M.Phil. / AIDS is regarded as the most disastrous health threat in the world. The impact of HIV/AIDS goes beyond the physical well being of the individual: it affects the world's economic, social and political functioning. The greatest number of people living in sub-Saharan Africa, are infected or affected by HIV/AIDS.HIV/AIDS related issues amongst adolescents were neglected due to the visible impact of this pandemic on babies and adults. Adolescents' behaviour is regarded as high-risk because of their involvement in sexual activities at a young age. Presently there is no cure or vaccine for AIDS. The only effective way to prevent or reduce HIV transmission is through changing the behaviour that leads to HIV infection. The National and Provincial Departments of Health, Education and Welfare implemented various AIDS prevention programmes, focussing on promoting the practice of safer sex amongst adolescents. Unfortunately, these AIDS prevention programmes did not result in the behavioural changes of adolescents. The dissatisfying outcome questions the efficacy of the development and implementation of these programmes, although they have adequate knowledge about HIV/AIDS. Most AIDS prevention programmes do not ·focus, nor accommodate the specific needs of adolescents, especially adolescent boys. The purpose of this study was to explore and describe adolescent boys' views about sexual activities and their specific needs in terms of an AIDS prevention programme. Guidelines would then be presented to developers of AIDS prevention programmes, based on the identified views and needs. The research design was based on qualitative research because of its exploratory, descriptive and contextual nature. The collection of the data was done by means of focus group interviews and field notes reflecting the observation done during the interviews. The analysis of the data was done according to Tesch's approach of data reduction. Literature was used to compare and complement the results. Applying Guba' s model on trustworthiness ensured the trustworthiness ofthe research. The results of the fieldwork indicated the following themes: • Most adolescents are sexually active. • Different roles and motives exist for adolescent boys and girls in terms of sex. • Adolescents externalise the risks HIV presents. • Three categories of views exist toward the acceptability of involvement in sexual activity, ranging from unacceptable to acceptable. • Adolescents' experience underlying feelings of fear in terms of issues related to sex. • Adolescents' needs in terms of AIDS prevention programmes mainly focus on the functionality of the information that is provided as well as the presentation of these programmes. • The importance of ongoing sex education, including HIV/ AIDS related 1ssues, were stressed by adolescents and confirmed by literature. Based on these findings, guidelines were presented to inform developers of HIV/AIDS programmes, of the specific needs adolescent boys need to be addressed.

D.Ed. (Educational Psychology) / Juvenile male prostitution is practised world-wide. The fact that it occurs in urban areas of South Africa, has been attested to by media reports since approximately 1985. Nevertheless it is a relatively unknown phenomenon as it has never before been researched in South Africa. This study is the first research project which has been undertaken in South Africa. The aim of the study was to describe an educational psychological approach which was designed to assist those involved in juvenile male prostitution. In this research a qualitative, exploratory, descriptive and contextual study was implemented. The research was divided into two phases. In the first phase the life experiences of the juvenile male prostitutes were explored and described using exploratory multiple case studies based on numerous sources in order to collect the data. The written data was subsequently analyzed according to Giorgi's phenomenological analysis and Kerlinger's content analysis. Categories which came to light, were used in describing the subjects' life experiences. The validity and reliability of the research were ensured using Guba's model for determining trustworthiness. On completion of the investigation, the research findings were compared with the relevant, available literature, to determine the existence of similarities and differences. At the end of the first phase, a number of themes were identified and were employed as a guide to the formulation of an educational psychological remedial approach. The three areas which were identified as being significant in describing an educational psychological approach were: boys who had run away from home and who were Jiving outside conventional social structures, boys who were living with their families, and boys who were still at school. In describing an educational psychological approach the main focus was directed at those juvenile male prostitutes who were living outside conventional social structures. As three of the four subjects used in the research project filled this requirement, it was decided to implement the programme with one of the subjects in order to evaluate and adapt it, if necessary. Prior to the implementation of the programme the proposed educational psychological approach for therapeutic assistance was submitted to two educational psychologists and a social worker for their appraisal during a panel discussion. Following consultation with this panel of experts, it was decided that too many factors existed which could negatively affect the therapy. These factors were identified as: the absence of social structures, the lack of conditions which would satisfy basic needs, and the absence of social support structures...

One hundred fifty-six adolescent respondents from the Virginia Mennonite Conference were surveyed regarding their perceived influences of their attitudes toward sexuality and the Mennonite Church's position on various sexual issues. The adolescents were more sure of their own beliefs about sexuality than they were about the church's position. The church was not perceived as a major source of influence on their attitudes when compared to friends, the media, and the family. A comparison of early and late adolescents did not reveal any significant difference in the amount of perceived influence of the church. The gender of the respondent was not found to differentiate significantly on any of the variables under investigation. The type of school the adolescent attended--either public or Mennonite--was related to a difference in the response to beliefs about premarital sex and pregnancy outside of marriage. Students at public schools held more accepting views on these issues. / Master of Science

Text in Afrikaans / Adolescent behaviour is characterised as a cognitive, social and personality developing phase. Hormones can have a big influence on the cognitive and social developing of an adolescent boy. Adolescent boy’s behaviour can influence their attitudes towards developing of values. Moral values develop during adolescence. Limitations in the developing of cognitive skills in adolescent boys can lead to immoral experimenting. Attitudes of anxiety and a low self confidence can develop. Licentiousness is when a person acts outside the norm of moral values of an environment. Sexual licentiousness is behaviour that is unacceptable in social norms of the environment. Moral values are behaviour that is acceptable in a social environment. An Adolescent with a larcenous lifestyle does not have any moral values. The descriptive research method is used for the problem statement and to enquire into the objectives of the research. The Social Development Theory possesses to the enormous power to elevate and accelerate the expansion and development of human capabilities in any field. Social development organises human energies and activities at higher levels to achieve greater results. Development increases the utilisation of human potential. The question that is being asked is: Which factors influence adolescent boys’ attitudes towards sexual licentiousness and which socio educational situations can decrease the complex problem. The adolescent, however, still experiences problems in making the appropriate decisions in life. Decisions that may have far reaching implications for their future. / Adolessensie is ‘n fase van kognitiewe, sosiale en persoonlikheidontwikkeling. Hormone in die adolessente fase by seuns kan ‘n invloed hê op die kognitiewe en sosiale ontwikkeling van die adolessent. Dit kan veroorsaak dat adolessente op ‘n baie vroeë ouderdom gekonfronteer word met hul houdings tot ontwikkeling. Morele waardes ontwikkel tydens adolessensie. Morele onrypheid by die adolessent kan bly voortbestaan as gevolg van kognitiewe beperkings. Dit veroorsaak houdings van minderwaardigheid en vrees. Losbandigheid word in die morele sin gebruik as ’n persoon onsedelik lewe. ’n Adolessent met ’n losbandige leefstyl het ’n gebrek aan sedelike kodes. Sedes is gewoontes en gedrag wat deur ’n sosiale gemeenskap as normaal beskou word. Seksuele losbandigheid is gedrag in stryd met goeie waardes van die sosiale omgewing. Die beskywende kwantitatiewe navorsingsmetode is gebruik om die probleemstelling en doelwitte te ondersoek. Die sosiale ontwikkelingsteorie is gebruik as ‘n komponent om die proses waar die adolessent menslike vaardighede en houdings ontwikkel te beskryf. Die vrae wat ontstaan is dus: Eertens: Watter faktore gee aanleiding tot adolessente se houdings ten op sigte van seksuele losbandigheid Tweedens: Is daar sosio-opvoedkundige situasies wat die verskynsel kan verminder? Die adolessent ondervind steeds probleme om regte besluite in die allerdaagse lewe te neem. Besluite wat vêrrykende gevolge vir die toekoms inhou. / Educational Studies / M. Ed. (Sosio-Opvoedkunde)

Thesis (MPhil (Sociology and Social Anthropology))--University of Stellenbosch, 2005. / It is widely accepted that South African youth are particularly at risk of unplanned pregnancies and infection with the Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) and other sexually transmitted diseases (STDs). Research addressing the issue of HIV and reproductive health problems among young adolescents has largely focused on exploring the sexual behaviour of young women. The perceptions and attitudes of young men toward sexuality have been neglected, thus perpetuating gender bias. It is argued that the dominant focus on women is a flawed strategy for prevention and that researchers also need to listen to the voices of young men when it comes to studying sexuality (Thorpe, 2002; Morrell, 2002). The aim of this study is to explore how adolescent men in rural communities in the Western Cape experience and construct a masculine sexuality. Two-hundred-and-thirty-one Coloured adolescent men aged 12 to 20, who attend a rural high school in the Langeberg District, Western Cape, completed selfadministered anonymous questionnaires. The aim was to document (1) the range and extent of rural adolescent males’ sexual behaviour and (2) to determine the levels of knowledge and perceptions that rural adolescent men have regarding condom use and contraceptives, as well as the sources from which they receive their knowledge. Of the sample, 37.9% had had sexual intercourse before, 41% never used contraceptives when having sexual intercourse and almost 60% believed that the use of contraception is the women’s responsibility. In addition, 21 individual interviews were conducted with both sexually active and non- active rural adolescent men to understand how they construct a masculine sexuality. Interviews revealed that young men generally regret their first sexual experience and that the experience of having sexual intercourse does not necessarily prove that you are a ‘real man’. According to some of these young men, masculinity is not proven via sexual coercion or sexual intercourse, but being gentle and caring at all times. However, male-to-male sex is not considered masculine, but just perceived to be ‘morsig’ (disgusting).

The purpose of this study is to look at selected sexual attitudes, beliefs, and sexual health practices among adolescent and young adult males. Specifically, the study examines adolescent and young adult males' sexual development and experiences, contraceptive use, sexually transmitted disease (STD) prevention practices, and, to a limited extent, public health clinic utilization.

Text in Afrikaans, abstracts in English and Afrikaans / Adolescent behaviour is characterised as a cognitive, social and personality developing phase. Hormones can have a big influence on the cognitive and social developing of an adolescent boy. Adolescent boy’s behaviour can influence their attitudes towards developing of values. Moral values develop during adolescence. Limitations in the developing of cognitive skills in adolescent boys can lead to immoral experimenting. Attitudes of anxiety and a low self confidence can develop. Licentiousness is when a person acts outside the norm of moral values of an environment. Sexual licentiousness is behaviour that is unacceptable in social norms of the environment. Moral values are behaviour that is acceptable in a social environment. An Adolescent with a larcenous lifestyle does not have any moral values. The descriptive research method is used for the problem statement and to enquire into the objectives of the research. The Social Development Theory possesses to the enormous power to elevate and accelerate the expansion and development of human capabilities in any field. Social development organises human energies and activities at higher levels to achieve greater results. Development increases the utilisation of human potential. The question that is being asked is: Which factors influence adolescent boys’ attitudes towards sexual licentiousness and which socio educational situations can decrease the complex problem. The adolescent, however, still experiences problems in making the appropriate decisions in life. Decisions that may have far reaching implications for their future. / Adolessensie is ‘n fase van kognitiewe, sosiale en persoonlikheidontwikkeling. Hormone in die adolessente fase by seuns kan ‘n invloed hê op die kognitiewe en sosiale ontwikkeling van die adolessent. Dit kan veroorsaak dat adolessente op ‘n baie vroeë ouderdom gekonfronteer word met hul houdings tot ontwikkeling. Morele waardes ontwikkel tydens adolessensie. Morele onrypheid by die adolessent kan bly voortbestaan as gevolg van kognitiewe beperkings. Dit veroorsaak houdings van minderwaardigheid en vrees. Losbandigheid word in die morele sin gebruik as ’n persoon onsedelik lewe. ’n Adolessent met ’n losbandige leefstyl het ’n gebrek aan sedelike kodes. Sedes is gewoontes en gedrag wat deur ’n sosiale gemeenskap as normaal beskou word. Seksuele losbandigheid is gedrag in stryd met goeie waardes van die sosiale omgewing. Die beskywende kwantitatiewe navorsingsmetode is gebruik om die probleemstelling en doelwitte te ondersoek. Die sosiale ontwikkelingsteorie is gebruik as ‘n komponent om die proses waar die adolessent menslike vaardighede en houdings ontwikkel te beskryf. Die vrae wat ontstaan is dus: Eertens: Watter faktore gee aanleiding tot adolessente se houdings ten op sigte van seksuele losbandigheid Tweedens: Is daar sosio-opvoedkundige situasies wat die verskynsel kan verminder? Die adolessent ondervind steeds probleme om regte besluite in die allerdaagse lewe te neem. Besluite wat vêrrykende gevolge vir die toekoms inhou. / Educational Studies / M. Ed. (Sosio-Opvoedkunde)