Thesis (M.S.)--Indiana University, 2007. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 65-76).

Thesis (M.S.)--West Virginia University, 2000. / Title from document title page. Document formatted into pages; contains ix, 87 p. : ill. (some col.). Includes abstract. Includes bibliographical references (p. 69-73).

Thesis (M.S.)--Springfield College, 2003. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 129-138).

Orientador: Ricardo Machado Leite de Barros / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Educação Fisica / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-06T05:36:56Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Sarro_KarineJacon_M.pdf: 1466736 bytes, checksum: 68b9038a388d75b1c8d0f9182d905811 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2003 / Resumo: A respiração, em especial a fase da ventilação, é um ato dinâmico dependente da ação coordenada dos músculos respiratórios e da movimentação das estruturas osteo-articulares da caixa torácica. O presente trabalho objetiva propor e avaliar uma metodologia baseada em videogrametria para a análise experimental quantitativa da movimentação da caixa torácica durante a respiração bem como variáveis descritoras da movimentação da mesma. Para tanto, foi utilizado um sistema de análise cinemática tridimensional de movimentos (Dvideow) para obter a descrição das trajetórias espaciais de 38 marcadores fixados sobre referências anatômicas na caixa torácica de 14 sujeitos saudáveis. A partir das coordenadas tridimensionais dos marcadores as seguintes variáveis experimentais puderam ser obtidas: a) descrição das trajetórias espaciais dos marcadores de superfície a partir de um sistema para análise cinemática de movimentos; b) variação das distâncias ântero-posteriores (DAP) e transversais (DT) da caixa torácica, obtida através do cálculo das distâncias lineares entre os marcadores; c) evolução temporal de quatro ângulos articulares obtidos entre as costelas e diferentes sistemas de coordenadas, representando a movimentação das costelas, e análise da correlação destas variáveis; d) comportamento dos espaços intercostais, obtido através do cálculo das distâncias entre os marcadores adjacentes. A avaliação da metodologia proposta foi feita a partir dos seguintes testes: a) análise da acurácia do sistema de análise cinemática nas condições de aplicação da metodologia; b) análise da sensibilidade das variáveis experimentais aos erros do sistema de medida; c) análise da variabilidade intra-examinador dos resultados devido ao reposicionamento dos marcadores em dias diferentes. Os resultados referentes à metodologia mostraram uma acurácia de 2,4 mm, gerando erros máximos de 2 graus nas variáveis angulares. Os valores médios da DAP e da DT encontrados foram compatíveis com a literatura estudada. A variação relativa da DT e da DAP foi significativamente maior (p<0,05) durante a respiração em capacidade vital (CV) que em volume corrente (VC). As costelas 3 a 5 apresentaram variação da DAP significativamente menor que as costelas 9 e 10. Os ângulos a (movimento do par de costelas no plano quasi-sagital) e q (angulação da costela direita em relação à esquerda) apresentaram variação coerente com os ciclos respiratórios. A variação do ângulo a foi significativamente maior nas costelas 1, 2, 3, 5 e 6 em relação às costelas 9 e 10 durante respiração em CV. Os resultados da correlação entre os movimentos das costelas permitiram identificar dois padrões distintos: todas as costelas movimentando-se em concordância de fase (padrão 1), onde enquadraram-se 8 sujeitos, e costelas movimentando-se em oposição de fase (padrão 2), onde enquadraram-se 6 sujeitos. Em relação às distâncias intercostais, estas foram significativamente maiores nos espaços de 1 a 4, os quais também apresentaram maior variabilidade. De maneira geral, a metodologia e as variáveis apresentadas foram capazes de identificar e descrever a movimentação dos componentes osteo-articulares da caixa torácica durante a respiração, contribuindo para a discussão deste problema na literatura / Abstract: Breathing is a dynamic action depending on the coordination of respiratory muscles contraction and the rib cage motion. This work proposes and evaluates a methodology based on videogrammetry for the quantitative experimental analysis of rib cage motion and the descriptive variables of this motion during breathing. Using a 3D kinematics analysis system (Dvideow), the trajectory of 38 landmarks fixed on the rib cage of 14 healthy subjects was obtained, and the following variables were calculated: a) description of spatial trajectories of landmarks; b) variation of the lateral (DT) and anterior-posterior (DAP) distances of the rib cage at the level of the 10 upper ribs, described by the linear distances of the markers in function of time; c) time evolution of four joint angles, obtained between the ribs and different coordinate systems representing rib movements and the analysis of the correlation of these movements; d) intercostal distances, obtained calculating the distances between adjacent landmarks. The methodology was evaluated by the following tests: a) analysis of the system accuracy; b) analysis of the sensibility of the variables to the system errors; c) analysis of the intra-examinator variability of the results for landmarks repositioning. It was obtained an accuracy of 2.4 mm, inducing errors of about 2 degrees on angular variables. The mean values of DAP and DT were consistent with literature. DAP and DT coefficient of variation was significantly higher (p<0.05) during vital capacity (CV) than quite breathing (VC). The 3rd to 5th ribs presented DAP variation significantly smaller than 9th and 10th ribs. Angles a (representing the motion of the pair of ribs at quasi-sagital plane) and q (representing the angle between right and left ribs) presented variation coherent with respiratory cycle. The variation of a was significantly higher at 1st, 2nd, 3rd, 5th and 6th ribs in relation to 9th and 10th ribs during CV. The results about the correlation between the motion of the ribs were able to identify two patterns of motion: all the ribs moving in phase (pattern 1), representing 8 subjects, and the last 3 ribs moving in opposite phase (pattern 2), representing 6 subjects. In relation to intercostals distances, spaces 1 to 4 were significantly higher and presented the highest variability. Concluding, the methodology and the variables proposed were able to identify and describe the motion of the rib cage components during breathing, contributing for the discussion of this matter at the literature / Mestrado / Mestre em Educação Física

Developmental nicotine exposure (DNE) is known to cause abnormal development of multiple brain regions and results in impaired control of breathing and altered behaviors that rely on proper coordination of the muscles of the tongue. The adverse effects of nicotine are presumably caused by its actions on nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs), which modulate fast-synaptic transmission and play a prominent role during brain development. Previous work has shown that DNE alters nAChR function in multiple brainstem regions (Pilarski et al., 2012, Wollman et al, 2016). Moreover, DNE causes multiple changes to XIIMNs, which innervate the muscles of the tongue (Powell et al., 2016, Powell et al., 2015, Pilarski et al., 2011). These changes likely reflect both altered development as a primary outcome of the chronic presence of nicotine, as well as, homeostatic adjustments made in an attempt to maintain normal motoneuron output. With the experiments described here, we tested the hypothesis that DNE alters the development of fast-synaptic transmission to XIIMNs, which, along with intrinsic properties of these neurons, is a main determinant of motor output to the muscles of the tongue. Additionally, we tested the hypothesis that DNE alters the function of nAChRs located on multiple brainstem neurons, including those that modulate fast-synaptic transmission to XIIMNs. For these experiments, we used whole cell patch clamp recordings from XIIMNs in a transverse slice of the medulla, and extracellular recordings from the 4th cervical ventral root in the brainstem spinal cord, split bath preparation. All preparations were obtained from control or DNE neonatal rats in the first week of life. Overall, the results of these experiments show that DNE alters fast-synaptic transmission to XIIMNs, which likely reflects appropriate homeostatic adjustments aimed at maintaining normal motor output at rest. However, these results also show that nAChR function is significantly altered by DNE, indicating fast-synaptic transmission may not be appropriately modulated in response to increased release of acetylcholine (ACh), the endogenous neurotransmitter for nAChRs.

Two studies were conducted to determine whether controlled, abdominally-predominant breathing could be accurately implemented during periods of acute anxiety by speech anxious/phobic individuals, and what effect breathing control has on autonomic and subjective indices of anxiety. Twenty-two moderately speech anxious young adults took part in Study 1. The results of this study indicated that after two weeks of training, only 50% of trainees were able to implement the controlled breathing technique with any degree of accuracy while waiting to deliver an impromptu speech before a small audience. No one were successful at reliably implementing the technique during the speech itself. As in previous research, training had little impact on autonomic arousal but was associated with improvements in self-reported anxiety. Similar findings emerged for Study 2, which differed from Study 1 in that it involved a larger (N = 48) and more highly speech anxious sample who participated in a longer (4-week), more intensive training program. Although training had little effect on subjective or autonomic arousal during speech anticipation and speech delivery, it did result in significantly higher predictions of speech aptitude and emotional control relative to no treatment. Such findings suggest that breathing control is not a useful emotion-focused coping strategy on its own, but may add to the effectiveness of exposure-based therapies by enhancing patients' self-efficacy and willingness to expose themselves to feared situations. / Arts, Faculty of / Psychology, Department of / Graduate

Birds are a diverse group of vertebrates, with over 10,000 extant species. Diversification into volant, aquatic and terrestrial environmental niches has precipitated a remarkable morphological diversity between species. Birds have a unique respiratory system consisting of a rigid lung connected to an air sac system. Air is pumped into the respiratory system via movements of the ribcage and sternum. Previous research identified the uncinate processes, ossified projections extending from the vertebral ribs, as critical respiratory and locomotor structures. Uncinate processes facilitate inspiration and expiration through associated muscles that displace the ribs and therefore sternum. External intercostal muscles project from the processes and function during locomotion to stabilise body roll. Therefore uncinate processes provide a link between breathing and locomotion in birds. The objective of my PhD is to extend beyond this basic research on uncinate processes to investigate how diversity in avian body morphology relates to the fundamental functions of breathing and locomotion.While the function of uncinate processes in respiration has been identified, the mechanism whereby ventilatory movements are elicited is not known. Therefore I present a model that demonstrates how respiratory movements of the skeleton are facilitated by the lever action of uncinate processes. Furthermore, variation in process and sternal morphology is driven by adaptation to different forms of locomotion. Therefore fundamental differences in breathing mechanics may be associated with specialisation to locomotor behaviour. Detailed developmental studies of the uncinate processes in birds are almost nonexistent. I provide the first detailed description of developmental changes in the uncinate processes in the turkey. Ossification of the uncinate processes begins around the time of hatch. However, the base is cartilaginous upon hatching and so the lever action of the processes may be compromised in the chick. I provide further evidence for a functional link between process length and respiratory physiology, since elongated processes support an elevated resting metabolic rate in birds. This link was further explored in physiological experiments where the energetic cost of walking in the barnacle goose was manipulated by load carrying. Carrying extra mass on the sternum is more energetically costly than an equivalent back load indicating that the cost of breathing increased. A directly proportional relationship exists between increasing mass of back load and metabolic rate, while sternal loads were approximately twice as expensive to carry during locomotion. Leg loads incurred the greatest increase in metabolism. Finally, I demonstrate how uncinate processes functioned as respiratory structures in basal avian species and a theropod ancestor of modern birds. Development of the uncinate processes may have been an important step in the evolution of the avian lung - air sac system.The principal findings of the five first author research articles presented in this PhD thesis shed important new light on the ventilatory mechanics in birds and highlight interactions between breathing and locomotion. Diversity in avian body morphology driven by adaptation to various locomotor behaviours has resulted in modification of the respiratory system.

Present methods of monitoring, anesthetic breathing circuits for mechanical faults are flawed by inadequacies in the design of disconnect/pressure monitors (DPMs), devices which monitor breathing circuit pressure waveforms. Such inadequacies are investigated, and their cause is identified. A microprocessor based DPM, which applies pattern recognition techniques to the task of disconnect monitoring is proposed, and its design and implementation are presented. Technical and clinical trials show that the prototype DPM consistently detects almost all mechanical faults in the anesthetic breathing circuit. It is concluded that pattern recognition based DPMs are significantly more effective than their present day counterparts. / Applied Science, Faculty of / Electrical and Computer Engineering, Department of / Graduate

No description available.

The role of the carotid chemoreceptors in the hyperpnea of exercise was investigated. The activity of the sinus nerve of the cat was monitored while the blood supply to the carotid body was controlled independently of the systemic circulation. By this technique, fluctuations in the arterial blood gases during a short interval of exercise induced by electrical stimulation of hindlimb muscles were unable to affect the chemoreceptor activity. While minute ventilation increased by an average of 51%, chemoreccptor discharge was found to be unchanged in 12 experiments, 6 while perfusing with normoxic blood and 6 while perfusing with hypoxic blood. Thus, it must be concluded that alteration of carotid chemoreceptor sensitivity does not occur during artificially induced exercise in anesthetized cats. However, the difference in the time course of ventilation following the initiation of artificially induced exercise between cats and other species does not allow it to be ruled out in other species, including man. Indirect evidence is against such a role.