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The purpose of this bachelor’s thesis is to investigate the uses of spherical robots and on a prototype basis construct and control a dirigible bowling ball. The robot is able to steer left and right after being thrown by the user. This occurs due to a weight displacement inside the ball when a weighted pendulum swings left and right by being radio controlled from afar. The goal of the report is to investigate how well this robot will be able to steer and if it can achievea desired strike. Further, this report will investigate the use of Radio Frequency (RF) signals between a hand controller and the ball and at what distance this method will work. This robot is strictly made for scientific purposes, the authors do not advocate cheating in the sport of bowling in any way. / Syftet med denna kandidatuppsats är att undersöka användningen av sfäriska robotar och på en prototypbasis konstruera och styra ett styrbart bowlingklot. Roboten kommer att kunna styras åt vänster och höger efter att ha kastats avanvändaren. Detta inträffar på grund av en viktförskjutning inuti klotet då en viktad pendel svänger åt vänster och åt höger genom att radiostyras på håll. Målet med rapporten är att undersöka hur bra den här roboten kommer att kunna kontrolleras och om en strike kan uppnås med den nya och samlade kunskapen. Vidare kommer användningen av Radio frekventa (RF)-signaler mellan en handkontroll och klotet att undersökas, hur väl detta kan implementeras och även på hur långt avstånd denna metod kan fungera. Denna robot är endast gjord för vetenskapliga ändamål, författarna förespråkar inte fusk i sporten bowling på något sätt.

This thesis deals with the design of an automatic non-string pinsetter machine for nine-pin bowling. Firstly, a summary of rules and technical standards important for constructing an automatic pinsetter machine was created. The next part of the thesis contains market research and verification of patent safety. The final part of this thesis is focused on the conceptual design and construction of an automated pinsetter machine. Complete construction and technological design of the sweep wagon, horizontal and vertical elevator of skittles and their practical implementation. Design of (AC) drives for the motorized assembled parts.

Coaches are constantly seeking more ecologically valid and reliable data to improve professional sporting performance. Using unobtrusive, valid and reliable mobile physiological monitoring devices may assist in achieving this aim. For example, there is limited information regarding professional fast bowlers in cricket and understanding this role during competitive in-match scenarios rather than in simulated bowling events could enhance coaching and physical conditioning practices. The BioharnessTM is a mobile monitoring device and assesses 5 variables (Heart rate [HR], Breathing frequency [BF], Accelerometry [ACC], Skin temperature [ST] and Posture [P]) simultaneously. Therefore, the aims of this research were to assess the effectiveness of the BioharnessTM mobile monitoring device during professional sporting performance using fast bowlers in cricket and this was to be achieved in five research studies. Study 1 presented the physiological profile of professional cricketers reporting fitness data with other comparable professional athletes, with a specific interest in fast bowlers who were to be the focus of this work. The 2nd and 3rd study assessed the reliability and validity of the BioharnessTM through controlled laboratory based assessment. For validity, strong relationships (r = .89 to .99, P < .01) were reported for HR, BF, ACC and P. Limits of Agreement reported HR (-3 ± 32 beat.min-1), BF (-3.5 ± 43.7 br.min-1) and P (0.2 ± 2.6o). ST established moderate relationships (-0.61 ± 1.98 oC; r =.76, P <.01). Reliability between subject data reported low Coefficient of Variation (CV) and strong correlations for ACC and P (CV < 7.6%; r = .99, P <.01). HR and BF (CV ~ 19.4%; r ~.70, P <.01) and ST (CV 3.7%; r = .61, P < .01), present more variable data. Intra and inter device data presented strong relationships (r > .89, P < .01, CV < 10.1%) for HR, ACC, P and ST. BF produced weaker data (r < .72, CV < 17.4%). Study 4 assessed reliability and validity of the BioharnessTM in a field based environment using an intermittent protocol. Precision of measurement reported good relationships (r = .61 to .67, P < .01) and large Limits of Agreement for HR (> 79.2 beat.min-1) and BF (> 54.7 br.min-1). ACC presented excellent precision (r = .94, P < .01). Results for HR (r = ~ .91, P < .01: CV <7.6%) and ACC (r > .97, P < .01; CV < 14.7%) suggested these variables are reliable in the field environment. BF presented more variable data (r = .46 - .61, P < .01; CV < 23.7%). In all studies, as velocity of movement increased (> 10 km.h-1) variables became more erroneous. HR and ACC were deemed as valid and reliable to be assessed during in-match sporting performance in study 5. This final study sought to utilise and assess the BioharnessTM device within professional cricket, assessing physiological responses of fast-medium bowlers within a competitive sporting environment, collected over three summer seasons. The BioharnessTM presented different physiological profiles for One Day (OD) and Multi Day (MD) cricket with higher mean HR (142 vs 137 beats.min-1, P < .05) and ACC (Peak acceleration (PkA) 227.6 vs 214.9 ct.episode-1, P < .01) values in the shorter match format. Differences in data for the varying match states of bowling (HR, 142 vs 137 beats.min-1, PkA 234.1 vs 226.6 ct.episode-1), between over (HR, 129 vs 120beats.min-1, PkA 136.4 vs 126.5 ct.episode-1) and fielding (115 vs 106 beats.min-1, PkA 1349.9 vs 356.1 ct.episode-1) were reported across OD and MD cricket. Therefore, this information suggests to the coach that the training regimes for fast bowlers should be specific for the different demands specific to the format of the game employed. Relationships between in-match BioharnessTM data and bowling performance were not clearly established due to the complexities of uncontrollable variables within competitive cricket. In conclusion, the BioharnessTM has demonstrated acceptable validity and reliability in the laboratory and the field setting for all variables (Heart rate, Breathing frequency, Accelerometry, Skin temperature and Posture) but with limitations for heart rate and breathing frequency at the more extreme levels of performance. Furthermore, taking these limitations into account it has successfully been utilised to assess performance and provide further insight into the physiological demands in the professional sport setting. Therefore, this work suggests that coaches and exercise scientists working together should seek to utilise new mobile monitoring technology to access unique insights in to sporting performance which may be unobtainable in the laboratory or a simulated field based event.

The Bowling Green College of Commerce is a division of the Bowling Green Business University, a privately owned and controlled institution which has been located in Bowling Green, Kentucky, since its removal there in 1884 from Glasgow, Kentucky. Until 1906 the Southern Normal School was associated with the Business University under the same management, but in that year the Normal School was made a state institution, the Western Kentucky State Normal School, and the Business University continued under private management. In 1922 the Bowling Green College of Commerce was organized with an independent state charter as a division of the Bowling Green Business University. The College of Commerce was immediately accredited as a junior college. During the next four years the curriculum was broadened and standards were raised until in May 1926, the Bowling Green College of Commerce received accreditment as a regular four-year standard college in the field of business, the first privately owned business college in America to achieve that distinction. It was with the above facts in mind that the writer decided to make a follow-up study of the teacher-training graduates of the Bowling Green College of Commerce for the five-year period 1937-1941. It was hoped that such a study would give a picture of the activities and experiences of these graduates in such a way as to indicate the effectiveness with which they had been trained for the work they are doing. Especially was it hoped that the information gained from this study would enable the Bowling Green College of Commerce to recognize any needed changes of emphasis in the preparation of its commercial teachers.

Because of the potential health hazards associated with the use of sludge for agricultural purposes, Dudley et al (1980) published a scheme for the routine analysis of bacteria in municipal sewage sludge. In this study, the Dudley et al scheme (1980) was modified by updating some of the procedures. Aerobically digested sludge generated by the Bowling Green Wastewater Treatment Plant, Bowling Green, Kentucky, was analyzed using the modified scheme. Sludge samples were collected once every two months over a one-year period from October 1989 to August 1990. Egg yolk-free tryptose sulfite cycloserine agar in conjunction with the revewrse CAMP test was used to assay for Clostridium perfringens. This procedure improved the one proposed by Dudley et al. (1980) by achieving a higher confirmation rate, reducing testing time, allowing for easier interpretation of results, and increasing accuracy. Selective and differential media by Rippey and Cabelli (1979) were added to the scheme to isolate Aeromonas, Aeroomonas hydrophila and Aeromonas caviae were successfully isolated wand were identified using the system by Cunliffe and Adcock (1989) for speciating aeromonads. Baird-Parker medium was compared to mannitol salt agar for effectiveness in isolating Staphylococcus from sludge. Statistical analysis showed Baird-Parker medium to be significantly more effective than mannitol salt agar. However, neither agar reduced background flora to acceptable levels. Staphylococcus isolates were subject to species identification by the API Staph Ident system (Analytab Products, Plainview, New York). Staphylococcus xylosus, Staphylococcus haemolyticus, and Staphylococcus epidermidis were found to be present in the sludge. A procedure by Ottolenghi and Hamparian (1987) was employed to isolate Salmonella in sludge. No salmonellae were isolated over the one year period. Over the year-long study, bacterial numbers, with the exception of Clostridium perfringens and the total aerobic count, fluctuated with variations in the aerobic digester temperature. Numbers decreased as temperature increased. Clostridium perfringens counts were the most consistent throughout the year and exceeded fecal coliform and fecal streptococci counts in five of the six samplings.

Although cricket is played around the world by all ages, very little attention has been focused on junior cricket. The research presented here evaluated the effects on junior cricket of reducing the pitch length, developed a method for scaling the pitch to suit the players and applied this method to the under-11 age group. In the first of four studies it was established that shortening the cricket pitch had positive effects for bowlers, batters and fielders at both club and county standards, consequently resulting in matches that were more engaging. The second study found that top under-10 and under-11 seam bowlers released the ball on average 3.4° further below horizontal on a 16 yard pitch compared with a 19 yard pitch. This was closer to elite adult pace bowlers release angles and should enable junior players to achieve greater success and develop more variety in their bowling. The third study calculated where a good length delivery should be pitched to under-10 and under-11 batters in order to provoke uncertainty, and also examined the influence of pitch length on batters decisions to play front or back foot shots according to the length of the delivery. A shorter pitch should strengthen the coupling between the perception of delivery length and appropriate shot selection, and the increased task demand should lead to improved anticipation; both are key features of skilled batting. In the final study a method of calculating the optimal pitch length for an age group was developed which used age-specific bowling and batting inputs. This was applied to scale the pitch for under-11s giving a pitch length of 16.22 yards (14.83 m), 19% shorter than previously recommended for the age group by the England and Wales Cricket Board. Scaled in this way across the junior age groups, pitch lengths would fit the players better as they develop, enabling more consistent ball release by bowlers and temporal demands for batters, as well as greater involvement for fielders.

The management of stormwater runoff is a particular challenge for communities in karst regions. Most guidelines for compliance with regulations for stormwater monitoring and mapping pertain to non-karst environments. It can be argued that effective stormwater management is even more essential to karst regions because stormwater receives little or no natural filtration as it is transferred through conduits in the subsurface and the buildup of pollutants underneath can be detrimental to community and environmental health if not effectively mitigated. Because of the limited resources available to determine how stormwater runoff carries potential pollutants across the surface before being transferred to the karst subsurface and then reentering back on the surface across the landscape, this study aims to use geographic information systems (GIS) to investigate this problem. The objectives of this study are twofold. The first objective is to understand the transport mechanisms for stormwater runoff and how the movement through karst systems differs from non-karst systems, especially in regards to the surface and subsurface interactions. The second objective is to develop a general procedure for predicting stormwater runoff pathways in karst regions using GIS technologies and spatial analysis techniques – including identifying which data and techniques are essential to analyze surface and subsurface processes - to improve stormwater monitoring effectiveness. The premise of this study is broken down into a conceptual model with three significant components: Surface Input (stormwater runoff on surface), Subsurface Transport (stormwater transport through subsurface), and Output to Surface (output of stormwater to the surface via springs). The first component utilizes Hydrological Analysis and Network Analysis techniques to determine stormwater runoff pathways from potential point-source pollutant sites across surface to injection points where runoff enters subsurface. The second component uses Spatial Interpolation Techniques and Hydrological Analysis to predict subsurface accumulation areas that collect runoff from injection points and subsurface conduit pathways to output locations. The third and final component examines the output of the runoff back to the surface and identifies the locations where stormwater runoff can be sampled. The analyses of the Surface Input component proved to be effective in predicting the behavior of stormwater runoff between pollutant sites and their corresponding injection points. The analyses of the Subsurface Transport captured the overall patterns in the inferred dye tracing pathways that were used as the control dataset. The Output to Surface established the linkages among RCRA sites, their corresponding injection points and ultimately their output springs. These findings are very useful in developing informed stormwater sampling strategies and plans. In future investigations, these results could be verified with stormwater sampling and additional dye tracings and can be improved in two ways: more complete datasets of all stormwater features in the area – especially springs and drywells, and a more extensive and equally distributed dataset for groundwater depths across the study area to create a more accurate interpolated potentiometric surface.

In recent years, the trend toward globalization has given rise to rigorous competition for market shares. Businesses have faced the stern demand to swiftly respond to changes in market conditions. They must keep up with environmental situations inside and outside industry, fully integrate various resources of the enterprise, and ponder how to effectively use business resources. Therefore, ERP (enterprise resource planning) systems that integrate the internal value chains of enterprise have received special attention. It is an undisputed fact that an ERP system can integrate internal resources of an enterprise to create for it an overall advantage, improve the flow and elevate the response effectiveness of the enterprise, upgrade information system, and respond to customers¡¦ satisfaction of supply chain management. However, the universal ERP system that is adopted by most enterprises is either costly or difficult to maintain. Moreover, the universal ERP system usually fails to consider special needs of different industries. Therefore, how to ensure a rapid, saving, and effective success through the implementation of ERP systems constitutes the largest challenge faced by enterprises that use such systems. In view of this, this study investigated, from the perspective of ERP supply chain effectiveness of the ¡§differentiation focus strategy¡¨ and the ¡§bowling pin model strategy,¡¨ the impact of the adoption of industry-specific ERP systems on ERP software manufacturers and enterprises that have introduced such a system. Besides, the study used case study approach to conduct a field survey of ERP software manufacturers that have implemented industry-specific ERP system strategy and of four textile and PCB manufacturers that have introduced industry-specific ERP systems with a view to understanding operating models in which industry-specific ERP systems have been successfully introduced and implemented. Through the analysis of this study, it was found that: (1)ERP information manufacturers that adopt industry-specific ERP strategy locating conform to Michael E. Porter¡¦s competitive strategy and differentiation focus strategy, and at the same time verify the bowling pin model theory of Geoffrey A. Moor that technology adopts life cycle. Information manufacturers can enjoy vertical profit-base market advantages of industry-specific ERP and thus avoid competition within industry. As they focus on their specialized field, they not only can strengthen ERP¡¦s professional system functions but also can elevate their effectiveness in follow-up service and maintenance, leading to the reduction of operating costs. From cases of ERP software manufacturers, it was also found that, in areas that special industries cluster, the value of industry-specific ERP in such markets is enlarged. (2)From the perspective of developing industry-specific ERP, after a preliminary development method is used to direct a user to put up concrete industrial characteristic demands and flow, more friendly and suitable operating systems are specified. After being examined and used by a second user, systems are re-examined, revised, and strengthened. After being introduced by a third user and verified and implemented, such systems can become mature, standard industry-specific ERP package systems. (3)From the perspective of enterprise users, adopting the proof of concept method is more practical, accurate, and promising in selecting and evaluating suitable, correct ERP systems. This method can help estimate the outcome after introduction and make it easier to evaluate benefits, for example, keeping project flow schedule and costs under control, implementation and simulation of new enterprise flow schedule. (4)Each industry has professional knowledge and characteristics specific to it. For example, in the case of PCB industry, use rate of base plate material and design and management of engineering data are core professional knowledge of lumber industry. In the case of textile industry, analysis of fabrics, management of characteristics of semi-finished fabrics, integration and automation of process are critical functions essential to competitiveness of this industry. A universal ERP system cannot take care of unique characteristics of various industries. Therefore, only an industry-specific ERP that is specialized in and designed to meet characteristics of a concerned industry can perfectly satisfy the core professional operation of the industry. (5)Because industry-specific ERP systems set the best model of business flow and are concise and suitable, they produce more rapid effectiveness, less impact on organization adjustment, and require smaller investments after being introduced into a business. In view of the preceding findings, the study concluded that the adoption of industry-specific ERP can solidly, effectively, and accurately achieve purposes of ERP systems and can ensure the achievement of potential benefits. At the same time, information manufacturers can obtain vertical profit-base market, enlarging the effect of overall supply value chains.