INTRODUÇÃO: A asma pode ter início em qualquer idade sendo que sua prevalência em idosos pouco difere dos grupos de menor idade. O subdiagnóstico da asma no idoso é refletido na observação de que aproximadamente 60% do total de mortes relacionadas à asma ocorrem em pessoas com 65 anos ou mais, sendo de igual importância a observação de que a função pulmonar diminuída, associada à obstrução das vias aéreas reduz a qualidade de vida dessa população. Sabe-se que devido à broncoconstrição das vias aéreas e conseqüente hiperinsuflação pulmonar, os asmáticos apresentam os músculos inspiratórios em posição de desvantagem mecânica, o que contribui para agravamento do quadro clínico do paciente. No intuito de auxiliar no tratamento da asma e melhorar a qualidade de vida desses pacientes, estudos sobre fisioterapia respiratória, e diferentes técnicas respiratórias têm sido feitos. Porém, até o momento não havia estudos sobre exercícios respiratórios sem o uso de aparelhos realizados com idosos asmáticos. OBJETIVO: Avaliar os efeitos de um programa de exercícios respiratórios (sem aparelho) para idosos asmáticos. MÉTODOS: foram selecionados 24 de 132 pacientes do PRONTMED (Prontuário Eletrônico do Serviço de Imunologia Clínica e Alergia do HCFMUSP), com idade igual ou superior a 60 anos, com diagnóstico de asma moderada ou grave. Dos pacientes selecionados, 21 iniciaram o programa e 14 freqüentaram regularmente e concluíram o programa de exercícios respiratórios. Antes do início do programa todos os pacientes foram avaliados com relação à função pulmonar, força da musculatura respiratória, capacidade aeróbia, qualidade de vida, e quadro clínico. Devido à pequena amostra, os pacientes foram controles deles mesmos. Após oito semanas de exercícios, e ao término do programa, todas as avaliações foram refeitas, e após um mês do término do programa, as avaliações mais uma vez foram refeitas. Durante o estudo os pacientes preenchiam diariamente um diário de sintomas da asma. RESULTADOS: após as 16 semanas de intervenção não observamos alterações significativas nas variáveis pulmonares, porém observamos aumentos significativos nas pressões inspiratórias (Pimáx) e expiratórias máximas (Pemáx), 27,6% e 20,54% respectivamente, que refletem a força da musculatura respiratória. Com relação à qualidade de vida verificamos melhoras significativas. As avaliações clínicas, juntamente com os diários de sintomas, indicaram melhoras significativas devido à redução da sintomatologia respiratória. Porém, após um mês sem os exercícios respiratórios, observamos que ocorreu o que é definido pela literatura como destreinamento: observamos diminuição de 21,4% na Pimáx e de 37,33% na Pemáx, que parecem ter refletido no quadro clínico, nos diários de sintomas e na qualidade de vida dos pacientes. Pois, observamos regressão nas melhoras anteriormente verificadas nessas variáveis. Logo, apesar de ter ocorrido o destreinamento, que é algo comum ao treinamento físico, quando este é reduzido ou interrompido, podemos inferir que o presente estudo de exercícios respiratórios contribuiu para aumento da força da musculatura respiratória e que esse aumento refletiu positivamente tanto no quadro clínico quanto na qualidade de vida dos pacientes, de modo que o mesmo poderia ser utilizado como um coadjuvante ao tratamento clínico-medicamentoso de pacientes idosos asmáticos. / INTRODUCTION: People can develop asthma at any given age, and asthma prevalence in older adults is no different than that observed in younger people. Asthma in older adults is frequently underdiagnosed, and this is reflected in the fact that approximately 60% of people who die from asthma have surpassed the age of 65. Equally important is the fact that reduced lung function and airway obstruction have a negative impact on the quality of life for this population. In asthmatic patients, bronchoconstriction and consequent lung hyperinflation, leave the inspiratory muscles in a position of mechanical disadvantage, and thus, contribute to the exacerbation of the clinical presentation. A number of studies on respiratory physiotherapy and different breathing techniques have been performed in order to help asthma treatment and to improve the patients quality of life. Nevertheless, so far, we are not aware of any reports regarding breathing exercises without breathing equipment in older adults with asthma. OBJECTIVE: Evaluate the effects of a respiratory exercise program (without breathing equipment) tailored for elderly people. METHODS: Out of 132 patients listed in the PRONTMED (electronic filing system of the Clinical Immunology and Allergy Division of HCFMUSP), we selected 24 patients, aged 60 or greater, with a diagnosis of moderate or severe asthma. Out of the 24 patients, 21 started the program and 14 participated regularly and concluded the respiratory exercise program. Prior to the start of the program all patients were evaluated with regard to lung function, respiratory muscle strength, aerobic capacity, quality of life and clinical presentation. Due to the small sample size, patients were their own controls. At the end of a 16-week-exercise program all evaluations were repeated. During the study period, patients were requested to keep a diary and record symptoms every day. RESULTS: After 16 weeks of interventions, we did not observe significant changes in pulmonary lung function tests. However, we observed significant increases in maximum inspiratory pressure (Pimax) and maximum expiratory pressure (Pemax) (27.6 % and 20.54 % respectively), which are associated with respiratory muscle strength. In regards to quality of life, we observed considerable improvements. Clinical evaluations and the daily-recorded symptoms diary indicate significant improvements and fewer respiratory symptoms. Yet, a month after exercise interruption, we observed detraining, with reduction of Pimax (21.4 %) and Pemax (37.33 %). Detraining had a negative impact on clinical presentation, recording of symptoms, and patient quality of life, parameters that had previously improved with training. Despite the occurrence of detraining, which is common after reduction or interruption of exercise, we conclude that a respiratory exercise program increased muscle strength, which in turn had a positive effect on patient clinical presentation and quality of life. Therefore, a respiratory training program could be associated with the medical and clinical therapeutic approach of older adults with asthma.

INTRODUÇÃO: A respiração oral pode acarretar alterações estruturais e funcionais do sistema estomatognático. As causas mais freqüentes da respiração oral são as obstruções nasais e/ou faríngeas e dentre as obstruções nasais, a rinite alérgica é uma doença cuja incidência vem aumentando. Apesar de haver uma relação direta entre a rinite alérgica e a obstrução nasal e desta com alterações funcionais do sistema estomatognático, são poucos os estudos que investigaram a presença destas alterações em pacientes com rinite alérgica. OBJETIVO: o objetivo deste trabalho foi verificar a presença de alterações das funções de respiração, mastigação, deglutição e fala em pacientes com rinite alérgica e relacioná-las com a intensidade dos sintomas da rinite. MÉTODOS: Esta pesquisa baseou-se em um estudo no qual foram avaliados, consecutivamente, 170 pacientes, de ambos os sexos, com faixa etária entre 6 e 55 anos de idade. Estes pacientes foram divididos em dois grupos: grupo rinite (GR): 85 pacientes com diagnóstico de rinite alérgica persistente e grupo controle (GC): 85 pacientes sem histórico, queixa ou sinais clínicos de obstrução nasal, independente da etiologia e pareados por sexo e idade ao GR. Após a formação dos grupos, os pacientes foram divididos em três subgrupos de acordo com a faixa etária: crianças, 6 a 11 anos; adolescentes, 12 a 18 anos e adultos, 19 a 55 anos. Todos os pacientes passaram por avaliação otorrinolaringológica, fonoaudiológica e oclusal. Foram colhidos os dados referentes às funções de respiração, mastigação, deglutição e fala e dados da consulta médica. Os dados foram comparados e analisados estatisticamente. RESULTADOS: A diferença dos escores de sinais e sintomas entre GR e GC mostrou-se estatisticamente significante. Quando comparada a presença de alteração nas funções estudadas entre GR e GC, foi observada diferença estatisticamente significante no modo respiratório e nos padrões de mastigação e deglutição. A correlação existente entre o escore de obstrução nasal e a presença de alteração funcional foi significante na análise do modo respiratório e do padrão de mastigação. CONCLUSÕES: O paciente com rinite alérgica apresenta alterações funcionais do sistema estomatognático e o aumento do escore de obstrução nasal pode ser considerado um indicativo destas alterações. / INTRODUCTION: the mouth breathing can cause structural and functional alterations on the stomatognathic system. The most frequent causes of mouth breathing are nasal and/or pharyngeall obstructions. Amongst nasal obstructions, allergic rhinitis is a disease which has been spreading. Even though there is a direct relation between rhinitis and nasal obstruction and the latter with functional and orthodontic alterations, few are the studies which observed such alterations in patients with rhinitis. AIM: the aim of this essay was to verify the alterations in respiration, mastication, deglutition, speaking and orthodontic changes present in patients with allergic rhinitis and relate it to the intensity of the symptoms of rhinitis. METHODS: One hundred and seventy (170) patients of both sexes of ages ranging from 6 to 55 years were evaluated. These patients were divided into two groups: rhinitis group (RG): 85 patients with diagnosis of persistent allergic and control group (CG): 85 patients without a history, complaints or clinical signs of nasal obstruction, regardless of etiology and paired by and age with the RG. Each patient was submitted to an otorhinolaryngologic, speech pathologic and orthodontical evaluation. Functional\'s data referring were gathered, as well as data from the medical and orthodontic evaluation. The data were compared and statistically analysed. RESULTS: Otorhinolaryngologic evaluation revealed a significant diference of symptoms\' score between GR and GC. Speech pathologic assessment showed a higher incidence of open lips in patients with allergic rhinitis accompanied by important impairment in mastication and deglutition. Orthodontic evaluation demonstrated a significant difference in occlusal characteristics between GR and GC. We observed significant relation between the score of nasal obstruction and the intensity of respiration and chewing\'s alteration. CONCLUSIONS: the patient with allergic rhinitis displays orthodontic and functional changes and the increase of the nasal obstruction\'s score can be used like an indicative of those alterations.

Orientador: Marcelo Ramos Lazzaratto / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Artes / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-21T06:57:55Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Castro_RodrigoSpinadeOliveira_M.pdf: 21990140 bytes, checksum: 162718ebb668feb5401de908160ee659 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012 / Resumo: Esta pesquisa teve como foco estudar as vocalidades dos atores no jogo improvisacional desenvolvido pelo prof. Dr. Marcelo Lazzaratto chamado Campo de Visão, que possui apenas uma única regra em sua dinâmica: seguir qualquer movimento que entre no campo de visão do ator. Sendo o Campo de Visão um jogo muito simples e amplo, múltiplos aspectos que compõem a voz do ator em ficção foram aprofundados, entre eles: o silêncio, a respiração, o espaço e sua acústica, a palavra, entre outros. Alguns aspectos técnicos da emissão vocal também foram estudados no jogo: articulação, dicção, caixas de ressonância, timbre, registro e ritmo, sempre integrados à criação poética do intérprete. Para a solidificação das reflexões, este estudo confrontou idéias de alguns pensadores, filósofos, artistas e cientistas com aquelas que Lazzaratto já desenvolvera em suas pesquisas acadêmicas e junto à Companhia Elevador de Teatro Panorâmico, grupo que desenvolve seu trabalho artístico aprofundando se no Campo de Visão há mais de 10 anos, sendo eles: Grotowski, Artaud, Cecily Berry, Sara Lopes, Tomatis e Novarina, entre outros. Além disso, para a verticalização da investigação, reuniu-se um grupo de atores de diversas formações que, por seis meses, em encontros semanais, pesquisou algumas especificidades da voz no Campo de Visão, procedimento que acabou sugerindo-nos a maior parte dos conceitos que aqui foram estruturados. Focando a expressão vocal dos atores, esta dissertação está apoiada na aliança entre a pesquisa prática realizada, os pensadores estudados e a minha própria experiência pessoal como ator perante o Campo de Visão, enquanto procedimento de investigação e como linguagem cênica, em específico no espetáculo Ifigênia, realizado pela Companhia Elevador / Abstract: This research focuses on studying the actors voice in the improvisational game developed by PhD. Marcelo Lazzaratto called Field of Vision, which has only one rule in its dynamics: follow any movement that appears on the field of vision of the actor. As the Field of Vision is a very simple and vast game, many aspects that make up the voice of the actor in fiction was deepened during the research, being: the silence, breathing, the space and its acoustics, the word, among others. Some technical aspects of vocal production were also studied in the game: articulation, diction, resonance, timbre, register and rhythm, for example, always integrated to the interpreter poetics. For the solidification of these considerations, this study confronts ideas of some thinkers, philosophers, artists and scientists with the ideas Lazzaratto has developed in his academic researches and at the Companhia Elevador de Teatro Panorâmico, a theatre company that has been researching the Field of Vision for more than 10 years, naming: Grotowski, Artaud, Cicely Berry, Sara Lopes, Tomatis and Novarina, among others. In addition, to further the investigation, there was a group of actors from different backgrounds, which, during six months in weekly encounters, researched some specific voice aspects in the Field of Vision, which was responsible for most of the concepts here structured. Focusing on the vocal expression of the actors, this study rests on an alliance between practical research, the authors that were studied and my own personal experience as an actor inside the Field of Vision as a investigation procedure and theatrical aesthetics, specifically in the play Ifigênia, performed by Companhia Elevador / Mestrado / Artes Cenicas / Mestre em Artes

Swimmers depend on accessory breathing muscles for adequate ventilation. Pectoralis minor is an accessory breathing muscle. The daily repetition of gleno-humeral flexion and medial rotation results in adaptive shortening of Pectoralis, a common phenomenon in competitive swimmers. If Pectoralis minor is shortened the scapula is in an anteriorly tipped position. This anteriorly tipped position will affect scapula kinematics as well as the strength of Pectoralis minor to function as an accessory breathing muscle. One of the risk factors contributing to shoulder dysfunction in competitive swimmers is an altered scapular position. The study aimed to determine if lateral costal breathing dissociation exercises in conjunction with scapular retraining exercises had an effect on the position of the scapula in competitive swimmers. A comparative parallel group longitudinal design was used in this study. During a six week supervised intervention period the intervention group (n=28) and control group (n=30) did retraining of the scapula stabilisers and stretching of Pectoralis minor. The intervention group did breathing dissociation exercises to facilitate lateral costal breathing. No specific breathing exercises were facilitated within the control group. Pectoralis minor length and thoracic expansion had been measured. The function of the scapula stabilisers was evaluated. The resting as well as dynamic scapula positions were evaluated. Evaluations were done at baseline, six weeks and five months post intervention. Treatment groups were compared with respect to change from baseline to six weeks and baseline to five months in PMI, FVC and thoracic expansion utilizing analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) with covariates baseline reading. The intervention group showed an increase in the Pectoralis minor Index (PMI) of 0.5 (left & right) and the control group reflected an increase of 0.5 (left) and 0.7 (right). The intervention group reflected continuous improvement in PMI and the control group showed deterioration. In addition to the PMI upper thoracic, expansion decreased and lower thoracic expansion increased in the intervention group. The control group showed a decrease in upper and lower thoracic expansion. Groups were compared with respect to change from baseline to six weeks and five months respectively for categorical parameters, muscle function and scapula position (resting and dynamic) using Fisher’s exact test. After six weeks the intervention group showed significantly (p<0.04) less winging of the distal third of the scapula on the left side when compared to the control group. After five months the scapula showed significantly less tipping (p<0.02) during gleno-humeral flexion, on the left side. The McNemar test for symmetry had been applied to determine if any within group changes occurred. Within the intervention group ten of the thirteen markers used to determine the resting position of the scapula, reflected significant improvement compared to the six markers in the control group. Only the intervention group reflected remarkable improvement in function of the lower fibres of Trapezius muscle. Serratus anterior and middle fibres of Trapezius muscles showed significance within group improvement in function for both groups. The scapula showed significantly less dysrhythmia within the intervention group on the left and right sides (p< 0.0209) when compared to the control group. After five months the resting scapula position reflected deterioration for both groups. Dysrhythmia and winging of the scapula deteriorated from six weeks to five months for both groups. The muscle function of the lower fibres of Trapezius showed significance within group changes for both groups from six weeks to five months. The ability to contract Serratus anterior and the middle fibres of Trapezius agonistically was maintained from six weeks to five months. However the eccentric control and ability to contract the muscle without fatigue within the Serratus anterior and middle fibres of Trapezius showed deterioration from six weeks to five months for both groups. Conclusion: The increase in PMI and increase in lower thoracic expansion for the intervention group could favour swimmers to breathe more effectively. An increase in Pectoralis minor length resulted in a more posteriorly tipped scapula. This better positioned scapula promotes optimum function of the lower fibres of Trapezius. Contracting from a stable scapula, Pectoralis minor can fulfil its function as an accessory breathing muscle more effectively. / Thesis (PhD)--University of Pretoria, 2015. / tm2015 / Physiotherapy / PhD / Unrestricted

Orientador: Darcy Flavio Nouer / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Odontologia de Piracicaba / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-04T01:48:21Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Coelho-Ferraz_MariaJuliaPereira_M.pdf: 2070510 bytes, checksum: 1906fc46ce92e3367e053f187e658ccf (MD5) Previous issue date: 2004 / Resumo: complexo craniofacial, contribui como um elemento adicional importante no processo de diagnóstico ortodôntico e ortopédico funcional dos maxilares. No presente trabalho realizou-se a avaliação cefalométrica da posição do osso hióide em relação ao padrão respiratório em 28 indivíduos com padrão respiratório predominantemente nasal e de 25, com padrão respiratório predominantemente bucal. Todos eram do gênero feminino, leucodermas e com Classe I de Angle, cujas idades médias foram de aproximadamente 10 anos. As medidas cefalométricas Ar-Pog, PP-Me, ENP-PM, S-PM, Ângulo Goníaco, BaN.PM, PTM.PM, PO.PM foram utilizadas como parâmetro de identificação da morfologia mandibular. As medidas cefalométricas horizontais, verticais e angulares, incluindo o Triângulo Hióideo (Bibby & Preston, 1981) foram utilizadas com a finalidade de determinar a posição do osso hióide. Estabeleceu-se uma comparação entre os grupos por meio do teste ¿t¿ de student com nível de significância de 5%, bem como correlação de Pearson entre as variáveis. Observou¿se que não ocorreram diferenças estatísticas significativas para a posição mandibular e posição do osso hióide e o tipo do padrão respiratório. O limite ântero-posterior do espaço aéreo superior representado pelo Atlas-Espinha Nasal Posterior (AA-ENP) também foi constante para o grupo com respiração predominantemente nasal e bucal, com um valor médio de 32,87mm ± 3,34 e 32,86mm ± 2,18, respectivamente. No Triângulo Hióideo, o coeficiente de correlação de 0,40 foi significativo entre AA-ENP e C3-H (distância entre o ponto mais anterior e inferior da terceira vértebra cervical e o corpo do osso hióide) demonstrando uma relação positiva entre os limites ósseos do espaço aéreo superior e inferior. Para as medidas cranianas houve uma correlação significativa de 0,50 e 0,43 entre as medidas Ar-Pog e a distância horizontal do osso hióide e PP-Me e distância vertical do osso hióide, respectivamente, sugerindo uma relação entre a posição do osso hióide com a morfologia mandibular. Os resultados permitiram concluir que o osso hióide mantém uma posição estável para garantir as proporções corretas das vias aéreas e não depende do padrão respiratório predominante / Abstract: craniofacial complex, contributes as an additional and important element in the process of orthodontic diagnosis and jaw functional orthopedics. The cephalometric evaluation of the hyoid bone position relatated to the respiratory pattern consisted of 29 people having a predominantly nasal respiratory pattern and 25 having a predominantly buccal respiratory pattern, both group female, white skin and presetting Class I of Angle and the average ages were from 10 years, approximately. The cephalometric measures Ar-Pog, PP-Me, ENP-PM, Goniac angle, BaN.PM, PTM.PM, PO.PM were utilized as parameters of the mandibular morphology identification. The horizontal, vertical and angular cephalometric measures, including the Hyoid Triangle (Bibby & Preston, 1981) were utilized for the purpose of fixing the hyoid bone position. A comparison between the groups was made throught ¿t¿ of St udent test, as well as Pearson correlation between the variables. Important statistic differences weren¿t noted for the mandibular position or for the hyoid bone position and neither for the respiratory pattern type. The anterior-posterior limit of the upper airway represented by the Atlas to Posterior Nasal Spine (AA-PNS) was permanent in the group with predominantly nasal and buccal respiration, having an average value of 32, 87mm ± 3,34 and 32, 86mm ± 2, 18, respectively. In the Hyoid Triangle, the correlation coefficient of 0, 40 was significant between AA-PNS and C3-H (distance between the most anterior and inferior point of the third cervical vertebrae and the hyoid bone body) showing a positive relationship between the bone limits of the upper and lower airway space. The cranial measures showed a significant correlation of 0,50 and 0,43 between the Ar-Pog measures and the distance of the hyoid bone and PP-Me and the vertical of the hyoid bone, respectively, showing a relationship between the hyoid bone position and the mandibular morphology. The results led to the conclusion that the hyoid bone keeps a permanent position in order to guarantee that the correct proportion of the airway space and it doesn¿t depend on the predominant respiratory pattern / Mestrado / Radiologia Odontologica / Mestre em Ortodontia

Purpose: Adaptive servoventilation (ASV) has been reported to show improvement in patients with sleep-disordered breathing (SDB) and heart failure (HF); however, its role as a second-line or adjunctive treatment is not clear. We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis of new existing data including cardiac mechanistic factor, geometry, and cardiac biomarkers. Methods: We systematically searched for randomized controlled trials (RCTs) and cohort studies that assessed the efficacy or effectiveness of ASV compared to conventional treatments for SDB and HF in five research databases from their inception to November 2018. Random-effects meta-analyses using the inverse variance method and stratified by study design were performed. Results: We included 15 RCTs (n = 859) and 5 cohorts (n = 162) that met our inclusion criteria. ASV significantly improved left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) in cohorts (MD 6.96%, 95% CI 2.58, 11.34, p = 0.002), but not in RCTs. Also, the ASV group had significantly lower apnea-hypopnea index (AHI) in both cohorts (MD − 26.02, 95% CI − 36.94, − 15.10, p < 0.00001) and RCTs (MD − 21.83, 95% CI − 28.17, − 15.49, p < 0.00001). ASV did not significantly decrease the E/e′ ratio in RCTs or in cohorts. Finally, ASV significantly decreased brain natriuretic peptide (BNP) in the cohorts (SMD − 121.99, CI 95% − 186.47, − 57.51, p = 0.0002) but not in RCTs. ASV did not have a significant effect on systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure, and cardiac diameters. Conclusions: ASV therapy is associated with improvements of AHI in comparison to alternative treatments in patients with SDB and HF. ASV did not improve LVEF or E/e′ ratios in randomized trials; other intermediate outcomes did not improve significantly. / Revisión por pares

Title: The influence of breathing and relaxation exercises on perceptions of stress among women regularly exercising power yoga Objectives: The aim of the practical part is through research to verify the influence of yogic breathing and relaxation exercises to affective states and respiration amplitude. Methods: In 10 probands (mean age 37.6) were evaluated the effect of the intervention of breathing and relaxation exercises to affective states and respiration amplitude. The thesis is quasiexperiment character. This is a mixed research. Methods of investigation were POMS questionnaire, measuring chest and participatory observation. Results: The results of this study confirm the influence of yoga breathing exercises on the perception of affective disorder and the impact of these methods to increase breathing amplitude. After 10 weeks intervention breathing exercise occurred in 5 of 8 probands to reduce the perception of affective states. It was confirmed that after 10-week intervention breathing exercise will increase breathing amplitude. The increase occurred in all 8 probands. Keywords: yoga, yoga relaxation, breath, pranayama, stress, POMS

The bristlenose pleco (Ancistrus cirrhosus) is a species of armored catfish in the Loricariidae family that breathes air facultatively when the aquatic environment becomes hypoxic. The bristlenose pleco uses its highly vascularized stomach as an air breathing organ. The two main goals of this developmental study were to determine the size of onset of air breathing and to determine the frequency of air breathing behavior in bristlenose plecos from juveniles to adults. Developing juveniles reach functional maturity within four to six months of hatching and grow to an adult size of eight to ten cm in length. To examine the developmental timing for the onset of air breathing, we tested different sized juveniles beginning at one cm up until 8 cm in length. The developmental timing for the onset of air breathing was measured by exposing each fish to a slowly decreasing aquatic oxygen content from 100% air saturation down to 8% air saturation. Fish were first able to breathe air at just over 2 cm and 1 gram in mass. There was a weak negative correlation between fish length and % air saturation at which air breathing began. When exposed to 15% air saturation, frequency of air breathing was negatively correlated with fish length. Armored catfish are becoming an invasive species in the southern US, outcompeting local fauna potentially because of this adaptation. This research provides important insight into the development of the air breathing adaptation that may allow these fish to outcompete the others.

No description available.

No description available.