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[pt] O presente trabalho trata da determinação experimental dos parâmetros de desempenho de um compressor rotativo de deslocamento positivo,que faz parte de um motor de refrigeração em desenvolvimento. Este opera segundo o ciclo de Brayton invertido utilizando o ar como fluido de trabalho. A vazão mássica real de ar em escoamento pelo compressor, eventuais vazamentos, potência de eixo entregue ao compressor e a potência desenvolvida pelo mesmo são obtidas com base em procedimentos experimentais. A vazão e a potência teóricas foram determinadas com base em uma simulação do funcionamento do compressor. A partir destes resultados, determinaram-se as eficiências isentrópica,mecânica e volumétrica, permitindo uma análise das condições de operação do compressor. Usando resultados experimentais, realizou-se uma análise termodinâmica convencional de disponibilidade associada ao processo real ocorrido no compressor para explicar a natureza das irreversibilidades envolvidas e indicar as condições ótimas de funcionamento. Com base na filosofia de análise utilizada, este novo tipo de máquina de refrigeração foi criteriosamente analisada. Sugestões de melhoria são apresentadas no sentido de melhor qualificar este novo tipo de compressor para trabalhar com sistemas que operem segundo o ciclo de Brayton invertido. Neste trabalho é apresentado uma proposta otimizada de um novo projeto de expansor. / [en] The present work describe tests of performance of a positive displacement rotary compressor which is part of a new type of refrigerating machine under development. The working fluid is air and the machine operates at the Brayton Cycle. The mass flow rate, eventual mass leakages, the power delivered to the compressor shaft and the actual power developed are obtained based upon experimental procedures. The theorectical mass flow rate and the isentropic power was calculed through a theorectical simulation, and, from these results, the isentropic mechanical and volumetric efficiencies have been evaluated allowing the determination of the favorable and critical conditions of operation. An uncertainty analysis is developed in order to control the experimental procedures and acuracy of the experiments conducted. Using experimental results as an input, a classical avaiability thermodynamics analysis of the process was developed in order to explain the nature of the associated irreversibilities and to indicate the optimum conditions of operation of the compressor. Based upon the described approach, this new type of refrigerating machine has been carefully analysed. Aiming better performance, design modifications are suggested as an attempt to better qualify this type of compressor for operation in systems which operate in the Brayton Cycle. Finalle, an improved design of an expander is discussed.

Lately, car manufacturers have been put to a big challenge to reduce the CO2 emission of their entire fleets. Norms of pollutant emissions limit the ways to achieve the desired CO2 emission goals, as some of the solutions that would lead to lower CO2 emission also lead to higher pollutant emission. Waste Heat Recovery (WHR) could be a good solution to lower the CO2 emission of the Internal Combustion Engine (ICE) without increasing the pollutant emission. In the present thesis different WHR strategies are analysed and the results suggested it would be interesting to further study the Brayton cycle machine. Air Brayton Cycle (ABC) represents a way to recover a part of the heat energy of the ICE exhaust gases and transform it into mechanical energy. Recovered mechanical energy would then be returned to the crankshaft of the ICE, thereby reducing the amount of energy that has to be liberated by combustion of fuel which lowers the fuel consumption and CO2 emission. The study of ABC started with an analysis of the ideal cycle in order to obtain the theoretical maximum of the system. The study continued with an analysis of the semi ideal cycle where all losses are taken into account only by two efficiency coefficients. This analysis showed that for the diesel engine efficiency of the ABC is very low because of the low exhaust gas temperature. For the gasoline engine the cycle could be viable when the ICE is working under steady condition and higher load. These conditions could be fulfilled when the vehicle is driven on the highway. Detailed analysis was aimed at determining the cycle main losses. They were determined to be: pumping losses, losses caused by heat transfer and mechanical losses. Taking into account these main losses along with other direct and indirect losses it was concluded that the cycle is not viable for the types of the WHR machines that were considered in this study. In order for the cycle to be viable some other either existing or new machine type should be tested, that would lower the main losses and offer good isentropic and mechanical efficiency for desired conditions. / Últimamente los fabricantes de automóviles se han puesto el gran reto de reducir la emisión de CO2 en la totalidad de sus flotas. Las nuevas normativas para la reducción de las emisiones contaminantes limitan los medios para lograr los objetivos deseados en la emisión de CO2 porque algunas de las soluciones que llevan a la reducción en la emisión de CO2 también dan lugar a un incremento en la emisión de otros contaminantes. La recuperación de calor residual (WHR) podría ser una buena solución para reducir las emisiones de CO2 del motor de combustión interna (ICE) sin poner en peligro la emisión de contaminantes. En la presente Tesis se analizaron diferentes estrategias de WHR y se concluyó que sería interesante estudiar más a fondo la máquina de ciclo Brayton. El Ciclo Brayton de Aire (ABC) permite recuperar una parte del calor de los gases de escape del ICE y transformar este calor en energía mecánica. La energía mecánica recuperada se devuelve al cigüeñal del ICE, reduciendo de ese modo la cantidad de energía que tiene que ser liberada por la combustión del combustible, lo cual permite reducir el consumo de combustible y las emisiones de CO2. En esta Tesis se estudia el ABC mediante un análisis del ciclo ideal con el fin de obtener el máximo teórico del sistema. El modelo se mejora con un análisis del ciclo semi-ideal donde se tienen en cuenta todas las pérdidas mediante el uso de dos coeficientes generales. Este análisis muestra que para el motor diesel la eficiencia del ciclo ABC es muy baja debido a la baja temperatura del gas de escape. Para el motor de gasolina el ciclo podría ser viable cuando el ICE está trabajando bajo condiciones estacionarias y una carga mayor. Estas condiciones se podrían cumplir cuando el vehículo está circulando en autopista. El análisis detallado de este ciclo tiene como objetivo determinar las pérdidas principales de ciclo. Las pérdidas principales se identificaron como: las pérdidas de bombeo, las pérdidas causadas por la transferencia de calor y las pérdidas mecánicas. Teniendo en cuenta estas pérdidas principales junto con otras pérdidas directas e indirectas, se concluyó que el ciclo no es viable para los tipos de máquinas WHR que fueron considerados en este estudio. Para que el ciclo sea viable se tiene que buscar alguna otra máquina existente o un nuevo tipo de máquina que reduzca las principales pérdidas y ofrezca un buen rendimiento isentrópico y mecánico para las condiciones deseadas. / Últimament els fabricants d'automòbils s'han posat el gran repte de reduir l'emissió de CO2 de la totalitat de les seues flotes. Les noves normatives de reducció de les emissions contaminants limiten els mitjans per assolir els objectius desitjats d'emissió de CO2 perquè algunes de les solucions que porten a la reducció en l'emissió de CO2 també donen lloc a un increment a l'emissió de altres contaminants. La recuperació de calor residual (WHR) podria ser una bona solució per reduir les emissions de CO2 del motor de combustió interna (ICE) sense posar en perill l'emissió de contaminants. En la present Tesi s'han analitzat diferents estratègies WHR i es va concloure que seria interessant estudiar més a fons el cicle Brayton. El Cicle Brayton d'Aire (ABC) representa una manera de recuperar una part de la calor dels gasos d'escapament de l'ICE i transformar calor a l'energia mecànica. L'energia mecànica recuperada es retorna al cigonyal de l'ICE reduint d'aquesta manera la quantitat d'energia que ha de ser alliberada per la combustió del combustible permitint la reducció del consum de combustible i les emissions de CO2. En aquesta Tesi s'ha començat estudiant un ABC amb una anàlisi del cicle ideal per tal d'obtenir el màxim teòric del sistema. Este model es millora amb una anàlisi del cicle semiideal on es tenen en compte totes les pèrdues amb tan sols dos coeficients d'eficiència. Aquesta anàlisi va mostrar que per al motor dièsel l'eficiència del cicle ABC és molt baixa a causa de la baixa temperatura del gas d'escapament. Per al motor de gasolina el cicle podria ser viable quan l'ICE està treballant sota condicions estacionàries i una càrrega més gran. Aquestes condicions es podrien complir quan el vehicle està circulant en autopista. L'anàlisi detallada del cicle va tenir com a objectiu determinar les pèrdues principals de cicle. Les pèrdues principals es van identificar com: les pèrdues de bombament, les pèrdues causades per la transferència de calor i les pèrdues mecàniques. Tenint en compte aquestes pèrdues principals juntament amb altres pèrdues directes i indirectes, es va concloure que el cicle no és viable per als tipus de màquines WHR que van ser considerats en aquest estudi. Perquè el cicle puga ser viable s'ha de buscar alguna altra màquina existent o un nou tipus de màquina que puga reduir les principals pèrdues i puga oferir un bon rendiment isentròpic i mecànic per a les condicions desitjades. / Kleut, P. (2016). Recuperation of the exhaust gases energy using a Brayton cycle machine [Tesis doctoral no publicada]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/76807 / TESIS

Master thesis is concerned with gas turbines from Siemens company. The thesis consists of two main parts. In the first part describes the different types of turbines, their characteristics and use in practice. The following is a detailed description of components and systems the biggest industrial gas turbine SGT-800. The second part discusses about the necessary steps for commissioning turbine. These particulars are managing software, testing, commissioning and phasing of the turbine generator to the distribution network. The conclusion is devoted to the example of calculating return investment on the overall gas turbine project.

Master thesis deals with analysis of characteristic points of two-shaft combustion turbine cycle for two different concepts of turbine’s arrangement. Computational model is compiled within the thesis for serial and parallel arrangement. Thermodynamic magnitudes of characteristic points of cycle are calculated with the computational model for designed operating point. Initial values of the computational model are chosen in consideration of reaching compromise between maximal thermal efficiency and maximal specific power.

Recently, the supercritical carbon dioxide (s-CO2) Brayton cycle has been identified as a promising candidate for solar-thermal energy conversion due to its potentially high thermal efficiency (50%, for turbine inlet temperatures of ~ 1000 K). Realization of such a system requires development of solar receivers which can raise the temperature of s-CO2 by over 200 K, to a receiver outlet temperature of 1000 K. Volumetric receivers are an attractive alternative to tubular receivers due to their geometry, functionality and reduced thermal losses. A concept of a ceramic pressurized volumetric receiver for s-CO2 has been developed in this work. Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) analysis along with a Discrete Ordinate method (DOM) radiation heat transfer model has been carried out, and the results for temperature distribution in the receiver and the resulting thermal efficiency are presented. Issues regarding material selection for the absorber structure, window, coating, receiver body and insulation are also addressed. A modular small scale prototype with 0.5 kWth solar heat input has been designed. The design of a small scale s-CO2 loop for testing this receiver module is also presented in this work. There is a lot of ongoing investigation for design and simulation of different configurations of heat exchangers and solar receivers using s-CO2 as the working fluid, in which wall temperatures up to 1000 K are encountered. While CO2 is considered to be transparent as far as solar radiation spectrum is concerned, there may be considerable absorption of radiation in the longer wavelength range associated with radiation emission from the heated cavity walls and tubes inside the receivers. An attempt has been made, in this study, to include radiation modelling to capture the effect of absorption bands of s-CO2 and the radiative heat transfer among the equipment surfaces. As a case study, a numerical study has been performed to evaluate the contribution of radiative heat transfer as compared to convection and conduction, for s-CO2 flow through a circular pipe. The intent is to provide a guideline for future research to determine the conditions for which radiation heat transfer modelling inside the pipe can be significant, and what errors can be expected otherwise. The effect of parameters such as Reynolds number, pipe diameter, length to diameter ratio, wall emissivity and total wall heat flux has been studied. The effect of radiation modelling on wall temperatures attained for certain amount of heat flux to be transferred to s-CO2 is also studied. The resulting temperature distribution, in turn, affects the estimation of heat loss to the environment

No description available.

Le marché du gaz naturel liquéfié (GNL) est en plein essor et présente l'avantage de diversifier les approvisionnements. Le GNL est acheminé à une température de -162 °C et à pression atmosphérique. L'objet principal de la thèse vise à valoriser l'exergie contenue dans le GNL lors de sa gazéification et de son réchauffage avant d'être distribué sur le réseau. La thèse étudie un nouveau concept de gazéification qui se différentie des développements en cours par l'usage de l'air ambiant comme seule source de chaleur et par la valorisation d'une partie de l'exergie du GNL en énergie mécanique.Une analyse énergétique et exergétique a permis de définir des architectures de cycles moteurs utilisant l'énergie calorifique de l'air comme source chaude (récupérée par un fluide intermédiaire qui est le propane) et le GNL comme puits froid.L'usage de l'air ambiant conduit à gérer les cycles de givrage et dégivrage sur les évaporateurs du fluide intermédiaire récupérant les calories de l'air. Ceci nécessite la compréhension des phénomènes couplés de transferts de chaleur et de masse. Pour cela un banc d'essai a été construit afin de caractériser des échangeurs à ailettes rondes discontinues en condition de givrage et de valider un modèle numérique simulant le comportement de ces échangeurs en présence de givre. Cette modélisation a permis de proposer une logique de dimensionnement et d'exploitation des évaporateurs à air en prenant en compte l'effet du givre. Une étude saisonnière a montré que le procédé proposé est énergétiquement excédentaire tout au long de l'année. / The market of liquefied natural gas (LNG) is growing and presents the advantage of diversifying supplies. The LNG is fed at a temperature of -162°C and at atmospheric pressure. The main objective of the thesis aims at the valorization of the LNG exergy during its gasification and heating before being delivered through the network. The thesis investigates a new concept of gasification that differs from the current developments by the use of ambient air as the only heat source and by partial valorization of the LNG exergy in mechanical energy.An energy and exergy analysis helped to the definition of engine-cycle architectures using the air heating capacity as a heat source (recovered by an intermediate fluid, here propane) and LNG as a cold sink.The use of ambient air led to manage frosting and defrosting cycles on the evaporators of intermediate fluid recovering heat from the air. This requires understanding the coupled heat and mass-transfer phenomena. A test bench was built to characterize Circular Finned-Tube Heat Exchangers in frosting conditions and to validate a numerical model simulating the behavior of such heat exchangers in presence of frost. As a result, a logic for the design and operation of air heat exchangers is proposed taking into account the frosting effect. A seasonal study showed that the output power generated by the new concept of gasification is superior to its energy consumption throughout the year.

No atual período de incertezas na geração e transmissão de energia elétrica no Brasil, a utilização dos sistemas de cogeração com uso de gás natural, tornou-se uma grande oportunidade econômica, estratégica e tecnológica, para as pequenas e médias empresas, considerando a extensão e perspectivas de expansão da rede de distribuição de gás natural. Uma empresa farmacêutica para se manter competitiva e reduzir o impacto dos custos indiretos em seus produtos, necessitava aumentar sua linha de injetáveis, produzindo no Brasil alguns medicamentos que até então eram importados de filiais em outros países e para que isto fosse possível, teria de investir na construção de novos laboratórios, compra de equipamentos, aumento de utilidades para sua fabricação como vapor de água para injetáveis, sistema de HVAC para salas limpas, o que levaria a um aumento de consumo de energia, vapor, água de refrigeração. Este investimento inviabilizaria a produção desta nova linha de produtos, pois tanto o custo do investimento em novas centrais de utilidades, quanto mais o custo desta geração e sua manutenção, decretariam um fim para a esta empreita. Neste trabalho, apresentou-se uma alternativa como solução para viabilizar esta instalação, trocando-se os chillers convencionais por um chiller de absorção, que alem de consumir pouca energia elétrica utilizando a troca térmica entre brometo de lítio e vapor para gerar água de resfriamento para o sistema de ar condicionado, o sistema proposto proporcionou um aumento de fornecimento de vapor não só para alimentar o sistema de HVAC como para a produção da fabrica, anexo a esta caldeira de recuperação é proposto a instalação de uma turbina á gás com condições suficientes de gerar energia elétrica para todo o site e ainda ter condições de negociar o excedente de energia para ser vendido para a concessionária. O resultado deste sistema proposto demonstrou uma excelente eficiência, frente ao sistema convencional, o que tecnicamente se apresentou como muito viável. / In the current period of uncertainty in the generation and transmission of electric energy in Brazil, the use of cogeneration systems using natural gas, has become a great economic opportunity, strategic and technology for small and medium enterprises, considering the extent and prospects for expansion of the distribution of natural gas. A pharmaceutical company to remain competitive and reduce the impact of indirect costs in their products, needed to increase its line of injectables, producing here in Brazil some drugs that were previously imported from subsidiaries in other countries and to make this possible, would invest in building new laboratories, purchase equipment, increase of utilities for its manufacture steam as water for injection, the HVAC system for clean rooms, leading to an increased consumption of energy, steam, cooling water. This investment would make impracticable the production of this new line of products, therefore not only the cost of the investment in new central offices of utilities, the more the cost of this generation of utilities and its maintenance, would decree an end for the this take over on a contract basis. In this work, presented as an alternative solution to enable this facility, exchanging conventional chillers for an absorption chiller, which besides consume little electricity using the heat exchange between lithium bromide to generate steam and cooling water for the air conditioning system, the proposed system provided an increased supply of steam to feed not only the HVAC system for the production of manufactures, attached to this recovery boiler is proposed to install a gas turbine with sufficient conditions generate electricity for the entire site and still be able to trade the surplus energy to be sold to the utility. The result of this proposed system showed an excellent efficiency, compared to the conventional system, which technically is presented as very viable.

The main goal of the thesis was a selection of appropriate thermal cycles for the considerated nuclear power stations with the Generation IV reactors. Characterization and specification of the parametres of the Brayton and the Rankine-Clausi thermodynamic cycle, their optimalization with regard to the parametres of the first cycle was made, than analysis of cycles´properties, mostly efficiency, output and process layout.