063 and 246 are considered covering most of the transitional regime between the free-molecule and the continuum limits. A two-dimensional DSMC code of G.A. Bird is used to simulate these flows, and the code is modified to examine the effects of various inflow and outflow boundary conditions. It is observed that simulations of the subsonic rarefied flows are sensitive to the applied boundary conditions. Several extrapolation techniques are considered for the evaluation of the flow properties at the inflow and outflow boundaries. Among various alternatives, four techniques are considered in which the solutions are found to be relatively less sensitive. In addition to the commonly used extrapolation techniques, in which the flow properties are taken from the neighboring boundary cells of the domain, a newly developed extrapolation scheme, based on tracking streamlines, is applied to the outflow boundaries, and the best results are obtained using the new extrapolation technique together with the Neumann boundary conditions. With the new technique, the flow is not distorted even when the computational domain is small. Simulations are performed for various freestream conditions and computational domain configurations, and excellent agreement is obtained with the available experimental data.

In this study, acoustic noise radiation through a duct in frequency domain is analyzed. Frequency domain linearized Euler equations are solved for turbofan exhaust noise propagation and radiation. The geometry in studied cases is assumed as axisymmetric. The acoustic waves are decomposed into periodic azimuthal modes. Characteristic boundary conditions, and buffer zone boundary conditions are employed. Iterative type pseudo time integration is employed. Nonuniform background flow effect on the radiation pattern is experienced. All computations are performed in parallel using MPI library routines in computer cluster. Results proved that the one with the buffer zone has a better radiation characteristic than the characteristic one because of absorbtion of spurious waves. It is seen that the efficiency of the buffer zone is frequency dependent.

Nachhaltige Architektur erfordert neue Bauformen, innovative Konstruktionen und die Verwendung neuartiger Baumaterialien. Zur Abschätzung des Risikos von feuchtebedingten Schäden finden Programme der hygrothermischen Bauteilsimulation Anwendung. Bei der Entwicklung solcher Simulationsprogramme spielt die korrekte Modellierung der Klimarandbedingungen eine entscheidende Rolle. Beim Übergang von der kurzwelligen horizontalen Strahlungsstromdichte auf die kurzwellige Strahlungsstromdichte eines beliebigen Bauteils müssen Himmelsrichtung der Flächennormalen und die Neigung des Bauteils zum Ausschluss von Eigenverschattung berücksichtigt werden. Das dargestellte integrale Modell erlaubt die Berechnung und Programmierung in einem hygrothermischen Simulationsprogramm. Für den Fall, dass nur Messwerte der globalen Strahlungsstromdichte zur Verfügung stehen, können die direkten und diffusen Anteile mithilfe geeigneter Modelle mit einer sehr guten Genauigkeit berechnet werden. Zur Berechnung der langwelligen Strahlungsbilanz eines Bauteils stehen nur selten jene Klimaparameter zur Verfügung, mit denen die atmosphärische langwellige Strahlungsflussdichte analytisch bestimmt werden kann, weshalb semi-empirische Modelle Anwendung finden müssen. Die langwellige Ausstrahlung der Atmosphäre kann mithilfe von bodennaher Lufttemperatur und Luftfeuchte sowie zweier Bedeckungsgrad-Indizes berechnet werden, welche die langwelligen Strahlungseigenschaften der Atmosphäre auf der Basis der vorhandenen kurzwelligen Strahlungsstromdichten beschreiben. Damit wird erstmals ein umfassendes Modell für die langwellige Strahlungsbilanz vorgelegt, welches alle Möglichkeiten der Datenverfügbarkeit berücksichtigt. Die Berechnung der Schlagregenstromdichte auf ein Bauteil kann mit den meisten vorliegenden semi-empirischen Modellen nur sehr ungenau erfolgen. Andere Verfahren, wie z.B. CFD-Simulationen, kommen wegen des beträchtlichen Aufwands meist nicht in Frage. Das bislang einzige vorliegende umfassende validierte semi-empirische Modell von Blocken kann durch die Berücksichtigung der mesoklimatischen Verhältnisse in seiner Genauigkeit verbessert werden. / Sustainable architecture requires new building design, innovative constructions and the use of newly developed building materials. In order to determine the risk of moisture-related damages, computer programs for hygrothermal building part simulation are being used. If one develops such a simulation program, correct modelling of climatic boundary conditions plays an important role. When calculating the shortwave solar radiation flux density at an arbitrary building part on the basis of the shortwave solar radiation flux density on the horizontal surface, one must take into consideration the orientation and the inclination of the building part in order to preclude self-shading. The presented integral model allows the calculation and the programming in a hygrothermal simulation program. If only measured values of global radiation flux density are available, direct and diffuse parts can be determined very precisely by means of validated models. When calculating the longwave radiation balance on a building part, the needed values for the correct determination of atmospheric longwave radiation are hardly available. That’s why semi-empirical models will be applied. The longwave radiation flux density of the atmosphere can be determined on the basis of near-ground temperature and relative humidity and two cloud cover indices, which describe the longwave irradiative properties of the atmosphere by means of available shortwave radiation flux densities. Therewith, firstly an integral model is being presented in order to determine longwave radiation balance, which considers all possibilities of data availability. Most models for determination of driving rain load work with very bad accuracy. Other methods such as computational fluid dynamics (CFD) are not possible for hygrothermal building part simulations because of the huge effort. The only fully validated semi-empirical model by Blocken can be improved, if meso-climatic boundary conditions are taken into consideration.

In this research, a new technique for modeling periodic structures in the finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) method is developed, and the technique is applied to the study of structural color in insects. Various recent supplements to the FDTD method, such as a nearly-perfect plane-wave injector and convolutional perfectly matched layer boundary condition, are used. A method for implementing the FDTD method on a parallel, distributed-memory computer cluster is given. To model a periodic structure, a single periodic cell is terminated by periodic boundary conditions (PBCs). A new technique for incorporating PBCs into the FDTD method is presented. The simplest version of the technique is limited to two-dimensional, singly-periodic geometries. The accuracy is demonstrated by comparing to independent results calculated with a frequency-domain, mode-matching method. The periodic FDTD method is then extended to the more general case of three-dimensional, doubly-periodic problems. This extension requires additional steps and imposes new limitations. The computational cost and limitations of the method are presented. Certain species of butterflies exhibit structural color, which is caused by quasi-periodic structures on the scales covering the wings. Numerical experiments are performed to develop a technique for modeling quasi-periodic structures using the periodic FDTD method. The observed structural color of butterflies is then calculated from the electromagnetic data using colorimetric theory. Three types of butterflies are considered. The first type are from the Morpho genus. These are typically a brilliant, almost metallic, blue color. The second type is the Troides magellanus, which exhibits an interplay of structural and pigmentary color, but the structural color is only visible near grazing incidence. The final type is the Ancyluris meliboeus, which exhibits iridescence on the ventral side. For all cases, the effects of changing the dimensions of various structural elements are considered. Finally, some earlier work on the design of TEM horn antennas is presented. The TEM horn is a simple and popular antenna, but only limited design information is available in the literature. A parametric study was performed, and the results are given. A complete derivation of the characteristic impedance of the basic antenna is also presented.

In this thesis, we have analyzed the accuracy and stability aspects of weak boundary and interface conditions (WBCs) for high order finite difference methods on Summations-By-Parts (SBP) form. The numerical technique has been applied to wave propagation and flow problems. The advantage of WBCs over strong boundary conditions is that stability of the numerical scheme can be proven. The boundary procedures in the advection-diffusion equation for a boundary layer problem is analyzed. By performing Navier-Stokes calculations, it is shown that most of the conclusions from the model problem carries over to the fully nonlinear case. The work was complemented to include the new idea of using WBCs on multiple grid points in a region, where the data is known, instead of at a single point. It was shown that we can achieve high accuracy, an increased rate of convergence to steady-state and non-reflecting boundary conditions by using this approach. Using the SBP technique and WBCs, we have worked out how to construct conservative and energy stable hybrid schemes for shocks using two different approaches. In the first method, we combine a high order finite difference scheme with a second order MUSCL scheme. In the second method, a procedure to locally change the order of accuracy of the finite difference schemes is developed. The main purpose is to obtain a higher order accurate scheme in smooth regions and a low order non-oscillatory scheme in the vicinity of shocks. Furthermore, we have analyzed the energy stability of the MUSCL scheme, by reformulating the scheme in the framework of SBP and artificial dissipation operators. It was found that many of the standard slope limiters in the MUSCL scheme do not lead to a negative semi-definite dissipation matrix, as required to get pointwise stability. Finally, high order simulations of shock diffracting over a convex wall with two facets were performed. The numerical study is done for a range of Reynolds numbers. By monitoring the velocities at the solid wall, it was shown that the computations were resolved in the boundary layer. Schlieren images from the computational results were obtained which displayed new interesting flow features.

La notion d’entropie d’intrication a eu un profond impact sur la physique théorique, particulièrement depuis ces dix dernières années. D’abord introduite afin expliquer l’entropie des trous noirs, son champ d’application s’est par la suite ouvert à une grande variété de domaines de recherche, de la matière condensée à la gravitation quantique, de l’information quantique à la théorie quantique des champs. Dans ce contexte scientifique effervescent, l’entropie d’intrication apparait comme un outil central et doit donc intensivement être étudiée. A l’origine de cette thèse se trouve le désir de mieux comprendre cette entropie. D’intéressants développements concernant les effets de bord sur l’entropie d’intrication ont vu le jour récemment. Nous proposons donc d’explorer comment le bord d’un espace affecte l’entropie, en particulier dans la situation où la surface d’intrication intersecte ce bord. Nous présentons des calculs explicites de l’entropie d’intrication en espace plat avec bords. Nous montrons que des termes induits par ces bords apparaissent dans l’entropie et nous soulignons le rôle prépondérant que jouent les conditions aux bords. Nous étudions ensuite la contribution de bord dans le terme logarithmique de l’entropie d’intrication en dimensions trois et quatre. Nous calculons en premier lieu ce terme en théorie des champs pour la théorie N = 4 de Yang-Mills, puis nous répétons ce calcul de manière holographique. Nous montrons que ces deux méthodes de calcul donnent le même résultat, si du côté théorie des champs les conditions aux bords préservent la moitié de la supersymétrie et que du côté gravité l’extension du bord dans le bulk est une surface minimale. / The entanglement entropy has had a tremendous and profound impact on theoretical physics, particularly since the last decade. First introduced in an attempt to explain black holes entropy, it has then found applications in a wide range of research areas, from condensed matter physics to quantum gravity, from quantum information to quantum field theory. In this exciting scientific context, the entanglement entropy has thus emerged as a useful and pivotal tool, and as such justifies the need to be intensively studied. At the heart of this thesis therefore lies the desire to better understand the entanglement entropy. Interesting developments during the recent years concern the boundary effects on the entanglement entropy. This dissertation proposes to explore the question of how the presence of spacetime boundaries affects the entropy, specifically in situations where the entangling surface intersects these boundaries. We present explicit calculations of entanglement entropy in flat spacetime with plane boundaries. We show that boundary induced terms appear in the entropy and we emphasize the prominent role of the boundary conditions. We then study the boundary contribution to the logarithmic term in the entanglement entropy in three and four dimensions. We perform the field theoretic computation of this boundary term for the free N = 4 super-gauge multiplet and then repeat the same calculation holographically. We show that these two calculations are in agreement provided that on the field theory side one chooses the boundary conditions which preserve half of the full supersymmetry and that on the gravity side the extension of the boundary in the bulk is minimal.

La restauration structurale a pour objectifs de déterminer la géométrie passée des roches et de valider les interprétations structurales. Les méthodes classiques sont basées sur des hypothèses géométriques et/ou cinématiques, et imposent un style de déformation. Les méthodes géomécaniques, en intégrant le comportement élastique des roches et les lois fondamentales de conservation mécanique, visent à résoudre les problèmes des méthodes classiques. Toutefois, il y a des incertitudes sur le choix des paramètres élastiques, et les contraintes de maillage rendent difficile l’utilisation de cette méthode comme un outil de validation des interprétations structurales. Le choix d’une méthode de restauration en particulier est rendu difficile par le fait qu’il y ait plusieurs approches de restauration géomécanique, en plus des nombreuses méthodes géométriques et cinématiques. Cette thèse présente en premier lieu une revue des différentes méthodes géomécaniques 3D visant à déplisser et annuler l’action des failles dans un modèle géologique. L’objectif de cette revue est de présenter les forces ainsi que les limites, théoriques et pratiques, de chaque méthode. Dans un second temps, à travers la restauration d’un modèle analogique (sandbox), nous présentons nos travaux sur le choix de conditions aux limites appropriées pour obtenir un modèle restauré cohérent. Ce modèle structural expérimental a été déformé en laboratoire et présente plusieurs analogies avec des structures extensives postérieures à une base salifère. Grâce à l’observation de l’évolution temporelle de la géométrie du modèle analogique sur une coupe, nous montrons qu’une condition aux limites correspondant à un raccourcissement latéral est nécessaire. Ce raccourcissement peut être estimé par la méthode de la surface transférée. De plus, nous définissons de nouvelles conditions aux limites de contacts de failles pour restaurer correctement le réseau de failles complexe du modèle analogique. Ces nouvelles conditions lient les bords internes des surfaces de failles et connectent les composantes connexes des failles coupées et déplacées par des failles plus récentes. Troisièmement, le test de différents paramètres élastiques indique que le module de Young, défini homogène au sein d’un modèle géologique, n’a quasiment pas d’effet sur le champ de déplacement. Toutefois, le coefficient de Poisson a un impact significatif sur la dilatation volumique. Dans un dernier temps, nous comparons la restauration géomécanique avec une méthode géométrique qui repose sur un modèle chronostratigraphique (GeoChron) qui fait une bijection de chaque point du sous-sol avec son équivalent dans l’espace de dépôt (Wheeler). Nous montrons que les deux approches de restauration fournissent des modèles restaurés du modèle analogique qui sont similaires géométriquement. La méthode géométrique a de nombreux avantages pour obtenir rapidement et avec précision le modèle restauré, mais elle manque de flexibilité sur le choix des contraintes de la déformation. La force de la méthode géomécanique est de pouvoir définir des conditions aux limites personnalisées et des comportements mécaniques spécifiques pour gérer les contextes mécaniquement complexes / Structural restoration aims to recover rock paleo-geometries and to validate structural interpretations. The classical methods are based on geometric/kinematic assumptions and impose a style of deformation. Geomechanical methods, by integrating rock elastic behavior and fundamental mechanical conservation laws, aim to solve issues of classical methods. However several studies show that the geomechanical restoration lacks physical consistency in particular because of the boundary conditions. There are uncertainties on the choice of the elastic properties, and the meshing constraints limit this method to be used as a validation tool of structural interpretations. The choice of a specific restoration method is difficult because there are many geomechanical restoration approaches, in addition to the numerous geometric/kinematic methods. Firstly, this thesis presents a review of the various 3D geomechanical methods to unfold and unfault a 3D geological model. The objective is to present their, theoretical and practical, strengths and limits. Secondly, through the restoration of a structural sandbox model, we worked on the choice of adequate boundary conditions to get a proper restored model. This structural sandbox model was deformed in laboratory and presents several analogies with supra-salt extensional structures. Thanks to the observation of the analog model geometry through time on a cross section, we show that a lateral shortening boundary condition is necessary. We show that this shortening can be estimated by the area-depth method. Moreover we define new fault contact conditions to handle complex fault networks. These novel conditions tie internal fault borders and join parts of offset faults. Thirdly, the test of several elastic parameters shows that Young’s modulus, homogeneous within a geological model, has almost no effect on the restoration displacement field. However, Poisson’s ratio has a significant impact on the volume dilatation. Finally, we compare the mechanics-based restoration method with a geometric-based method relying on a chronostratigraphic model (GeoChron) mapping any point of the subsurface to its image in depositional (Wheeler) space. We show that both methods provide a geometrically similar restored state for the analog model. The geometric method has numerous advantages to quickly and accurately get a restored model, but it lacks flexibility on the choice of the deformation constraints. The geomechanical restoration method force is to define custom boundary conditions and specific mechanical behaviors to handle complex contexts

Submitted by Maike Costa (maiksebas@gmail.com) on 2016-03-15T13:04:40Z No. of bitstreams: 1 arquivototal.pdf: 6077553 bytes, checksum: 3cad3094833d2fdc458897bedccb4917 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-03-15T13:04:40Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 arquivototal.pdf: 6077553 bytes, checksum: 3cad3094833d2fdc458897bedccb4917 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-08-08 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / In this work, we investigate in parallel physical and mathematical aspects inherent to the problem of confinement of massless Dirac fermions in graphene nanostructures. In a low energy approach, we propose models to describe confining systems in graphene and study how the choice of boundary conditions of the problem - or, equivalently, of domains of the Dirac operator - affects the physical properties of such systems. In this scenario, we concentrate essentially on the study of the physical behavior of graphene nanorings and nanoribbons in response to aspects such as topology, edge and interface geometry and interactions with external fields. At the same time, a rigorous investigation concerning formal aspects of the problem and the way that they manifest themselves physically is also performed. In light of the theory of linear operators on Hilbert spaces, we analyze the role played by the notion of self-adjointness in the problem and establish sets of boundary conditions physically acceptable in graphene, which mathematically corresponds to the definition of self-adjoint extensions of the Dirac Hamiltonian from the continuum description. Sets proposed in the treatment of some studied configurations are approached in this context. In addition, we present a particular study in which we examine the influence of topological defects on the physics of massive fermions in graphene in the presence of Coulomb and uniform magnetic fields. / Neste trabalho, investigamos paralelamente os aspectos físicos e matemáticos inerentes ao problema do confinamento de férmions de Dirac sem massa em nanoestruturas de grafeno. Em uma abordagem no limite de baixas energias, propomos modelos para descrever sistemas confinantes no âmbito da física do grafeno e estudamos de que modo a escolha das condições de contorno do problema - ou, equivalentemente, dos domínios do operador de Dirac - exercem influência sobre as propriedades físicas de tais sistemas. Neste cenário, concentramo-nos essencialmente no estudo do comportamento físico de nanoanéis e nanofitas de grafeno em resposta a aspectos como topologia, geometria de borda e interface e interações com campos externos. Ao mesmo tempo, também é realizada uma rigorosa investigação acerca dos aspectos formais do problema e do modo como eles se refletem fisicamente. À luz da teoria dos operadores lineares em espaços de Hilbert, analisamos o papel desempenhado pela noção de self-adjointness na modelagem do problema e estabelecemos conjuntos de condições de contorno fisicamente aceitáveis relativamente ao grafeno, o que corresponde matematicamente à definição de extensões auto-adjuntas do Hamiltoniano de Dirac da descrição do contínuo. Conjuntos propostos no tratamento de algumas das configurações estudadas são abordados neste contexto. Além disso, apresentamos um estudo à parte em que examinamos a influência de defeitos topológicos na física de férmions com massa no grafeno na presença de interações de Coulomb e de campos magnéticos uniformes.

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / The turbulent flow simulation through the Boussinesq s hypothesis is represented, currently, by two distinct methodologies, the Large-Eddy Simulation (LES) and the Reynolds Averaged Navier-Stokes Equations (RANS). New Hybrid RANS/LES methods are in development, taking off advantage of LES and RANS potentialities through a one only model. The present work deals with the evaluation of these three methodologies, LES, RANS and Hybrid RANS/LES through the turbulent backward-facing step flow simulation. This classical flow is a benchmark for new turbulence models due to the fact that, despite its simple geometry, it presents a very complex generation of three-dimensional structures, influencing the transition phenomenon and properties such as characteristics frequencies of vortex emission and reattachment length. Parallel to this, an inlet turbulent boundary condition influence study showed that the statistical and topological content of the inlet boundary layer profile can modify substantially results like reattachment length and pressure coefficient. A recycling method for generating three-dimensional, time-dependent turbulent boundary layer inflow data for Large-Eddy and Hybrid RANS/LES simulation is employed. Results for the three methodologies disclose that Large-Eddy Simulation and Hybrid RANS/LES methods present very similar descriptions for the turbulent backward-facing step flow, differing from the RANS s results, where the second order statistical moments are totally suppressed, with absence of three-dimensional and transient structures. / A simulação numérica de escoamentos turbulentos através da hipótese de Boussinesq é representada, atualmente, por duas grandes metodologias distintas, a Simulação de Grandes Escalas (LES Large-Eddy Simulation) e as Equações Médias de Reynolds (RANS Reynolds Averaged Navier-Stokes). Uma nova metodologia, chamada de Híbrida RANS/LES, está em desenvolvimento, tirando proveito das potencialidades das metodologias tradicionais LES e RANS através de um único modelo. O presente trabalho trata da avaliação das três metodologias, LES, RANS e Híbrida RANS/LES de modelagem da turbulência através da simulação numérica do escoamento turbulento sobre um degrau. Os modelos são avaliados através deste escoamento, que apesar de simples geometricamente, é capaz de gerar um escoamento complexo, com regiões de escoamento parietal e cisalhante livre. Juntamente com a modelagem da turbulência, um estudo de imposição de condições de contorno turbulentas na entrada do domínio utilizado revelou que tão importante quanto o modelo de turbulência, as condições de contorno empregadas modificam substancialmente os resultados obtidos. Foi implementado um modelo de geração de contorno baseado no escalonamento de informações internas do escoamento de forma a satisfazer estatística e topologicamente o caráter turbulento da condição de contorno na entrada. Resultados para as três metodologias revelam que a Simulação de Grandes Escalas e métodos Híbridos RANS/LES apresentam descrições muito semelhantes para o escoamento turbulento sobre o degrau, diferindo dos resultados da metodologia RANS, onde momentos estatísticos de segunda ordem são suprimidos, com ausência de estruturas tridimensionais e transientes. / Mestre em Engenharia Mecânica