Doctor of Philosophy / Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology / Daniel U. Thomson / A series of studies were conducted in order to develop, test, implement, and utilize an objective and comprehensive gross pathology scoring system for cattle at slaughter. Individual lung, liver, and rumen gross pathology data was collected from 19,229 head of cattle and corresponding individual pre-harvest and carcass data for a subset of 13,226 head.. Across the entire population 22.6% and 9.8% of cattle displayed mild and severe lesions, respectively. Severe lung lesions at the time of slaughter were associated with a decreased ADG of 0.07 kg/ day and a carcass weight 7.1 kg less than that of their cohorts with no visible signs of pulmonary BRDC lesions (P < 0.01). Overall, 68.6 % of cattle observed had normal livers, free from abscesses and other abnormalities. Cattle with a severe liver abscess at the time of slaughter were associated with a 0.10 kg/day during the feeding period (P < 0.01). Of cattle severely affected by liver abscesses (A+, 4.6%), 14.9% also displayed severe BRDC lung lesions and 28.3 % of cattle displayed mild BRDC lung lesions. Rumenitis lesions were observed in 24.1% of the overall study population. Severe rumenitis lesions were associated with a significant decrease in average daily gain and carcass weight (0.03kg/day and 2.20 kg, respectively, P < 0.01). The system was also implemented on a population of cull cows at a commercial abattoir in the Great Lakes region of the U.S. (n=1,461; 87% Holstein, 13% other cows). Severe liver abscesses, were observed in 18.5% of cull cows at slaughter. Severe rumenitis lesions or rumenitis scars were observed in 10% and severe BRDC lesions were observed in 10.3% o of the population. A prospective study of a commercially available, direct fed microbial oral drench of Megasphaera elsdenii (NCIMB 41125) was conducted in 4,863 head of yearling feeder cattle. No significant effects of treatment were detected for final live weight (599 vs. 601 kg; P=0.79) or hot carcass weight (386 vs. 387 kg P=0.81) for Con and M.e., respectively. Fourteen point two percent and 14.0% of Con and M.e., respectively displayed a liver abscess of varying severity at the time of slaughter. Overall, 8.27 and 7.96% % of Con and M.e. cattle were observed with an altered rumen epithelial health status. The ordinal odds ratio of a M.e. treated animal having a more severe liver abscess score or rumen health score was not significant (Estimate: 0.96, 95% C.L. 0.733-1.259, P=0.771; Estimate: 1.01, 95% C.L. 0.625-1.63 P=0.96, respectively.) Comprehensive monitoring of gross pathology at slaughter is commercially plausible and provides valuable data for veterinarians, nutritionists and management personnel.

Master of Veterinary Biomedical Sciences / Department of Clinical Sciences / Bradley White / Objective- To compare serologic response and viral replication following intranasal administration of a modified-live bovine rhinotracheitis (IBR) parainfluenza-3 (PI-3) vaccine in high (32°C) and moderate (21°C) ambient temperatures. Animals- 28 heifers (mean body weight, 206.8 kg) Procedures- Heifers randomly allocated to treatment groups: High Ambient Temperature (HAT, n=10): received vaccine, housed outdoors, Moderate Ambient Temperature (MAT, n=10): received vaccine, housed indoors, High Ambient Control (HAC, n=4): no vaccine, housed outdoors, Moderate Ambient Control (MAC, n=4): no vaccine, housed indoors. Rectal and nasal mucosal temperatures were recorded every 2 hours from 8am to 8pm on trial days 0 and 1. Nasal swabs were collected on trial days 0 through 7 for virus isolation. Serum samples were collected for serology on trial days 0, 7, 14, and 28. Results- Rectal temperatures did not differ among treatment groups over the study period, but nasal temperatures were higher in the HAT calves compared to MAT group at study hours: 6, 24, 30, 32, and 38. Two weeks post-vaccination, IBR titers were significantly greater in vaccinates (HAT,MAT) relative to non-vaccinates (HAC, LAC), but no differences were identified among HAT and MAT. Viable IBR virus was recovered via virus isolation from all vaccinated calves (HAT,MAT) on trial days 1 through 6. Conclusions and Clinical Relevance- The ability to isolate IBR and stimulate the calf immune response following administration of a modified-live IBR-PI3 intranasal vaccine did not differ in calves housed in temperature-controlled and high ambient temperature environments.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-07-29T15:07:38Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertacao Marcus L G Rezende.pdf: 1012119 bytes, checksum: 7a1b79b8bc4ccbbdcb5a9578a1fc487f (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-11-30 / Producing more in less physical space and in less time, increasing the profitability and reducing sanitary and economical risks are some of the challenges of the Brazilian livestock that the intensive breeding aims to supplant. A considerable increase in the number of confining unities as well as in feedlot cattle is already observed, thus, the attention to the control of pathological alterations deriving from the production intensification that can compromise the profitability and the economical viability of such activities should also increase. Considering the context presented herein, this essay aimed to analyze the economical/sanitary viability of the usage of florfenicol (40 mg/kg) in the metaphylaxis of bovine respiratory diseases (BRD) in feedlot cattle in the state of Goiás, where two groups totalizing 125 animals were concurrently monitored during 100 days. The first group, having 32 animals, was maintained under the standard sanitary protocol of the confining groups and it was called control (G1). The second group, having 93 animals, was submitted to metaphylaxis with florfenicol (40 mg/kg) at the beginning of the confinement and it was called metaphylaxis (G2). In the both groups, the sanitary and the productive standards were evaluated and a financial analysis was performed in order to economically validate the method. The animals were examined, weighted and materials for analyses were collected at the beginning and at the end of the confinement, when the occurrence of respiratory problems in the animals was evaluated. The animals submitted to metaphylaxis with florfenicol had a daily weight gain (DWG) superior to the one of the animals pertaining to the control group, and the indexes of BRD demonstrated through the analysis of the method viability (MV) were superior to 2.7%, which justifies the investment in the prevention of BRD. / Produzir mais em menor espaço físico e em menor tempo, incrementando a lucratividade e reduzindo os riscos sanitários e econômicos são alguns dos desafios da pecuária brasileira que a criação intensiva procura suplantar. Já se observa considerável aumento no número de unidades confinadoras, bem como de animais confinados; e do mesmo modo, cresce a atenção ao controle das alterações patológicas decorrentes da intensificação da produção e que possam comprometer a lucratividade e a viabilidade econômica da atividade. Considerando este cenário, o presente trabalho pretendeu analisar a viabilidade econômico/sanitária da utilização do florfenicol (40mg/Kg) na metafilaxia da doença respiratória bovina (DRB) em bovinos confinados no estado de Goiás, onde foram acompanhados concomitantemente durante o período de 100 dias dois grupos com 125 animais. O primeiro grupo foi mantido sob o protocolo sanitário padrão do grupo confinador e com 32 animais foi designado controle (G1). O segundo grupo, com 93 animais foi submetido à metafilaxia com florfenicol (40mg/Kg) a entrada do confinamento e designado metafilaxia (G2). Em ambos os grupos foram avaliados padrões sanitários e produtivos, também foram realizadas análises financeiras para a validação econômica do método. Os animais foram examinados, pesados e colhidos materiais para análise na entrada e saída do confinamento, período em que se avaliou a ocorrência de problemas respiratórios nos animais. Foi observado que os animais submetidos à metafilaxia com florfenicol tiveram um ganho de peso diário (GPD) superior aos animais do grupo controle, e os índices de DRB demonstrados por meio da análise de viabilidade do método (VM) foram superiores a 2,7%, justificando o investimento na prevenção da DRB.

<p>Bovine respiratory disease (BRD) is an ongoing health and economic issue in the dairy and beef cattle industry. Also, there are multiple risk factors that make an animal susceptible to BRD and it's diagnosis and treatment is a challenge for producers. Four bacterial species, <em>Mannheimia haemolytica, Pasteurella multocida, Histophilus somni, </em>and<em> Mycoplasma bovis</em> have been associated with BRD mortalities. Hence, this study aims to characterize the cattle nasal microbiome as a potential additional diagnostic method to identify animals suspected to have a lung infection. Quantitative PCR and 16S rRNA gene sequencing were used to determine the bacterial load of these four bacterial pathogens in the nasal microbiome of apparently healthy (N=75) and (N=58) affected by BRD Holstein steers. We then sought to identify a value or equation that could be used to discriminate between BRD and healthy animals using a Linear Discriminant Model (LDA). Additionally, co-occurrence between commensal bacterial and BRD-pathogens were also identified. Cattle diagnosed with BRD presented lower richness, evenness and phylogenetic diversity than healthy pen-mates. Bacterial species and genera <em>Truperella pyrogenes </em>and <em>Bibersteina</em> were increased in the BRD group, and the species <em>Mycoplasma bovirhinis</em> and <em>Clostridium sensu stricto</em> increased in the healthy group. Prevalence of <em>H. somni </em>(98%)<em> </em>and <em>P. multocida </em>(97%) were the highest regardless of disease diagnosis in all the samples. Prevalence of <em>M. haemolytica </em>(81 vs. 61%) and<em> M. bovis </em>(74 vs. 50.7%) were higher in the BRD group. The bacterial density of <em>M. haemolytica</em> and<em> M. bovis </em>was also higher in the BRD group, whereas <em>Histophilus somni</em> was lower in the BRD group. Five different models were tested using LDA, and one model produced a sensitivity and specificity of 60% and 81% agreement with diagnosis based on animal symptoms. Co-occurrence analysis demonstrated that the nasal microbiome members are more likely to interact with each other than associations between BRD-pathogens and nasal microbiome members. This study offers insight into the BRD-pathogens prevalence and difference in nasal microbiome between healthy and BRD animals and provides a potential platform for future studies and potential pen-side diagnostic testing.</p>

Made available in DSpace on 2014-08-20T14:37:53Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 dissertacao_nathalia_assis_brasil_resumo.pdf: 8786 bytes, checksum: 29067eed0bac7715d60b7e64baf7f05f (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-12-07 / This study aimed to survey the major diseases that affect calves under one year of age in area of influence of the Regional Diagnostic Laboratory, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Pelotas, from 2000 to 2011. The results of this study are presented in the form of two scientific papers. The first one refers to the data of a general survey of the main causes of death in this animal category, establishing the epidemiological conditions in which they occur. The second paper describes the epidemiology, clinical signs and pathology of respiratory diseases occuring in the same animal category. Immunohistochemical of cases of enzootic pneumonia suspected to be caused by bovine respiratory syncytial virus were also performed. / Este trabalho teve como objetivo realizar um levantamento das principais enfermidades que acometem bezerros até um ano de idade na área de influência do Laboratório Regional de Diagnóstico da Faculdade de Veterinária da Universidade Federal de Pelotas no período de 2000 a 2011. O trabalho está apresentado na forma de dois artigos científicos. O primeiro deles refere-se os dados de um levantamento geral das principais causas de morte nesta categoria animal, estabelecendo-se as condições epidemiológicas em que as mesmas ocorrem. O segundo trabalho apresenta a epidemiologia, sinais clínicos e patologia das pneumonias que ocorrem nesta mesma categoria animal. Foi realizado também um estudo imuno-histoquímico dos casos de pneumonia enzoótica suspeitos de serem causados pelo vírus respiratório sincicial bovino.

Objectif : La bronchopneumonie infectieuse (BPI) est une affection des voies respiratoires inférieures due à l’interaction entre des agents microbiens, des facteurs environnementaux et des facteurs propres à l’individu. Malgré des années de recherche, la BPI reste prévalente en élevage de génisses de remplacement et de veaux lourds engendrant des pertes économiques majeures et une forte consommation d’antibiotiques dans ces élevages. Le score clinique respiratoire diagnostique (SCRD), l’auscultation thoracique, l’échographie thoracique et la radiographie thoracique sont des tests couramment utilisés pour détecter la BPI. Cependant, leurs performances diagnostiques actuelles à savoir : leurs facultés à détecter les veaux malades (sensibilité; Se) et leurs facultés à détecter les veaux non malades (spécificité; Sp) sont sous-optimales pour détecter adéquatement les veaux de race laitière nécessitant d’être traités avec des antibiotiques et/ou des anti-inflammatoires. L’objectif général de cette thèse était donc d’améliorer les stratégies de détection du statut actif de la BPI, statut nécessitant un traitement (d’antibiotiques et/ou d’anti-inflammatoires), afin, d’une part, de mieux diagnostiquer les veaux malades, diminuer les impacts économiques de la maladie et améliorer le bien-être des veaux ; et d’autre part, favoriser l’emploi judicieux des antibiotiques en traitant uniquement les veaux qui en ont besoin. Pour répondre à cet objectif général, 3 sous-objectifs spécifiques ont été définis : (1) développer un SCRD, en identifiant et validant les signes cliniques avec une bonne répétabilité interopérateurs pour diagnostiquer le statut actif de la BPI à l’échelle individuelle et populationnelle; (2) Améliorer les stratégies diagnostiques des tests d’imagerie médicale en comparant l’échographie et la radiographie thoracique pour détecter les lésions pulmonaires et le statut actif de la BPI; (3) Améliorer l’échographie thoracique en standardisant la technique (ajout ou non du lobe crânial droit) et l’interprétation (seuil de profondeur) afin d’en optimiser ces performances pour détecter le statut actif de la BPI. Méthodes : (1) 800 veaux lourds de 80 lots ont été filmés à l’aide d’une caméra portative lors de leur évaluation clinique. Différentes séquences vidéo ont été aléatoirement sélectionnées et soumises à un panel d’évaluateur constitué de producteurs de veaux lourds, techniciens et médecins vétérinaires. La variabilité interopérateurs de chaque signe clinique a été évaluée. Les signes cliniques ayant la meilleure répétabilité ont été retenus pour le développement et la validation d’un SCRD en utilisant un modèle bayésien d’analyse de classe latente. Enfin, des stratégies diagnostiques des BPI au niveau populationnel ont été développées; (2) 50 veaux hospitalisés ont reçu une échographie et une radiographie thoracique. La tomodensitométrie thoracique (CT scan) a été utilisé comme gold standard pour vérifier les individus positifs à l’un des deux tests. Les performances des deux tests ont été comparées pour détecter d’abord les lésions pulmonaires en comparant avec les résultats du CT scan, puis le statut actif de la BPI défini par trois experts; (3) la Se et la Sp pour diagnostiquer le statut actif de BPI de différents sites d’échographie thoracique et différents seuils de profondeur de consolidation pulmonaire ont été évalués à l’aide de modèles utilisant une analyse bayésienne à classe latente dans une population de génisse de remplacement et une population de veaux lourds. Résultats : (1) La position des oreilles et la toux induite étaient les signes cliniques de BPI les plus répétables. Le SCRD développé et validé consiste à évaluer ces deux signes cliniques ainsi que la température rectale (anormale T≥ 39.5◦C) sur 10 veaux d’un lot, deux semaines après leur arrivée en parc d’engraissement. La présence de 3 veaux avec deux de ces prédicteurs implique que le lot a 94 % de chance d’avoir une prévalence du statut actif de BPI ≥ 0.10. Avec moins de 3 veaux, le lot à 95 % de chance de ne pas avoir une prévalence ≥ 0.10; (2) Pour détecter les lésions pulmonaires, les Se et Sp de l’échographie thoracique étaient de 0,81 (intervalle de crédit bayésien à 95 % (ICB95%): 0,65; 0,92) et 0,90 (ICB95 %: 0,81; 0,96), respectivement. Les Se et Sp de la radiographie thoracique étaient de 0,86 (ICB95%: 0,62; 0,99) et 0,89 (ICB95%: 0,67; 0,99), respectivement. Pour détecter le statut actif de la BPI, les Se et Sp de l’échographie thoracique étaient de 0,84 (intervalle de confiance à 95% (IC95%): 0,60; 0,97) et 0,74 (IC95 %: 0,57; 0,86), respectivement. La Se et Sp de la radiographie thoracique étaient de 0,89 (IC95%: 0,67; 0,99) et 0,58 (IC95%: 0,39; 0,75), respectivement. Aucune différence n’était présente entre les deux tests pour détecter les lésions pulmonaires ou le statut actif de BPI; (3) La détection échographique de lésions de consolidation pulmonaire des sites caudaux au cœur avec une profondeur ≥ 3 cm conclut à la présence du statut actif de BPI avec une Se de 0,89 (ICB95%: 0,55; 1,00) et une Sp de 0,95 (ICB95%: 0,92; 0,98). Conclusion : Dans cette thèse, nous avons amélioré les stratégies diagnostiques pour détecter les veaux à traiter de BPI. L’utilisation de ces résultats pour élaborer des algorithmes décisionnels devrait ultimement permettre de diminuer les pertes économiques et de raffiner l’utilisation d’antibiotiques. / Objectives: Infectious bronchopneumonia (BPI) is the infection of the lower respiratory tract implying an interaction between microbial agents, environment, and host. Despite decades of research, BPI remains omnipresent in dairy and veal calves, responsible for major economic losses and antimicrobial consumption. Clinical respiratory scoring system (CRSC), lung auscultation, thoracic ultrasonography, and thoracic radiography are the most popular tests used to detect BPI in calves. However, the sensitivity (Se) (i.e., faculty to detect sick calves) and the specificity (Sp) (i.e., faculty to detect healthy calves) are suboptimal to accurately detecting dairy and veal calves to treat. Our main objective was to improve the diagnostic strategies to detect active BPI (BPI status needed a treatment) in order to: firstly, better diagnose sick calves, reduce BPI economic losses and improve calves’ welfare; secondly, reduce antimicrobial consumption by treating only calves that need it. For this purpose, three sub-objectives have been defined: (1) develop and validate a CRSC including inter-operator reliable respiratory clinical signs to detect active BPI at calf-level and group level; (2) compare thoracic ultrasonography and thoracic radiography to detect lung lesions and active BPI; (3) standardize thoracic ultrasonography technique (sites to ultrasound) and interpretation (lung consolidation depth threshold) to promote thoracic ultrasonography Se and Sp to detect active BPI. Methods: (1) 800 veal calves from 80 batches were filmed with a portative camera during their clinical exam. Videos were randomly selected and assessed by producers, technicians, and veterinarians. The reliability of each respiratory clinical sign was assessed. The most reliable respiratory clinical signs were kept in order to develop and validate a CRSC using latent class Bayesian analysis. Batch-level diagnostic strategies were developed; (2) Fifty hospitalized calves underwent thoracic ultrasonography and thoracic radiography. Thoracic tomography (CT scan) was used as a gold standard to check positive calves on one of both tests. Se and Sp of both tests were compared to detect lung lesions and active BPI defined by three experts; (3) Se and Sp of different ultrasound sites and different lung consolidation depth thresholds were estimated to detect active BPI using latent class Bayesian analysis in both dairy calves and veal calves’ populations. Results: (1) Ear droop/head tilt and induced cough were the most reliable respiratory clinical signs. The CRSC developed and validated implies assessing those clinical signs with rectal temperature (abnormal T≥ 39.5◦C) in 10 calves from a batch at two weeks after arriving at the fattening unit. Having two abnormal characteristics of those predictors in three calves implies that a batch has 94% of having an active BPI prevalence ≥ 0.10. A batch with <3 positive calves on 10 has 95% of not having an active BPI prevalence ≥ 0.10; (2) For detecting lung lesions, the Se and Sp of thoracic ultrasonography were 0.81 (95% Bayesian credible interval (95%BCI): 0.65; 0.92) and 0.90 (95%BCI: 0.81; 0.96), respectively. The Se and Sp of thoracic radiography were 0.86 (95%BCI: 0.62; 0.99) and 0.89 (95%BCI: 0.67; 0.99), respectively. For detecting active BPI, the Se and Sp of thoracic ultrasonography were 0.84 (95% confidence interval (95%CI): 0.60; 0.97) and 0.74 (95%CI: 0.57; 0.86), respectively. The Se and Sp of thoracic radiography were 0.89 (95%CI: 0.67; 0.99) and 0.58 (95%CI: 0.39; 0.75), respectively. There was no difference between both tests to detect both lung lesions and active BPI; (3) Thoracic ultrasonography of the sites caudal of the heart with a depth lung consolidation ≥ 3 cm has a Se of 0.89 (95%BCI: 0.55; 1.00) and a Sp of 0.95 (95%BCI: 0.92; 0.98). Conclusion: We improved diagnostic strategies to detect active BPI in this thesis. Using our results to elaborate decisional algorithms would reduce economic losses and antimicrobial consumption of BPI in dairy and veal calves.

<p dir="ltr">ABSTRACT</p><p dir="ltr">Bovine Respiratory Disease (BRD) poses a significant challenge in the dairy and beef industry, contributing to high mortality, morbidity, and economic costs. Extensive research has aimed to enhance BRD diagnosis, focusing on various factors such as predisposition, environment, and epidemiology. While diverse methods have been developed for BRD detection, including clinical signs, behavioral changes, lung consolidation assessment via ultrasonography, and molecular techniques for microbiome analysis, accurate diagnosis remain inconsistent. Notably, many studies lack exploration of microbial interactions (fungi, viruses, and bacteria) within BRD-affected animals compared to healthy ones. Moreover, the impact of age, disease, and antibiotic treatment on the microbiome community remains understudied. Thus, additional analysis is crucial to understand the relationships between these factors and BRD development. This dissertation is divided into two parts, each addressing specific conditions. The first part focuses on characterizing the nasopharyngeal (NP) microbiome of dairy calves, pre-weaned and post-transported, and those diagnosed with BRD within the first two weeks of life. The objective is to identify NP microbiome changes as indicators of disease development, considering antibiotic treatment effects on NP alpha and beta diversity. The second part delves into characterizing the fungal and bacterial nasal cavity among BRD-affected and healthy cattle within the same pen. This section, presented in three chapters, explores the bovine nasal mycobiome in beef cattle, as well as the nasal microbiome in both dairy and beef cattle. The overarching goals of these studies are to evaluate differences in the nasal mycobiome or microbiome community between BRD-affected and healthy cattle, focusing on alpha, beta, and community compositions as potential disease indicators. Additionally, the aim is to determine if BRD-affected cattle exhibit higher abundance of BRD-pathobionts (fungi and bacteria) in the nasal cavity compared to healthy pen-mates. In conclusion, findings from this research emphasize the importance of incorporating both mycobiome and microbiome analyses in understanding BRD development. Future studies should consider geographical influences on nasal microbiome structure, highlighting the need for separate investigations in dairy and beef calves due to breed variations. Ultimately, studying mycobiome and microbiome ecology offers insights into microbial transitions from commensal to pathogenic farms in the bovine upper respiratory tract, supporting advancements in BRD prevention or mitigation strategies.</p>

The purpose of this study is to evaluate the value of systematic thoracic ultrasonography (TUS) for detecting bovine respiratory disease (BRD) related lung damage in Holstein x Angus crossbred calves. Because the dairy industry is known to operate on small profit margins, it is important to assess the potential of this technology to help prevent the main source of financial loss related to calf production that dairy producers face. Studies have shown that BRD may impact nearly a fourth of all dairy calves before weaning. In an industry that is currently growing and evolving, it is important that producers have all the necessary resources to operate efficiently. TUS is known to be a quick and accurate predictor of BRD related lung damage, but this study focuses on the financial implications of BRD related lung damage on calf growth and efficiency—average daily gain (ADG) and milk-to-gain (M:G)—and the value of implementing TUS information to make sound management decisions. TUS along with BRD diagnosis information give producers a unique perspective on future growth and development of calves and could be part of the solution to promote larger profit margins for dairy producers. We find that the value associated with TUS and BRD diagnosis information is between $0.88/head and $13.44/head and depends on BRD incidence rate, feed price, and feeder price. Depending on the cost to the farm, it may be beneficial to implement this as a way to manage BRD damage, which we know to influence calf growth and efficiency.