Thesis (M.S. in Meteorology)--Naval Postgraduate School, June 1992. / Thesis Advisors: Durkee, Philip A. ; Wash, Carlyle H. "June 1992." Description based on title screen as viewed on March 10, 2009. Includes bibliographical references (p. 71-72). Also available in print.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Missouri-Columbia, 2006. / The entire dissertation/thesis text is included in the research.pdf file; the official abstract appears in the short.pdf file (which also appears in the research.pdf); a non-technical general description, or public abstract, appears in the public.pdf file. Title from title screen of research.pdf file viewed on (May 15, 2007) Vita. Includes bibliographical references.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of California, San Diego, 2009. / Title from first page of PDF file (viewed Oct. 7, 2009). Available via ProQuest Digital Dissertations. Vita. Includes bibliographical references (p. 57-58).

Este trabalho apresenta uma contribuição experimental cujo objetivo é fornecer elementos para o aprimoramento tecnológico das etapas de polimento de rochas ornamentais. Alguns aspectos da tribologia, ramo do conhecimento amplamente utilizado nas engenharias mecânica e de materiais, foram transferidos para o estudo do polimento de rochas ornamentais e subsidiaram a investigação da interação do tribossistema composto pela rocha, pelo abrasivo e por condições operacionais. Foi desenvolvido um equipamento em laboratório que possibilitou a simulação do processo de polimento, em diversas condições operacionais, considerando as variáveis tempo, velocidade de rotação e intensidade das cargas aplicadas. Foram comparados polimentos, em condições industrial e laboratorial de rochas graníticas, visando estabelecer as influências das suas características composicionais, texturais e estruturais no processo. Os resultados permitiram definir as condições ideais para a obtenção de melhor qualidade no brilho das rochas e representa uma contribuição tanto para o entendimento do processo de polimento propriamente dito como também para a otimização do processo industrial. / This work shows an experimental contribution which goal is to provide elements to the technological improvement of each step of dimension stones polishing. Some aspects of tribology, a discipline of mechanical and material engineering, has been used on the research of dimension stones polishing and has supported the investigation of the interaction of the tribosystem composed of rock, abrasive and operational conditions. For this research, a device was developed in the lab in order to make possible the simulation of the polishing process at different operational conditions, considering the variables time, rotation speed, and intensity of the loads applied. The polishing of granite rocks at industrial and lab conditions has been compared, aiming at determining the influence of each rock characteristics such as mineral composition, texture and structure during the process. The results allowed for the definition of the ideal conditions to obtain the best quality of rock brightness and they represent a contribution to the understanding of the polishing process itself as well as provide an optimization of the industrial process.

O aspecto técnico das rochas de revestimento é o primeiro condicionante para o seu uso nas edificações, seguido das suas características tecnológicas, da tipologia do jazimento e dos possíveis defeitos decorrentes das etapas de extração e beneficiamento. O presente trabalho aborda os mecanismos que influenciam no processo de polimento, lembrando que a indústria ainda se baseia no empirismo, com generalizações não condizentes que aumentam o custo de produção das placas. Foram escolhidos três tipos de rochas \"graníticas\": Sienogranito (Vermelho Brasília), Migmatito (Jacarandá Rosado) e Monzogranito (Cinza Andorinha), por serem de alta comercialização e consideradas no processamento industrial como \"dura\", \"média\" e \"mole\", respectivamente. Foram ensaiadas no simulador de polimento de rochas (SPR), utilizando o abrasivo magnesiano e antes de iniciar o processo foi determinada a rugosidade superficial de cada amostra. Variando-se a carga aplicada na politriz, a velocidade, o tempo e monitorando a perda de massa associada ao brilho, foi possível estabelecer as condições ideais para os tipos de rochas estudadas. / Dimension stones aesthetics are the main factor considered in their use for buildings, followed by technological characteristics, deposit\'s typology and possible extraction and beneficiacion effects. This paper approaches the influential mechanisms on polishing process, considering that industry still bases itself on empiricisms, with incoherent generalizations that increase production slabs cost. Three types of granite rocks were evaluated: Sienogranite (Vermelho Brasília), Migmatite (Jacarandá Rosado) and Monzogranite (Cinza Andorinha), due to their highly commercialization. The rocks are classified at the industrial process as hard, medium and soft (respectively). They were tested with a polishing rock simulator through the use of magnesium abrasives and had the surface roughness pre-determined for each sample. By altering the polishing machine applied load, as well as speed and time, and having the brightness associated weight loss monitored, it was possible to stabilish ideal conditions for the studied rock types.

O polimento de rochas ornamentais na indústria brasileira é um processo empírico. Nesse processo, elementos como tempo, velocidade de rotação e carga aplicada na politriz são combinados de diversas maneiras para a obtenção do brilho. O presente trabalho, a partir de ensaios no Simulador de Polimento de Rochas (SPR), obteve informações mais precisas sobre quais combinações envolvendo essas variáveis são as mais eficientes para se atingir o brilho ideal em cada tipo de rocha. Para alcançar os resultados foram executadas e comparadas nove combinações para cada uma das rochas estudadas, considerando as influências das características composicionais, estruturais e texturais. Foram feitas modificações e adaptações nos aparelhos SPR e Glossmeter, uma vez que apresentavam a possibilidade de afetar a veracidade dos resultados. Os resultados e análises feitas mostram que é possível eliminar uma etapa abrasiva no processo de polimento. Cada tipo de rocha responde de maneira distinta em relação às combinações para obtenção do brilho ideal, levando à uma combinação específica para cada rocha. Os aprimoramentos do processo obtidos podem promover a redução custos para os fabricantes em relação a tempo, energia e abrasivos. / The ornamental stones polishing in the industry is considered an empirical process. In this process, variables such as time, rotation speed and intensity of the load applied are combined in different operation conditions to obtain the desired brightness. Using the Polishing Rocks Simulator (SPR), this present research aims to obtain information about which combinations of these variables are the most efficient to achieve the desired brightness in each type of rock. To achieve these objectives nine combinations were compared over three types of rocks in order to analyze the influence of each rock characteristics such as composition, structure and texture. Some modifications and adjustments were made on the Glossmeter and the SPR because they could influence the results accuracy. The obtained results and analysis shows that a step can be eliminated in the abrasive polishing process. Each type of rock responds differently to the employed combinations to reach the desired brightness. These analyses conduct to a specific combination for each rock. The achieved process improvement can reduce the costs for the industry in respect of time, energy and abrasives.

O Brasil ocupa uma posição de destaque no cenário mundial da produção e exportação de rochas ornamentais devido a sua diversidade litológica e por abrigar todas as fases da cadeia produtiva, desde a lavra até o esquadrejamento de ladrilhos. No entanto, apesar da grande importância que este setor representa para a balança comercial mineral do país, muitos mecanismos físicos de seus processos industriais ainda não são corretamente entendidos, sendo realizados na maioria das vezes de forma empírica. A etapa de polimento das rochas ornamentais, que pode ser descrita como um processo em que o desgaste provocado por ferramentas abrasivas elimina as superfícies rugosas herdadas na etapa da serragem, ainda é um destes processos cujas variáveis envolvidas permanecem escassas de estudos. Na tentativa de torná-lo menos subjetivo, o Grupo de Tecnologia de Rochas (GTR) da Área de Pós-graduação em Geotecnia da EESC/USP, tem desenvolvido pesquisas abordando o enfoque da tribologia ao polimento, porém não esgotando todos os parâmetros envolvidos. Dando continuidade a estes estudos, a presente pesquisa abrange a simulação de polimento de 2 rochas \"graníticas\" utilizando-se dois tipos de abrasivos: os magnesianos, de uso mais tradicional, e o resinóide, um dos mais modernos utilizados atualmente. Foram usadas 9 combinações distintas, entre velocidade de rotação (200, 400 e 600 rpm), tempo (2, 4 e 6 minutos) para carga de 1 bar. Dentre as amostras submetidas ao processo, as com textura grossa e inequigranular mostraram certa limitação quanto à representatividade do equipamento SPR no desgaste abrasivo, não refletindo (necessariamente) a realidade do polimento industrial de granitos com mineralogia e textura similares. No entanto, em amostras com textura fina e equigranular, com baixa resistência à abrasão Amsler, os resultados expressos pelas perdas de massa (rocha e abrasivo) mostraram melhores superfície polida e qualidade de brilho, além de maior eficiência no polimento. / Brazil occupies a leading position on the global scenario of production and export of ornamental stones due to its geological diversity and by accommodate all stages of the supply chain, from quarrying to the tiles finishing. However, despite the great importance of this sector, many physical mechanisms of its industrial processes are still not properly understood and performed most often empirically. The polishing of ornamental stones, which can be described as a process where wearing caused by abrasive tools eliminates rough surfaces coming from the sawing stage, it is still one of the processes where the variables involved remain in scarce studies. In an attempt to become this process less subjective, the Geotechnical Engineering postgraduation department from the University of São Paulo (USP) at São Carlos School of Engineering has been developing researches approaching the focus of tribology in the polishing, but not exhausting all parameters involved. Following such studies, this research covers the polishing simulation of two granitic stones using two types of abrasives: the magnesian, more traditional, and resinoid, one of the most modern presently used. Nine different combinat ions were used between rotation speed (200, 400 and 600 rpm) and time (2, 4, and 6 minutes) to the 1 bar load. Among the samples subjected to the process, those with coarse and inequigranular texture showed some limitation to the representativeness of the SPR equipment in abrasive wearing, not necessarily reflecting the reality of industrial polishing of granites with similar mineralogy and texture. However, samples with fine and equigranular texture with low abrasive resistance, the results expressed by mass loss (stone and abrasive) showed better quality of the polished surface and gloss, besides a more efficient polishing.

Remote sensing of land surface temperature (LST) is a complex task. From a satellite-based perspective the radiative properties of the land surface and the atmosphere are inextricably linked. Knowledge of both is required if one is to accurately measure the temperature of the land surface from a space-borne platform. In practice, most satellite-based sensors designed to measure LST over the surface of the Earth are polar orbiting. They scan swaths of the order of 2000 km, utilizing zenith angles of observation of up to 60°. As such, satellite viewing geometry is important when comparing estimates of LST between different overpasses of the same point on the Earth's surface. In the case of the atmosphere, the optical path length through which the surfaceleaving radiance propagates increases with increasing zenith angle of observation. A longer optical path may in turn alter the relative contributions which molecular absorption and emission processes make to the radiance measured at the satellite sensor. A means of estimating the magnitudes of these radiative components in relation to the viewing geometry of the satellite needs to be developed if their impacts on the at-sensor radiance are to be accurately accounted for. The problem of accurately describing radiative transfer between the surface and the satellite sensor is further complicated by the fact that the surface-leaving radiance itself may also vary with sensor viewing geometry. Physical properties of the surface such as emissivity are known to vary as the zenith angle of observation changes. The proportions of sunlit and shaded areas with the field-of-view of the sensor may also change with viewing geometry depending on the type of cover (eg vegetation), further impacting the surface emissivity. / Investigation of the change in surface-leaving radiance as the zenith angle of observation varies is then also important in developing a better understanding of the radiative interaction between the land surface and the atmosphere. The work in this study investigates the atmospheric impacts using surface brightness temperature measurements from the ATSR-2 satellite sensor in combination with atmospheric profile data from radiosondes and estimates of the downwelling sky radiance made by a ground-based radiometer. A line-by-line radiative transfer model is used to model the angular impacts of the atmosphere upon the surfaceleaving radiance. Results from the modelling work show that if the magnitude of the upwelling and downwelling sky radiance and atmospheric transmittance are accurately known then the surface-emitted radiance and hence the LST may be retrieved with negligible error. Guided by the outcomes of the modelling work an atmospheric correction term is derived which accounts for absorption and emission by the atmosphere, and is based on the viewing geometry of the satellite sensor and atmospheric properties characteristic of a semi-arid field site near Alice Springs in the Northern Territory (Central Australia). Ground-based angular measurements of surface brightness temperature made by a scanning, self calibrating radiometer situated at this field site are then used to investigate how the surface-leaving radiance varies over a range of zenith angles comparable to that of the ATSR-2 satellite sensor. / Well defined cycles in the angular dependence of surface brightness temperature were observed on both diumal and seasonal timescales in these data. The observed cycles in surface brightness temperature are explained in terms of the interaction between the downwelling sky radiance and the angular dependence of the surface emissivity. The angular surface brightness temperature and surface emissivity information is then applied to derive an LST estimate of high accuracy (approx. 1 K at night and 1-2 K during the day), suitable for the validation of satellite-derived LST measurements. Finally, the atmospheric and land surface components of this work are combined to describe surface-atmosphere interaction at the field site. Algorithms are derived for the satellite retrieval of LST for the nadir and forward viewing geometries of the ATSR-2 sensor, based upon the cycles in the angular dependence of surface brightness temperature observed in situ and the atmospheric correction term developed from the modelling of radiative transfer in the atmosphere. A qualitative assessment of the performance of these algorithms indicates they may obtain comparable accuracy to existing dual angle algorithms (approx. 1.5 K) in the ideal case and an accuracy of 3-4 K in practice, which is limited by knowledge of atmospheric properties (eg downwelling sky radiance and atmospheric transmittance), and the surface emissivity. There are, however, strong prospects of enhanced performance given better estimates of these physical quantities, and if coefficients within the retrieval algorithms are determined over a wider range of observation zenith angles in the future.

It has long been held that luminance acts as a cue for depth perception. But varying the luminance of a stimulus inevitably alters its contrast with its background. Recent research shows that contrast is a depth cue. I have distinguished two kinds of contrast, external contrast, the contrast of a stimulus with its background, and internal contrast, the contrast within the stimulus. I compared the relative apparent depth of two stimuli (both directly and indirectly; stimuli were either sine-wave filled hemifields, sine-wave filled squares, or plain squares), as their luminances and internal contrasts were varied along with the luminance of their background. I found internal and external contrast to be additive effects, whereby the stimulus with either a higher internal or external contrast appeared nearer. When the internal and external contrasts of the stimuli were equated, luminance acted as an ambiguous cue, with the lighter square appearing nearer for the majority of observers, and farther for a minority. Luminance may act as a depth cues from our experience with artificial lighting (artificial light varies ambiguously with depth). Contrast may act as a depth cue from its usual association with the reduction of contrast of objects with distance through the atmosphere. I conclude that luminance and contrast are independent depth-cues that are caused by two different mechanisms.

The objective of this work was to study the addition of fluorescent whitening agents (FWAs) for efficient use on pigment coating of paper substrates with low grammage and the goal was to achieve high optical response by using low amount of FWAs. A commercial light-weight coated (LWC) paper grade was provided by Stora Enso Corbehem Mill and isotropic laboratory sheets were produced at Stora Enso Research Centre using PFI sheet former. Optical properties such as brightness, whiteness and L, a* and b* colour space values were evaluated using Minolta spectrophotometer with D65 illuminant for both types of substrate using different types and amounts of FWA while the effect of the addition of dye was evaluated in both isotropic sheets and as well as in the coating. The results showed that brightness and whiteness of double-coated paper increased by increasing the amount of fluorescent whitening agent in the coating layer. Also, higher brightness and whiteness was achieved by introducing a higher amount of fluorescent whitening agent in the top coating rather than in a pre-coating. The addition of a shading colorant in the paper substrate had a positive influence not only on the brightness but also on the whiteness of coated paper. / Syftet med denna studie var att studera tillsatsen av fluorescerande vitmedel (FWA) för att effektivisera användningen i pigmentbestrykning av papper med låg ytvikt. Målet var att nå en hög optisk respons men ändå använda en låg mängd FWA. Ett kommersiellt LWC-papper erhölls från Stora Enso, Corbehems pappersbruk, och isotropa laboratorieark tillverkades med PFI-arkformerare på Stora Enso Research Centre. Optiska egenskaper, såsom ljushet, vithet och färgrymd (L, a* och b* värden), hos samtliga prover med varierande mängd och typ av FWA uppmättes med hjälp av en Minolta spektrofotometer med D65 ljuskälla. Effekten av färgnyanstillsats utvärderades både hos handgjorda ark och hos bestrykningslager. Resultaten visade att både ljushet och vithet hos dubbelbestrukna ark ökade med ökad mängd FWA i bestrykningslagren. Högre ljushet och vithet nåddes också när FWA placerades i toppbestrykningen. Tillsats av nyanseringsfärg i papperssubstratet ökade både ljushet och vithet hos de bestrukna arken.