A busca pela qualidade de vida originou a necessidade de se compreender melhor os aspectos envolvidos no processo de envelhecimento, visando minimizar suas consequências. Embora existam muitos estudos sobre a voz do idoso, a compreensão sobre quais aspectos interferem na qualidade de vida em voz desta população, ainda não é muito explorada. O objetivo do estudo é averiguar o impacto dos aspectos respiratórios e dos aspectos vocais na qualidade de vida em voz de idosos. Participaram 56 idosos acima de 60 anos de idade, sendo 39 mulheres e 17 homens. Foram realizados os procedimentos de avaliação vocal utilizando a Escala Analógica Visual para a análise perceptivo-auditiva da vogal sustentada /a/ e da conversa espontânea e, o programa computadorizado Mult Dimension Voice Program (MDVP), KayPentax, para a análise acústica, dos parâmetros frequência Fundamental (F0), desvio padrão da frequência fundamental (dp F0), shimmer, cociente de perturbação de amplitude (APQ,) jitter, cociente de perturbação de frequência (PPQ) e proporção ruído-harmônico (NHR). Também foi realizada a anamnese quanto aos sintomas e hábitos vocais, avaliação laríngea por meio de exame de nasolaringoscopia para caracterização da amostra; a avaliação da respiração, incluindo medidas de capacidade vital (CV), volume fonatório (VF), fluxo médio fonatório (FMF) e cociente fônico simples (CFS), por meio do espirômetro Pony Fx; a avaliação do tempo máximo de fonação (TMF) durante a emissão de /a/, /s/, /z/ e contagem de números, além da aplicação do Questionário de Qualidade de Vida em Voz (QVV). Foram utilizados o teste t e Mann-Whitney para a comparação dos parâmetros estudados, entre mulheres e homens idosos, e Spearman para correlação entre os dados. Adotou-se nível de significância de 5% para todos os testes.Os idosos do presente estudo apresentaram maior porcentagem de ocorrência de ato de pigarrear, falar alto e ter problemas digestivos e características laríngeas de arqueamento vocal de prega vocal, fenda glótica fusiforme e constrições supraglóticas, sendo mais evidentes no sexo masculino. Os idosos em geral, consideraram suas vozes como sendo boas, além de apresentarem elevado grau de qualidade de vida em voz, com pontuações próximas a 100% para todos os domínios. Quanto à qualidade vocal, os idosos apresentaram características de rugosidade, soprosidade e instabilidade, com diferença estatisticamente significante para o parâmetro rugosidade, sendo maior para os homens. Esta avaliação obteve uma confiabilidade, em sua maioria, excelente, tanto para o julgamento intra como interjuízes. Foi observada correlação positiva do parâmetro rugosidade com o Protocolo QVV no sexo feminino. Quanto às medidas acústicas, também foram observadas diferenças estatisticamente significantes para os parâmetros F0, shimmer e APQ, sendo estes dois últimos maiores para os homens. Foi verificado que estes três parâmetros quando aumentados, interferem negativamente na qualidade de vida em voz das mulheres idosas. As medidas espirométricas evidenciaram diferença significante entre os sexos, tendo valores elevados para os homens. Não foi verificada correlação destas medidas com o Protocolo QVV. Os TMF, assim como a espirometria, evidenciaram diferenças quanto ao sexo, com maiores valores de /a/ e /s/ para os homens. Foi observada correlação do TMF de /a/ e /s/ e da relação s/z com o Protocolo QVV apenas para o sexo masculino. Desta forma, concluiu-se que os aspectos vocais têm impacto negativo na qualidade de vida em voz das mulheres idosas e os aspectos respiratórios são os que mais interferem na qualidade de vida em voz dos homens. / The search for quality of life led to the need to better understand the is aspects involved in the aging process in order to minimize its consequences. Although there are many studies about the aging voice, understanding aspects of which interfere in quality of life in voice this population, still not much explored. The objective of the study is to investigate the impact of respiratory aspects and vocals aspects in quality of life in healthy elderly voice. Participated 56 elderly above 60 years of age, 39 women and 17 men. Was performed the assessment procedures vocal using the Visual Analogue Scale for perceptive analysis - hearing the vowel / a / and spontaneous conversation and, Mult Dimension Voice Program (MDVP) the computerized program, KayPentax, to acoustic analysis, the parameters average fundamental frequency (F0), standard derivation of fundamental frequency (SD F0), shimmer, amplitude perturbation quotient (APQ), jitter, pitch perturbation quotient (PPQ) and harmonic-noise ratio (NHR). Was also performed the interview about symptoms and vocal habits, laryngeal assessment through examination of nasolaryngoscopy for sample characterization, assessment of breathing, including measures of vital capacity (VC), phonation volume (VF), mean flow phonation (FMF ) and phonic simple quotient (CFS) through the spirometer Pony Fx; evaluating the maximum phonation (TMF) for issuing / a /, / s /, / z /, and counting numbers, besides the application of Quality of Life questionnaire in Voice (QLV). Were used the \"t\" test and Mann-Whitney for the compare the parameters studied, among elderly women and men and Spearman used for correlation between the data. Was adopted significance level of 5% for all tests. The elderly of the present study had higher percentage of occurrence of the act of clearing the throat, speak loudly and have problems digestive and laryngeal characteristics of arching vocal fold, glottic fusiform slit and supraglottic constrictions, being more evident in males. The elderly in general considered their voices as being good, besides presenting high level of quality of life in voice, with scores close to 100% for all domains. As the vocal quality presented characteristics of roughness, breathiness and instability, with statistically significant difference for the roughness parameter, being higher for men. This review obtained a trustworthiness, in their majority, excellent, both for the intra judgment as inter judges. Was observed positive correlation the roughness parameter with the Protocol V-RQOL in females. As for acoustic measures have also been observed statistically significant differences to the parameters F0, shimmer and APQ, latter two being larger for men. Was found that these three parameters when increased, negatively affect the quality of life in voice of elderly women. The spirometric measurements showed significant differences between the sexes, having high values for men. No correlation was verified of these measures with the Protocol V-RQOL. The MPT as well as spirometry, showed differences according to the sexes, with higher values of /a/ and /s/ for men. Correlation was observed of MPT /a/ and /s/ and s/z ratio with Protocol V-RQOL only for males. In this way, it was concluded that the vocal aspects have negative impact on quality of life in voice of elderly women and the respiratory aspects are the ones most interfere in the quality of life in men voice.

As deformidades dentofaciais (DDF) compreendem alterações no equilíbrio dentofacial que comprometem a estética e a funcionalidade do sistema estomatognático. O crescimento e desenvolvimento craniofacial são influenciados pela respiração, porém as condições respiratórias nesses indivíduos são pouco abordadas na literatura. O presente trabalho teve por objetivo caracterizar a função respiratória de indivíduos com deformidade dentofacial em relação às vias aéreas superiores e inferiores, bem como aos aspectos da respiração voltados para a fonação, neste mesmo grupo de indivíduos. Para isso foram avaliados 40 indivíduos adultos, divididos em três grupos equilibrados de acordo com gênero e idade: GC (14 indivíduos com equilíbrio dentofacial, Classe I e Padrão I); DDFII (12 indivíduos com DDF, Classe II e Padrão II) e DDFIII (14 indivíduos, Classe III e Padrão III), estando os dois últimos em tratamento ortodôntico preparatório para a cirurgia ortognática. Os pacientes foram submetidos ao exame miofuncional orofacial para avaliação de tipo e modo respiratório, fluxo nasal e possibilidade de uso nasal, utilizando o Protocolo MBGR, bem como à espirometria para avaliação da capacidade respiratória. Foi realizada, ainda, a medida de fluxo aéreo expiratório utilizando espelho milimetrado e calculada a área de embaçamento provocado pelo fluxo. Também foi obtido tempo de fonação de /s/. Na comparação entre os grupos foram utilizados os testes Kruskall-Wallis e teste t; para a comparação entre os aspectos estudados foram aplicados os testes estatísticos Qui Quadrado e ANOVA; para correlações, utilizou-se Pearson e Spearman. Os resultados demonstraram maior ocorrência do tipo respiratório médio superior para os diferentes grupos. No que diz respeito ao modo, mais da metade dos participantes com DDF apresentou respiração oronasal ou oral, sendo que ao realizar a comparação entre os grupos, foi encontrada diferença entre o DDFII e os demais grupos estudados (p<0,001). Quanto ao fluxo expiratório nasal, a maioria dos indivíduos dos grupos DFFII e DDFIII apresentou fluxo reduzido unilateralmente, enquanto para o GC foi simétrico, tendo-se verificado diferença significante entre os grupos com DDF e GC (p=0,011). Quanto à possibilidade de uso nasal, os grupos DFFII e DFFIII apresentaram semelhanças, porém o grupo DFFII apresentou menor tempo de uso nasal em relação aos outros grupos (p<0,001). No escore do Protocolo MBGR, o grupo DFFII apresentou os escores mais altos, ou seja, os piores resultados, ao comparar com os demais grupos (p<0,001). Com relação aos exames objetivos (área do embaçamento do espelho de Altmann, capacidade vital e suporte de ar disponível), a análise estatística não evidenciou diferença significante entre os grupos para todos os aspectos considerados (p>0,05). Por fim, foi encontrada correlação negativa quanto ao tempo fonatório de /s/ e o escore do MBGR correspondente à função respiratória. Concluiu-se que os grupos com DDF apresentam semelhante tipo respiratório, capacidade vital e menor suporte respiratório para a fonação, se comparados ao GC. Além disso, foi verificado que os indivíduos com DDF apresentam modo respiratório oral/oronasal, possibilidade de uso nasal reduzida e menor fluxo expiratório nasal, sendo que os prejuízos na função respiratória influenciaram a utilização do ar para a fonação. / Dentofacial deformities (DFD) are comprised of alterations of the dentofacial balance that compromise the aesthetics and functionality of the stomatognathic system. Craniofacial growth and development are influenced by breathing, however, the conditions of the upper and lower airways in these individuals are poorly addressed in the literature. The present study aimed to characterize the respiratory function in individuals with dentofacial deformities in relation to the upper and lower airways, as well as the aspects of breathing focused on phonation in this same group of individuals. To do so, we evaluated 40 adult individuals who were divided into three groups, balanced by gender and age: GC (14 individuals with dentofacial balance, Class I and Standard I); DFDII (12 individuals, Class II and Standard II) and DFDIII (14 individuals, Class III and Standard III), the latter two in preparatory orthodontic treatment for orthognathic surgery. The subjects were submitted to an Orofacial Myofunctional examination for the evaluation of respiratory type and mode, nasal flow and potential of nasal ability as well as spirometry to evaluate the respiratory capacity. We even performed a measure of expiratory airflow using a graded mirror and calculated the area of haze caused by the flow in cm2, utilizing the Image Pro Plus program. A phonation time of /s/ was also obtained. The qualitative and quantitative variables were submitted to the statistical Chi Square and ANOVA tests, respectively, for the comparison between the groups we utilized the Kruskal-Wallis and t-test, and for the correlations we utilized the Pearson and Spearman tests. The results showed that regarding the respiratory tract, the most prevalent was the upper middle for the different groups. With respect to the mode, more than half of the participants with dentofacial deformities presented oro-nasal or oral breathing, and when performing a comparison between the groups, a difference was found between the DFDII and the other studied groups (p<0.001). With regards to the nasal expiratory flow, most individuals from the DFFII and DDFIII groups showed a reduced flow to the right or to the left, while the GC group was symmetrical, and significant differences were verified between the groups with DFD and GC (p=0.011). Regarding the possibility of nasal use, the DFDII and DFDIII groups presented similarities, however, the DFDII group presented the highest occurrence of possibility of nasal use under one minute when compared to the other groups (p<0.001). In the MBGR Protocol score, the DFDII group had the highest scores, in other words, the worst results when compared to the other groups (p<0.001). With regard to the objective tests (area of haze of the Altmann mirror, vital capacity and available air support), the statistical analysis presented no significant differences between the groups for all aspects considered (p>0.05). Finally, a negative correlation was found regarding the phonation time of /s/ and the MBGR score. It was concluded that individuals with DFD presented an oral / oronasal respiratory mode, a possibility of reduced nasal use, reduced expiratory nasal flow and medium / high respiratory type. Furthermore, it was verified that groups with DFD presented similar vital capacity and lower respiratory support for phonation, when compared to the GC group.

A busca pela qualidade de vida originou a necessidade de se compreender melhor os aspectos envolvidos no processo de envelhecimento, visando minimizar suas consequências. Embora existam muitos estudos sobre a voz do idoso, a compreensão sobre quais aspectos interferem na qualidade de vida em voz desta população, ainda não é muito explorada. O objetivo do estudo é averiguar o impacto dos aspectos respiratórios e dos aspectos vocais na qualidade de vida em voz de idosos. Participaram 56 idosos acima de 60 anos de idade, sendo 39 mulheres e 17 homens. Foram realizados os procedimentos de avaliação vocal utilizando a Escala Analógica Visual para a análise perceptivo-auditiva da vogal sustentada /a/ e da conversa espontânea e, o programa computadorizado Mult Dimension Voice Program (MDVP), KayPentax, para a análise acústica, dos parâmetros frequência Fundamental (F0), desvio padrão da frequência fundamental (dp F0), shimmer, cociente de perturbação de amplitude (APQ,) jitter, cociente de perturbação de frequência (PPQ) e proporção ruído-harmônico (NHR). Também foi realizada a anamnese quanto aos sintomas e hábitos vocais, avaliação laríngea por meio de exame de nasolaringoscopia para caracterização da amostra; a avaliação da respiração, incluindo medidas de capacidade vital (CV), volume fonatório (VF), fluxo médio fonatório (FMF) e cociente fônico simples (CFS), por meio do espirômetro Pony Fx; a avaliação do tempo máximo de fonação (TMF) durante a emissão de /a/, /s/, /z/ e contagem de números, além da aplicação do Questionário de Qualidade de Vida em Voz (QVV). Foram utilizados o teste t e Mann-Whitney para a comparação dos parâmetros estudados, entre mulheres e homens idosos, e Spearman para correlação entre os dados. Adotou-se nível de significância de 5% para todos os testes.Os idosos do presente estudo apresentaram maior porcentagem de ocorrência de ato de pigarrear, falar alto e ter problemas digestivos e características laríngeas de arqueamento vocal de prega vocal, fenda glótica fusiforme e constrições supraglóticas, sendo mais evidentes no sexo masculino. Os idosos em geral, consideraram suas vozes como sendo boas, além de apresentarem elevado grau de qualidade de vida em voz, com pontuações próximas a 100% para todos os domínios. Quanto à qualidade vocal, os idosos apresentaram características de rugosidade, soprosidade e instabilidade, com diferença estatisticamente significante para o parâmetro rugosidade, sendo maior para os homens. Esta avaliação obteve uma confiabilidade, em sua maioria, excelente, tanto para o julgamento intra como interjuízes. Foi observada correlação positiva do parâmetro rugosidade com o Protocolo QVV no sexo feminino. Quanto às medidas acústicas, também foram observadas diferenças estatisticamente significantes para os parâmetros F0, shimmer e APQ, sendo estes dois últimos maiores para os homens. Foi verificado que estes três parâmetros quando aumentados, interferem negativamente na qualidade de vida em voz das mulheres idosas. As medidas espirométricas evidenciaram diferença significante entre os sexos, tendo valores elevados para os homens. Não foi verificada correlação destas medidas com o Protocolo QVV. Os TMF, assim como a espirometria, evidenciaram diferenças quanto ao sexo, com maiores valores de /a/ e /s/ para os homens. Foi observada correlação do TMF de /a/ e /s/ e da relação s/z com o Protocolo QVV apenas para o sexo masculino. Desta forma, concluiu-se que os aspectos vocais têm impacto negativo na qualidade de vida em voz das mulheres idosas e os aspectos respiratórios são os que mais interferem na qualidade de vida em voz dos homens. / The search for quality of life led to the need to better understand the is aspects involved in the aging process in order to minimize its consequences. Although there are many studies about the aging voice, understanding aspects of which interfere in quality of life in voice this population, still not much explored. The objective of the study is to investigate the impact of respiratory aspects and vocals aspects in quality of life in healthy elderly voice. Participated 56 elderly above 60 years of age, 39 women and 17 men. Was performed the assessment procedures vocal using the Visual Analogue Scale for perceptive analysis - hearing the vowel / a / and spontaneous conversation and, Mult Dimension Voice Program (MDVP) the computerized program, KayPentax, to acoustic analysis, the parameters average fundamental frequency (F0), standard derivation of fundamental frequency (SD F0), shimmer, amplitude perturbation quotient (APQ), jitter, pitch perturbation quotient (PPQ) and harmonic-noise ratio (NHR). Was also performed the interview about symptoms and vocal habits, laryngeal assessment through examination of nasolaryngoscopy for sample characterization, assessment of breathing, including measures of vital capacity (VC), phonation volume (VF), mean flow phonation (FMF ) and phonic simple quotient (CFS) through the spirometer Pony Fx; evaluating the maximum phonation (TMF) for issuing / a /, / s /, / z /, and counting numbers, besides the application of Quality of Life questionnaire in Voice (QLV). Were used the \"t\" test and Mann-Whitney for the compare the parameters studied, among elderly women and men and Spearman used for correlation between the data. Was adopted significance level of 5% for all tests. The elderly of the present study had higher percentage of occurrence of the act of clearing the throat, speak loudly and have problems digestive and laryngeal characteristics of arching vocal fold, glottic fusiform slit and supraglottic constrictions, being more evident in males. The elderly in general considered their voices as being good, besides presenting high level of quality of life in voice, with scores close to 100% for all domains. As the vocal quality presented characteristics of roughness, breathiness and instability, with statistically significant difference for the roughness parameter, being higher for men. This review obtained a trustworthiness, in their majority, excellent, both for the intra judgment as inter judges. Was observed positive correlation the roughness parameter with the Protocol V-RQOL in females. As for acoustic measures have also been observed statistically significant differences to the parameters F0, shimmer and APQ, latter two being larger for men. Was found that these three parameters when increased, negatively affect the quality of life in voice of elderly women. The spirometric measurements showed significant differences between the sexes, having high values for men. No correlation was verified of these measures with the Protocol V-RQOL. The MPT as well as spirometry, showed differences according to the sexes, with higher values of /a/ and /s/ for men. Correlation was observed of MPT /a/ and /s/ and s/z ratio with Protocol V-RQOL only for males. In this way, it was concluded that the vocal aspects have negative impact on quality of life in voice of elderly women and the respiratory aspects are the ones most interfere in the quality of life in men voice.

Os indivíduos portadores de desproporções maxilomandibulares apresentaram características miofuncionais orais peculiares ao tipo de desproporção que apresentam. Anormalidades na relação dento-esquelética acarretam prejuízos estéticos e funcionais aos indivíduos, tais como a modificação do espaço anatômico da cavidade oral, que pode vir a desencadear problemas na fala e na voz, assim como prejuízos na respiração. O objetivo do estudo é compreender as características respiratórias e fonoarticulatórias em indivíduos com deformidades dentofaciais submetidos a preparo ortodôntico pré-cirúrgico e verificar se há diferenças entre esses indivíduos comparativamente a indivíduos com equilíbrio dentofacial. Participaram 60 indivíduos de 18 a 40 anos de idade, 30 portadores de deformidades dentofaciais e 30 de um grupo controle. A avaliação da fonoarticulação foi realizada por meio da diadococinesia (DDC) das emissões /pa/, /ta/, /ka/, /pataka/, /a/ e /i/; Tempo Maximo de Fonação (TMF) durante a emissão de /a/, /i/, /u/, /s/, /z/ e contagem de números; avaliação da respiração, incluindo as medidas da capacidade vital e coordenação pneumofonoarticulatória, por meio da espirometria. Foram utilizados os programas computadorizados Sound Forge (Sony), Mult Speech Main Program e Motor Speech Profile Advanced (Kay Elemetrics) e o espirômetro PonyFx. O teste t de Student foi utilizado para comparação dos resultados entre osindivíduos com DDF e os indivíduos com equilíbrio dentofacial, adotando-se o nível de significância de 5%. Os indivíduos com DDF produziram menor número de emissões por segundo comparados ao grupo controle nas seguintes emissões da DDC: sílaba ka para o total de indivíduos (p=0,049), sequência pataka para o subgrupo Padrão III (p=0,012) e para mulheres (p=0,001). Os parâmetros relacionados à irregularidade dos ciclos de algumas emissões da DDC foram produzidas com valores mais elevados pelos indivíduos com DDF do que o grupo controle : maior coeficiente de variação da intensidade da silaba ta para o total de indivíduos (p=0,016) e para o subgrupo Padrão III (p=0,023); maior valor de desvio-padrão do período da sílaba pa para o total de indivíduos (p=0,046) e para o as mulheres (p=0,036); maior valor de desvio-padrão do período da sílaba ta no subgrupo Padrão III (p=0,047) e para o total de indivíduos (p=0,032); maior valor de perturbação do período da silaba pa para o total de indivíduos (p=0,024) e para as mulheres (p=0,031); maior valor de desvio padrão do período da vogal ï para as mulheres (p=0,027). Em relação ao TMF, os indivíduos com DDF apresentaram valores inferiores do que os indivíduos com equilíbrio dentofacial nas emissões: s para o subgrupo Padrão II (p=0,005) e homens (p=0,019); z para o subgrupo Padrão II (p=0,009); contagem de números para os homens (p=0,044). As medidas extraídas pela espirometria foram semelhantes entre os indivíduos com e sem DDF. Concluiu-se que foram encontradas diferenças entre indivíduos com deformidades dentofaciais, comparativamente a indivíduos com equilíbrio dentofacial, quanto à velocidade, e diversos parâmetros de estabilidade da DDC oral e quanto ao desvio-padrão do período da DDC laríngea. O grupo de pacientes com DDF não apresentou características respiratórias diferentes do grupo controle, mas apresentou valores reduzidos de TMF em emissões que contêm fonemas consonantais. / Individuals presented with maxillomandibular disproportions will show oral miofunctional characteristics peculiar to the type of disproportion they exhibit. Abnormalities in the dento-skeletal relation lead to aesthetic and functional losses, such as modification of the anatomical space of the oral cavity, which may trigger problems in ones voice, and in syllable production, as well as breathing damages.This study aims at understanding the respiratory and phonoarticulatory characteristics in individuals presented with dentofacial deformities, submitted to presurgical orthodontic preparation and verify whether there are differences among individuals presented with dentofacial deformities, as compared to individuals with dentofacial balance. Sixty subjects, in the age range 18 - 40 years, 30 presented with dentofacial deformities and 30 of a control group, participated in the study. Phonoarticulation assessment was performed through diadochokinesia (DDC) of emissions /pa/, /ta/, /ka/, /pataka/, /a/ and /i/; Maximum Time of Phonation (MTP) during the emission of /a/, /i/, /u/, /s/, /z/ and number counting; breathing assessment, including measurements of vital capacity and pneumophonoarticulatory coordination, through spirometry. Softwares Sound Forge (Sony), Mult Speech Main Program and Motor Speech Profile Advanced (Kay Elemetrics) and PonyFx spirometer, were utilized. Student´s t test was used for comparison between the results of individuals presented with DFD and those of individuals with dentofacial balance, by adopting the 5% significance level. Subjects presented with DFD produced a smaller number of emissions, per second, as compared to the control group, in the following DDC emissions: syllable ka for the total of individuals (p=0,049), sequence pataka for the Pattern III subgroupI (p=0,012) and for women (p=0,001). Some DDC emissions were produced with more elevated values by individuals presented with DFD, than the control group, regarding the parameters related to the irregularity of the cycles: greater intensity variation coefficient of the syllable ta for the total of individuals (p=0,016) and for the Pattern III subgroup (p=0,023); greater standard variation value of the pa syllable period for the total of subjects (p=0,046) and for the women (p=0,036); greater SD value of the ta syllable period in the Pattern III subgroup (p=0,047) and for the total of individuals (p=0,032); greater disturbance value of the pa syllable period for the total of individuals (p=0,024) and for the women (p=0,031); greater SD value of the vowel ï period for the women (p=0,027). In relation to Maximum phonation time (MPT), the individuals with DFD presented lower values than subjects with dentofacial balance in the emissions: s for the Pattern II subgroup (p=0,005) and men (p=0,019); z for Pattern II subgroup (p=0,009); counting of numbers for men (p=0,044). The measurements extracted through spirometry were similar among individuals with and without DFD. Differences were found between individuals with dentofacial deformities and individuals with dentofacial balance, as to the speed, and several stabiliity parameters of oral DDC and as to the SD of laryngeal DDC. The group of patients with DFD did not present respiratory characteristics different from those of the control group, but presented reduced MPT values in emissions which contain consonant phonemes.

INTRODUÇÃO: A asma pode ter início em qualquer idade sendo que sua prevalência em idosos pouco difere dos grupos de menor idade. O subdiagnóstico da asma no idoso é refletido na observação de que aproximadamente 60% do total de mortes relacionadas à asma ocorrem em pessoas com 65 anos ou mais, sendo de igual importância a observação de que a função pulmonar diminuída, associada à obstrução das vias aéreas reduz a qualidade de vida dessa população. Sabe-se que devido à broncoconstrição das vias aéreas e conseqüente hiperinsuflação pulmonar, os asmáticos apresentam os músculos inspiratórios em posição de desvantagem mecânica, o que contribui para agravamento do quadro clínico do paciente. No intuito de auxiliar no tratamento da asma e melhorar a qualidade de vida desses pacientes, estudos sobre fisioterapia respiratória, e diferentes técnicas respiratórias têm sido feitos. Porém, até o momento não havia estudos sobre exercícios respiratórios sem o uso de aparelhos realizados com idosos asmáticos. OBJETIVO: Avaliar os efeitos de um programa de exercícios respiratórios (sem aparelho) para idosos asmáticos. MÉTODOS: foram selecionados 24 de 132 pacientes do PRONTMED (Prontuário Eletrônico do Serviço de Imunologia Clínica e Alergia do HCFMUSP), com idade igual ou superior a 60 anos, com diagnóstico de asma moderada ou grave. Dos pacientes selecionados, 21 iniciaram o programa e 14 freqüentaram regularmente e concluíram o programa de exercícios respiratórios. Antes do início do programa todos os pacientes foram avaliados com relação à função pulmonar, força da musculatura respiratória, capacidade aeróbia, qualidade de vida, e quadro clínico. Devido à pequena amostra, os pacientes foram controles deles mesmos. Após oito semanas de exercícios, e ao término do programa, todas as avaliações foram refeitas, e após um mês do término do programa, as avaliações mais uma vez foram refeitas. Durante o estudo os pacientes preenchiam diariamente um diário de sintomas da asma. RESULTADOS: após as 16 semanas de intervenção não observamos alterações significativas nas variáveis pulmonares, porém observamos aumentos significativos nas pressões inspiratórias (Pimáx) e expiratórias máximas (Pemáx), 27,6% e 20,54% respectivamente, que refletem a força da musculatura respiratória. Com relação à qualidade de vida verificamos melhoras significativas. As avaliações clínicas, juntamente com os diários de sintomas, indicaram melhoras significativas devido à redução da sintomatologia respiratória. Porém, após um mês sem os exercícios respiratórios, observamos que ocorreu o que é definido pela literatura como destreinamento: observamos diminuição de 21,4% na Pimáx e de 37,33% na Pemáx, que parecem ter refletido no quadro clínico, nos diários de sintomas e na qualidade de vida dos pacientes. Pois, observamos regressão nas melhoras anteriormente verificadas nessas variáveis. Logo, apesar de ter ocorrido o destreinamento, que é algo comum ao treinamento físico, quando este é reduzido ou interrompido, podemos inferir que o presente estudo de exercícios respiratórios contribuiu para aumento da força da musculatura respiratória e que esse aumento refletiu positivamente tanto no quadro clínico quanto na qualidade de vida dos pacientes, de modo que o mesmo poderia ser utilizado como um coadjuvante ao tratamento clínico-medicamentoso de pacientes idosos asmáticos. / INTRODUCTION: People can develop asthma at any given age, and asthma prevalence in older adults is no different than that observed in younger people. Asthma in older adults is frequently underdiagnosed, and this is reflected in the fact that approximately 60% of people who die from asthma have surpassed the age of 65. Equally important is the fact that reduced lung function and airway obstruction have a negative impact on the quality of life for this population. In asthmatic patients, bronchoconstriction and consequent lung hyperinflation, leave the inspiratory muscles in a position of mechanical disadvantage, and thus, contribute to the exacerbation of the clinical presentation. A number of studies on respiratory physiotherapy and different breathing techniques have been performed in order to help asthma treatment and to improve the patients quality of life. Nevertheless, so far, we are not aware of any reports regarding breathing exercises without breathing equipment in older adults with asthma. OBJECTIVE: Evaluate the effects of a respiratory exercise program (without breathing equipment) tailored for elderly people. METHODS: Out of 132 patients listed in the PRONTMED (electronic filing system of the Clinical Immunology and Allergy Division of HCFMUSP), we selected 24 patients, aged 60 or greater, with a diagnosis of moderate or severe asthma. Out of the 24 patients, 21 started the program and 14 participated regularly and concluded the respiratory exercise program. Prior to the start of the program all patients were evaluated with regard to lung function, respiratory muscle strength, aerobic capacity, quality of life and clinical presentation. Due to the small sample size, patients were their own controls. At the end of a 16-week-exercise program all evaluations were repeated. During the study period, patients were requested to keep a diary and record symptoms every day. RESULTS: After 16 weeks of interventions, we did not observe significant changes in pulmonary lung function tests. However, we observed significant increases in maximum inspiratory pressure (Pimax) and maximum expiratory pressure (Pemax) (27.6 % and 20.54 % respectively), which are associated with respiratory muscle strength. In regards to quality of life, we observed considerable improvements. Clinical evaluations and the daily-recorded symptoms diary indicate significant improvements and fewer respiratory symptoms. Yet, a month after exercise interruption, we observed detraining, with reduction of Pimax (21.4 %) and Pemax (37.33 %). Detraining had a negative impact on clinical presentation, recording of symptoms, and patient quality of life, parameters that had previously improved with training. Despite the occurrence of detraining, which is common after reduction or interruption of exercise, we conclude that a respiratory exercise program increased muscle strength, which in turn had a positive effect on patient clinical presentation and quality of life. Therefore, a respiratory training program could be associated with the medical and clinical therapeutic approach of older adults with asthma.

Children and adolescents with obesity and overweight are at increased risk for developing sleep disordered breathing (SDB) and SDB has been associated with cognitive deficits and executive dysfunction. The aim of this study was to examine the relationship between executive functioning and SDB among adolescents participating in a behavioral weight loss intervention. Adolescents (n = 37) and their caregivers completed the Behavior Rating Inventory of Executive Function (BRIEF) and caregivers completed the Pediatric Sleep Questionnaire (PSQ). Using the Sleep Related Breathing Disorder scale on the PSQ adolescents were classified as at risk or not at risk for SDB. Correlations were calculated to evaluate associations between executive function and SDB. MANOVA analyses were also conducted to determine whether significant differences in executive function exist between adolescents at risk for SDB, and those not at risk. Significant correlations were found between SDB and executive functioning (r = 0.75; < .001). Significant differences were observed between SDB risk and non-SDB risk groups on the BRIEF parent report (F (1, 35) = 3.73; < 0.01). Differences in parent-report BRIEF scores across risk groups represent a large effect (d = 1.73). However, these differences were not replicated on the BRIEF self-report (F (1, 35) = 1.24; p < 0.05). Adolescents with overweight or obesity participating in behavioral weight loss interventions may be at increased risk for SDB and those adolescents at risk for SDB may have executive dysfunction. These deficits may have implications for treatment.

Background: In children with cerebral palsy (CP), poor trunk control fosters spinal deformity, pulmonary compromise (Canet, et al., 1998), increased health risks, and costs of long-term care (Braddock, 2001). Evidence links posture and pulmonary function, but influence of wheelchair parameters on pulmonary mechanics is unknown. Objectives: 1) Determine relative contribution of five wheelchair configuration parameters to improvement in pulmonary mechanics--total airway resistance (RAW), tidal volume, minute ventilation (MV), and deadspace to tidal volume ratio; 2) Describe recruitment and retention of school-aged children with CP; and 3) Discuss response of the participants to the protocol. Method: This within-subjects, descriptive study employed a sample of 8 school-aged children with CP and flexible spines who could not sit alone. In a single session, participants experienced five seating parameters manipulated in a Prairie wheelchair simulator: 1) left and right upper extremity supports; 2) left and right lateral trunk supports; 3) secured, level, derotated pelvis; 4) tilt in space; and 5) all four parameters. The Viasys Jaeger Impulse Oscillometry System and Respironics Non Invasive Cardiac Output monitor (NICO) measured the dependent variable, pulmonary mechanics, via Hans Rudolph facemasks. Spasticity (by Modified Ashworth Scale), patient characteristics, and medications were recorded. A process log captured participant recruitment and retention challenges and response to protocol. Results: Recruitment was challenging; retention was 50%. For this sample, despite lack of power, both RAW and MV improved with upper extremity and lateral trunk supports. Highest RAW was seen with total absence and total presence of the parameters, and secured, level pelvis. The data collection protocol was feasible for 50% of participants, none of whom could execute conventional measurement. Facemask and seating simulator acceptability were 75 %, improving with participant verbal communication ability. The facemask seal was vulnerable to tilted positioning; 75% of participants became fatigued. RAW measures differed from manufacturer's directions but were reliable. Conclusions: The Prairie seating simulator, Jaeger IOS, Respironics NICO, and Hans Rudolph facemasks effectively measured pulmonary mechanics as a function of wheelchair seating parameters in this sample. Upper extremity and lateral trunk supports most greatly reduced RAW, maintaining MV. Verbal children tolerated the procedure best.

Swallowing is an essential motor act that coordinates the movement of food or saliva from the mouth through the pharynx and into the esophagus while protecting the upper airways from aspiration of those materials. Disordered swallowing, or dysphagia, results when bolus movement from the oropharyngeal phase into the esophageal phase is uncoordinated. Dysphagia directly causes or increases the risk of aspiration during swallowing in many clinical pathologies including Parkinson’s disease, Alzheimer’s disease, cerebrovascular incidents (stroke) in addition to being prevalent among the elderly population. The coordination between breathing and swallowing is mediated through the interaction of the swallow and respiratory Central Pattern Generators (CPGs) located in the brainstem. In the pharyngeal phase of swallow respiratory airflow is temporarily interrupted, and then reset, when the bolus moves through the pharyngeal space. The lungs retain enough air during the swallow apnea to protect the lower airways from accidental aspiration of residual bolus material, modulate the latency to initiate the swallow, while providing sensory feedback for processing within the brainstem network. The timing of the pharyngeal phase of swallow with respiration occurs across a continuum of lung volumes. Following swallow, the latency to initiate inspiration of the subsequent respiratory cycle increases. The swallow-mediated increase in cycle duration on respiration may depend upon the central processing of pulmonary afferents that may also affect reconfiguration of the respiratory CPG to express the swallow CPG. The peripheral and central mechanisms of swallow-breathing coordination remain poorly understood. Here, the relationship between central inspiratory output and the resultant mechanical inflation of the lungs was manipulated and dissociated to test the hypothesis that a centrally- and peripherally-mediated “swallow gate” coordinates swallow initiation with central respiratory activity and vagally-mediated pulmonary feedback. We obtained data from decerebrate adult cats of either sex that fully recovered from isoflurane anesthesia prior to the decerebration procedure. Fictive swallows were elicited using electrical stimulation of the superior laryngeal nerves (SLN) or injection of water (Water) into the pharyngeal cavity. Both stimuli were presented at random during the central respiratory cycle and/or the mechanical ventilation cycle. Mechanical ventilation was either triggered in-phase with phrenic discharge activity or it was set independent of phrenic discharge activity. These two modes of mechanical ventilation facilitated our ability to analyze the collective and individual effect of lower airway feedback on swallow-breathing coordination. The efferent discharge activities were recorded from the right hypoglossal (XII), left phrenic (Phr), left lumbar iliohypogastric (Lum) and right vagus (X) or the right recurrent laryngeal (RLN) nerves using silver bipolar hooked electrodes. All nerve activity was full-wave rectified, amplified, RC integrated (τ=200-500 ms) and low-pass filtered prior to analysis for effects on swallow-breathing coordination across stimulation-ventilation conditions. We observed post-inspiratory type (Post-I) and expiratory type (Exp) swallows that produced discrete effects on central respiratory rhythm across all conditions. The Post-I type swallows disturbed the duration and amplitude of preceding central inspiratory activity, without affecting the duration of central expiratory activity. The Exp type swallows prolonged central expiration but produced no effect on central inspiratory activity. We observed that lung inflation negatively modulated swallow initiation during fixed mechanical ventilation in the absence of central respiratory output, i.e., during central apnea. Most swallow elicited during central apnea initiated during periods of low lower airway afferent feedback. Collectively, these findings extend the role for lower airway feedback beyond its role as a provider of lung afferent surveillance and identifies lower airway feedback as a modulator of swallow-breathing coordination.

Breathing Stabilization System is a new idea and method. The purpose of this system is to produce a device to control a patient's breathing for gated radiotherapy. This thesis focuses on building a simple Breathing Stabilization System that includes five solenoids, a power supply and five force sensors to build up the whole system. Significantly, this thesis will introduce the modeling of solenoids in detail that include how to build a mathematical model of the solenoids. The simulation of the electromagnetic in professional multi-physics software COMSOL will also be explained. To drive the solenoid system, a voltage-to-current converter is used. This part will be introduced as well as the operational amplifier circuit used by the force sensors.

There are several disadvantages in conventional unipolar/bipolar plates such as cost expensive, weight heavy and volume large. Therefore, it is difficult in making use conventional unipolar/bipolar plates to portable fuel cells. With a new heterogeneous carbon fiber bipolar plate, pumpless and air-breathing design and in cooperating with a special MEA, portable fuel cell stacks developed in our lab have made portable applications to be possible. The structure of the DMFC stack made with the new carbon fiber bipolar plate is much more simple and weight-light than the other designs. A two-layer 16-Cell DMFC Stack had been designed and made by using the heterogeneous carbon fiber monopolar plates developed in our fuel cell laboratory. With this design, the methanol solution can be directly stored in the anode chamber which can store fuel 17 ml and does not need any auxiliary equipment, so it easy to apply to the portable power source. Not including fuel, total weight of stack is only 50g and the volume is 75 cm3. The 16 cell stack includes two pieces of 117 membrane, 16 anode electrodes loading Pt/Ru 5 mg/cm2 and 16 cathode Pt loading 5 mg/cm2. Each single cell electrode area is about 3.5 cm&#x00B2;, so the total electrode area of the 16-cell stack is 56cm2. With methanol concentration 3 M, pumpless, air-breathing, and room temperature, the largest output power density of the fuel cell can reach 10.3 mW/cm&#x00B2;, and the total power can reach 578 mW in this stage. The performance of the stack will be further improved in the next stage.