In Brazil, the coincidence of massive growth and growing inequalities was also combined with an authoritarian regime. This coincidence led the dependency scholars to link the Brazilian economic model and the repressive and authoritarian nature of the political regime. However, the Brazilian democratization process, taking roots in the mid-70s, reformulated the issue. Indeed, while remaining committed to transnationalism, a democratization process was underway. This paper argues that the democratization process is consistent with, and even motivated by, the regulation imperatives of the regime of accumulation. However, these regulation imperatives limit the nature and scope of democratic reforms. Nevertheless, transnationalism also lay the foundations for more progressive and democratic option to emerge in formal politics and in civil society.

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Brazil instituted a crawling peg (mini-devaluation) exchange rate system in 1968 as a long-term device to put into operation an "export oriented growth-cum-debt" model of economic development. The crawling peg was expected to serve diverse objectives by decreasing the variability in the exchange rate. In this study we have analyzed the degree to which this strategy succeeded in realizing the desired goals during the period from 1968 to 1980. / Our findings verified that the implementation of the crawl was an important tool that protected and enhanced Brazil's competitive position in world markets. The demand for Brazilian products became more responsive both to changes in relative prices and to changes in world income. We further established the significance of the crawl in stabilizing import prices and flows in addition to its impact on foreign financing decisions.

In the Third World, the Oil Crisis has emphasized the vulnerability of certain large oil-importing countries, engaged in an extensive process of industrialization. The author asks whether Brazil's response to this new challenge will emerge from a tradition of direct State involvement in Energy (exemplified by PETROBRAS), or an original strategy based on the private sector. Both the personal commitment of General Geisel to enhance the national bourgeoisie, and the general context of the mid-Seventies, favour the latter. As the locally-owned sugar-producing oligopoly promotes an alcohol program to replace gasoline, the State is seeking a loose formula--an Alliance of the agro-energetic sector with the multinational automobile industry and PETROBRAS. Its success would be based on the performance of each actor. / Given a tradition of susceptibility of the Brazilian State to internal lobbying, and the choice in favour of indirect involvement in the program, it is not surprising that controls remained largely ineffective. Further structural limitations--an archaic agriculture resulting in low productivity of land, a lack of private funding, and technological deficiencies (caused by inadequate R & D activities)--induced the failure of the program in its original conception. However, the national bourgeoisie's fear of foreign control lead the military to veto the possible alternative of further internationalization of the alcohol sector. It remains to be seen, in the light of the weakening position of Brazil in the world economy, if such a stance can be maintained in the long term.

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Thesis MA (Political Science. International Studies))--University of Stellenbosch, 2007. / This thesis is, in essence, a theoretically informed, qualitative study of an intermediate power coalition in international trade negotiations. More specifically, it critically evaluates the cooperation of India, Brazil and South Africa (IBSA) in the World Trade Organisation (WTO). The IBSA Dialogue Forum was established in 2003. This was also the year the three emerging countries first drew attention to their collective bargaining potential. First, they were instrumental in negotiating a waiver in the WTO that allowed for relaxed patent restrictions on the import of generic drugs for countries in the developing world facing health emergencies. Then, they also played a central role in the collapse of the WTO talks held in Cancun, 2003. This study looks at what IBSA aims to achieve in the WTO and then tries to establish whether it is possible for the initiative to achieve these aims (in the WTO). It asks, firstly, what kind of coalition IBSA forms in the WTO. Then, it asks whether it makes sense for India, Brazil and South Africa to form this type of coalition. Finally, it discusses some of the complexities involved in the three countries’ claim that it speaks for the “developing South”. The study makes use mainly of a neo-liberal institutionalist theoretical approach, while being open to constructive debate and critique from the reflective school. Ultimately, the study argues that the challenges that bind these countries also constrain each of them. The three countries might be emerging, but they are also developing countries with limited capacity that face serious developmental challenges. In addition, these countries of the South are situated in complex regional environments. In the WTO, IBSA aims to cement a coalition through processes that promote the cooperative dimensions of interaction and minimise conflictual ones. This innovative approach to cooperation does provide some hope. How they use their collective capacity will prove decisive. No doubt, successful cooperation will require hard work, especially as the coalition will have to deliver concrete results not only to domestic constituencies, but also to the developing world as a whole.

Orientador: Pedro Paulo Zahluth Bastos / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Economia / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-16T09:34:44Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Almeida_JoseTadeude_M.pdf: 1625026 bytes, checksum: d720de44f43500e8f0db59b211b2f7a7 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010 / Resumo: Este trabalho tem como meta resgatar alguns aspectos relacionados à gestão da estrutura macroeconômica do Brasil no chamado Segundo Império (1840-1889), principalmente no período compreendido entre os anos de 1853 e 1862, onde se verifica uma grande liderança política dos quadros filiados ao Partido Conservador, que foram capazes de conduzir um movimento de aproximação com membros mais moderados do Partido Liberal, denominado Movimento da Conciliação, como forma de engendrar a formação de governos de coalizão, reduzir o espaço de opinião de dissidências político-partidárias, e garantir a aprovação de projetos favoráveis ao progresso nacional. A política econômica deste período, neste sentido, desenvolveu-se em sua maior parte sob a égide dos conservadores, cujo foco incidia constantemente sobre o equilíbrio orçamentário e pela manutenção da valorização da taxa de câmbio, como forma de evitar o recurso da emissão de moeda para sanear os gastos públicos, em sintonia com os preceitos do sistema do padrão-ouro, modelo internacional de paridade entre moedas adotado pelo Brasil em 1846. Busca-se assim entender melhor este modelo - de natureza conservadora - de gestão da coisa pública, a partir da inserção de natureza periférica da economia brasileira ao padrão ouro-libra, então vigente, e elucidando ainda a vulnerabilidade do sistema monetário brasileiro no século XIX, e os impactos desta conjuntura sobre a ordem social. Por fim, procuramos enfatizar a necessidade de novas reflexões a respeito da gestão dos negócios do Império, levando em consideração a necessidade premente, conforme o pensamento da época, da construção de um Estado-nação / Abstract: This dissertation focuses the management of the Brazilian macroeconomic structures into the period known as Second Empire (1840-1889), specially between 1853 to 1862, where is verified a great political leadership from the members of Conservative Party, whose conducted an approach with the most moderated members of Liberal Party, a movement called Conciliação. This movement aimed to form coalition governments, reduce the expressivity of political dissidents, and approve some favorable projects to the development of the country. The economic policy in this period was conducted by the conservatives, focusing a balanced budget and a valorized exchange rate, avoiding the emission of money (and debt papers) to pay the public expenditures. These acts have a link with the gold standard system, adopted by Brazilian authorities in 1846. Therefore, the dissertation intends to have a better understanding of the conservative model of economic policy in Brazil; focusing, indeed, the marginal condition of its insertion to the gold standard, and also the vulnerability of its monetary system in the 1850 decade, and the impacts from this situation into the social order. At last, the paper emphasizes the relevance of new reflections about the management of the Brazilian empire business in the same time, basing the analysis on an urgent needing to build a new nation, a new state, in the 19th century / Mestrado / Historia Economica / Mestre em Desenvolvimento Econômico

Orientador: Sergio Roberto Rios do Prado / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Economia / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-08T08:50:26Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Ferreira_GlendaDantas_M.pdf: 6489029 bytes, checksum: 90f39f210e09699be11882b2cd0d79ca (MD5) Previous issue date: 2005 / Resumo: O objetivo desta dissertação é fazer uma leitura histórica da evolução das políticas de desenvolvimento no Brasil. Do ponto de vista metodológico, elas foram divididas em dois tipo-ideais: a) políticas federais de desenvolvimento regional; b) políticas estaduais de desenvolvimento regional. Objetivamos especificamente investigar como se processou a transição de um padrão no qual as políticas de desenvolvimento eram operadas centralmente para outro cujas políticas são operadas pelos governos estaduais, e o que podemos dizer da funcionalidade de um e de outro padrão. Em um sistema federativo o caráter das políticas de desenvolvimento resulta, em grande medida, da forma como são estruturadas as relações intergovernamentais. Resulta também do modelo de intervenção do Estado Nacional. Nesse sentido, tomamos como ponto de partida para nossa investigação a análise das transformações pelas quais vêm passando o Estado Nacional e o sistema federativo. Após a análise da evolução das políticas de desenvolvimento, constatamos que tem ocorrido um crescente fortalecimento das iniciativas de promoção desenvolvimento em nível estadual, e também uma crescente e aguda fragilização do governo central na execução de tais políticas. Fato este que nos leva a expor, em nível analítico-conceitual, algumas proposições relativas à eficiência das políticas estaduais de desenvolvimento regional, tendo como quadro referencial uma situação peculiar na qual tais políticas têm um caráter de iniciativas autônomas, sem a presença reguladora do poder central. Além disso, elas apresentam um caráter extremamente competitivo, perverso e pouco eficiente expresso no fenômeno da guerra fiscal. Concluímos que, se competição é inerente à Federações e se os entes federativos possuem um grau razoável de autonomia, parece impossível evitar a maior parte dos efeitos negativos oriundos da dinâmica competitiva sem que alguma forma de autoridade central regule as iniciativas individuais e, por conseguinte, iniba a guerra fiscal / Abstract: The objective of this dissertation is to make a historical reading of the evolution of the development policies in BraziL From the methodological point of view, they were divided in two' ideal kinds: a) federal policies of regional development; b) state policies of regional development. We specifically aim to investigate how the transition fIom one pattem, in which development policies were operated centrally, to another, in which its policies are operated by the state govemment, has been processed and what can be stated about the functionality of one and the other. In a federative system, the character of the development policies results, on a large scale, fIom the form intra-govemmental relations are structured. It also results fIom the interventional model of the National State. In this sense, we take as a starting point to our investigation the. analysis of the transformations which the National State and the federal system have been going through. Afier the analysis of the evolution of the development policies, we found out that it has occurred a growing strengthening of the initiatives of promotion of development in state leveI, and also a growing and acute fIailty of the central govemment in the execution of such policies. Such fact makes us expose, in an analyticalconcepmallevel, some propositions related to the efficiency of the regional development state policies, having as a referential picture a peculiar situation in which such policies have the character of autonomous initiatives, without the regulatory presence of the central power. In addition to that, they present an extremely competitive, perverse and little efficient character, expressed on the phenomenon of fiscal war. We conclude that, if competition is inherent to Federations and if the federative entities possess a reasonable degree of autonomy, it seems impossible to avoid most of the negative effects originating from the competitive dynamics unless some form of central authority regulates individual initiatives and, consequently, inhibits fiscal war / Mestrado / Economia Regional e Urbana / Mestre em Desenvolvimento Econômico

Thesis (MA)-- Stellenbosch University, 2013. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The Brazilian welfare state has developed over time in relation to national and global trends. This study analyses the creation of Latin Americas largest Conditional Cash Transfer program in relation to these trends. The thesis provides an historical overview of the creation of Conditional Cash Transfers in the country that lastly ended with Bolsa Familia. Alongside events that led to Bolsa Familia, the nation witnessed the development of social welfare initiatives as well as alternative poverty reducing programs. The study analyses this in the context of the creation of the Brazilian welfare. The question guiding the study is: Has the Bolsa Famila programme helped to reduce poverty in Brazil? It is argued that Brazil has been successful in reducing its poverty rate as a result of the programme. The study looks deeper into the structure of Bolsa Familia in order to view its results and effects both advantages and disadvantages of the programme are assessed. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die Brasiliaanse welvaart staat het in verhouding tot nasionale en internasionale tendense ontwikkel. Hierdie studie analiseer hoe Latyns-Amerika se grootste voorwaardelike kontant oordrag program in die lig van hierdie tendense ontwikkel het. Die tesis verskaf ‘n historiese oorsig tot die inwerkingstelling van voorwaardelike kontant oordrag programme en die wyse waarop dit meer spesifiek uitgeloop het op die Bolsa Familia program. Die studie is gelei deur die vraag: Het die Bolsa Familia program daartoe bygedra dat armoede in Brasilïe verminder het? Benewens die feit dat hierdie vraag positief beantwoord word, bekyk die studie in groter detail die struktuur van die program asook die program se voordele en nadele.