The theoretical part is focused on lights, notions and calculations in the area of light technology, basic lightning sources and lamps. This work is also about the principle of lightning measuring. The main aim of the work is design of a new artificial lightning system in a High school agriculture in Prerov. At first, the control measuring of existing lightning was done which is mentioned in this work. From the results of control measuring is clear, that existing lighting system in classroom does not suit requirements, which are mentioned in the valid technical norm. Design of a new lightning system meets the requirements in all of the rooms in the building of school. Design of lightning system was done in two variants. The first variant uses lamps with fluorescent tube light sources. The second variant uses lamps with LED light sources. Also is here evaluated financial difficulty of possible installation and comparation of each variants with respect energetic difficulty.

This master‘s thesis deals with possibility of a spotting differently dressed pedestrian by motorcycle rider at night based on realized experiment with different types of motorycycles and its coparison with already measured values from personal motor vehicles

Úkolem této práce je vytvoření adaptivního filtru pro vizualizaci CME v obrazech z kosmického koronografu, jejich implementování a výsledné testování na datech z kosmické sondy SOHO. V práci je zahrnuta potřebná teorie z oblasti astronomie a matematiky, popis NRGF, navrhnuté úpravy tohoto filtru a je přiložen program, který sloužil k jejich otestování.

Red fluorescent proteins (RFPs) are used extensively in biological research because their longer emission wavelengths are less phototoxic and allow deeper imaging of animal tissue. However, far-red RFPs generally display low brightness, emphasizing the need to develop brighter variants. Here, we investigate three approaches to rigidify the RFP chromophore to increase the quantum yield, and thereby brightness. We first used computational protein design on a maturation-efficient mRojo-VHSV variant previously engineered in our lab to introduce a Superdecker motif, a parallel pi-stack comprising aromatic residue side chains and the phenolate moiety of the chromophore, which we hypothesized would enhance chromophore packing and reduce non-radiative decay. The best mutants identified showed up to 1.7-fold higher quantum yield at pH 9, relative to their parent protein. We next postulated that brightness could be further increased by rigidifying the chromophore via branched aliphatic residues. Computational protein design was performed on a dim mCherry variant, mRojoA, followed by directed evolution on the brightest mutant. The combination of these methodologies yielded mSandy2, the brightest Discosoma-derived monomeric RFP with an emission maximum above 600 nm. Finally, we aimed to increase brightness by focusing on positions where residue rigidity correlated to quantum yield in mCherry-related RFPs according to NMR data that had been previously acquired in our lab. Combinatorial site-saturation mutagenesis was performed on two different surface patches of mCherry at positions 144/145/198 and 194/196/220. Our results demonstrated that surface residues may not be adequate targets for this approach. Altogether, the work herein presents unique rational design methodologies that can be used to increase brightness in RFPs.

Satellite radiometers are used to remotely measure properties of the Earth's surface. Radiometers enable wide spatial coverage and daily temporal coverage. Radiometer measurements are used in a wide array of applications, including freeze/thaw states inference, vegetation index calculations, rainfall estimation, and soil moisture estimation. Resolution enhancement of these radiometer measurements enable finer details to be resolved and improve our understanding of Earth. The Soil Moisture Active Passive (SMAP) radiometer was launched in April 2014 with a goal to produce high resolution soil moisture estimates. However, due to hardware failure of the radar channels, prepared algorithms could no longer be used. Current algorithms utilize a narrow spatial and temporal overlap between the SMAP radiometer and the SENTINEL-1 radar to produce high resolution soil moisture estimates that are spatially and temporally limited. This thesis explores the use of resolution enhancing algorithms to produce high resolution soil moisture estimates without the spatial coverage limitations caused by using multiple sensors. Two main approaches are considered: calculating the iterative update in brightness temperature and calculating the update in soil moisture. The best performing algorithm is the Soil Moisture Image Reconstruction (SMIR) algorithm that is a variation of the Radiometer form of the Scatterometer Image Reconstruction (rSIR) algorithm that has been adapted to operate in parameter space. This algorithm utilizes a novel soil moisture measurement response function (SMRF) in the reconstruction. It matches or exceeds the performance of other algorithms and allows for wide spatial coverage.

Scatterometry and radiometry are used to obtain measurements of Earth properties with extensive spatial coverage at daily or near-daily temporal resolution. Their measurements are used in many climate studies and weather applications, such as iceberg tracking, ocean wind estimation, and volumetric soil moisture measurements. The spatial resolution of these data products ranges from a few kilometers to tens of kilometers. Techniques to enhance the spatial resolution of these products help reveal finer scale features, but come at the cost of increased noise. This thesis explores the application of neural networks as a possible method to handle the noise and uncertainty in enhanced resolution scatterometer and radiometer data products. The specific sensors discussed are the Advanced Scatterometer (ASCAT) and its Ultrahigh Resolution (UHR) winds, and the Soil Moisture Active Passive (SMAP) radiometer and its soil moisture measurements. ASCAT UHR winds have already been validated in previous studies [1], but inherent ambiguity in the wind retrieval model couples with higher noise levels to decrease overall accuracy. Neural networks are tested as an alternate modeling method to possibly improve the accuracy compared with the current method. It is found that the feed forward neural networks tested are able to accurately estimate winds in most calculations, but struggle with the same ambiguity that occurs in the current model. The neural networks handle this ambiguity inconsistently, which results in worse overall network performance compared to the current wind retrieval method. For the SMAP soil moisture measurements, the radiometer form of the Scatterometer Image Reconstruction algorithm is validated as a method to enhance resolution. While the increased noise at higher resolution does worsen overall accuracy, the performance remains within about 0.04 cm^3 cm^−3 RMSE of a validated soil moisture product, suggesting that fine scale features revealed as resolution is enhanced are accurate. Corrections to the soil moisture extraction model used in these tests could further improve these results. Neural networks are then applied and compared with the theory-based approach to extract soil moisture from the brightness temperature measurements, and are found to give slightly more accurate results than the theoretical model, though with somewhat higher error variance.

Brightness reversion, also known as yellowing, is a well-known phenomenon which means that the brightness of paper products decreases during ageing. The name of this phenomenon is based on that paper products usually change in color towards yellow during ageing. Yellowing is considered to occur due to a mixture of chemical and physical factors, which makes it a complex problem for the pulp & paper industry. The majority of the literature and research conducted with respect towards yellowing claims that light and heat is the two main factors that contributes the most to a brightness reversion, depending on the type of pulp and process that is utilized. Smurfit Kappa in Piteå is a manufacturer of the paper grade Kraftliner and has during some occasions noted unstable brightness. Based on previous work at Smurfit Kappa, it is known that the finished liners produced from bleached pulp in a completely chlorine-free process is very sensitive to heat, especially for longer periods of time during storage. It has also been documented that the storage temperature for paper products is of great importance, especially the cooling rate of the paper-rolls from production, which could take around two weeks to reach the ambient temperature. This thesis work, alongside with a literature study as a basis will examining the effect of pH towards yellowing during thermal exposure. Through a factorial experiment it was initially found that the yellowing is favored by higher temperatures in conjunction with lower pH values. In order to obtain a brightness reversion of a paper product within a reasonable timeframe an accelerated aging method was used according to the ISO standard 5630-1. Throughout this thesis is the brightness reversion expressed in the so-called b* value, which indicates the color change from blue to yellow. Further experiments, including ageing methods with moisture, also concluded that an acidic pH results in a more severe yellowing. It was also observed that the pH was decreasing during experiments of pulp storage, this most likely to the chemical phenomena known as acidic hydrolysis. The b*-value seemed to be favorable of the decreased pH, thus could the pulp be stored at pH around 8 instead of 9-10 in order to suppress potential yellowing reactions.  Furthermore, it was found that cooling of the paper resulted in a decrease of the b* value, it is however unclear what causes this phenomenon but a theory could be that chromophoric groups are being deactivated/activated due to the temperature changes and hence making the phenomena reversible. / Eftergulning är ett välkänt fenomen som innebär att ljusheten hos pappersprodukter minskar när dessa åldras. Namnet på detta fenomen grundar sig i att pappersprodukter vanligtvis skiftar i färg mot det gula hållet. Detta anses bero på en blandning av kemiska och fysikaliska faktorer, vilket därmed gör det till ett komplext problem som berör massa & pappersindustrin. Majoriteten av litteraturen och den forskning som utförts inom området gällande eftergulning visar att de två faktorerna ljus och värme påverkar förändringen av ljusheten i högst omfattning, beroende på vilken typ av massa och process som pappret är producerat av. Smurfit Kappa i Piteå är en tillverkare av papperstypen Kraftliner och har under olika perioder noterat ostabila ljushetsvärden på grund av eftergulningen. Frida Sandin konstaterade genom sitt examensarbete hos Smurfit Kappa under 2008 att massan som bleks i en helt klorfri process är extra känslig mot värme, speciellt under längre tidsperioder. Sandin konstaterade även att lagringstemperaturen för pappersprodukter har stor betydelse, speciellt gällande avsvalningsförloppet i de nytillverkade pappersrullarna under papperstillverkning vilka kunde ta ungefär två veckor på sig att nå omgivningens temperatur. Detta arbete fortsätter på Sandins tidigare studier, samt med en litteraturstudie som grund, genom att undersöka pH:s påverkan på papper i samband med varierande temperaturer mer noggrant. Genom ett inledande faktorförsök konstaterades det att eftergulningen gynnas av högre temperaturer i samband med lägre pH värden. För att kunna få en eftergulning på en pappersprodukt inom en rimlig tid så användes en accelererad åldringsmetod, i detta arbete användes främst en metod med en temperatur på 105 °C enligt ISO standarden 5630–1. Eftergulningen inom detta arbete uttrycks i det så kallade b*-värdet vilket indikerar en färgskiftning mellan blått och gult. Ytterligare försök, bland annat i kombination med fukt, konstaterade vidare att ett surt pH starkt missgynnar stabiliteten på eftergulningen för pappersprodukter. Det observerades också att pH-värdet sjönk under experiment där pappersmassa lagrades, detta skedde mest troligt på grund av det kemiska fenomenet som kallas sur hydrolys. b*-värdet tycktes däremot vara gynnsamt av det sänkta pH-värdet. Förslagsvis så borde massan lagras vid pH runt 8 istället för 9–10 för att reducera potentiella eftergulnings-reaktioner. Det konstaterades också att kylning av papperet resulterar i en sänkning av b*-värdet, det är dock oklart vad som får detta att ske men en teori är att det är kromofora grupper som aktiveras/inaktiveras.

The dissertation is focused on the problematic of the driver´s ability to see pedestrians in the conditions of driving at night. The first part tells the current view of these problematic, terms are defined: the outlook and the range of vision to see the obstacle. This part also describes various effects that are affecting the driver´s ability to see pedestrians while driving at night. Out of all mentioned effects, this project mainly focuses on two parameters – how is the driver´s ability to see a pedestrian affected by his obsolence and developing visual handicap. During the research, high number of respondents of wide range of age and various vision quality were present and attended the experiment. This project proposes a methodology of comparasion of those two parameters mentioned above. The main condition which must have been held was to create absolutelly identical conditions of the experiment used by wide range of respondetns. The best way how to possibly achive the best results is by using a video scene on the PC monitor. Two sets of photographies were made while preparing the experiment (2 various sets of clothes for the pedestrian) and these sets were sorted by using the Microsoft Office Power Point program. This made a simulation of a vehicle approaching a pedestrian at night. The measurement was attended by a large number of respondents who were divided into a total of nine categories, according to age and extent of ocular defects. The dissertation is a methodology for evaluating the measurements, determination of contrast and angular size of the watched object (pedestrian) using the scene on the PC monitor. At the end of the experiment is an evaluation of the measurements and put comments on the results obtained. This project proposses a method for the early detection of the driver´s perception when sighting barriers (pedestrian) using the electrophysiological examination method – the electroretinography (ERG). In this dissertation,the initial measurements were carried out using this method, when during the measurement was unfortunately found that the sensitivity of the method does not allow resolution changes of the electrical potential for so little intense stimuli such as the sight of pedestrians at the edge of the road. But it is not excluded that in the future the further development of the ophthalmological diagnostic method will increase the sensitivity so it will allow to spot the objective moment of registration the obstacle by the viusal organ

Remote sensing is the process of gathering and analyzing information about the earth's ocean, land and atmosphere using electromagnetic "wireless" techniques. Mathematical models, known as Radiative Transfer Models (RTM), are developed to calculate the observed radiance (brightness temperature) seen by the remote sensor. The RTM calculated brightness temperature is a function of fourteen environmental parameters, including atmospheric profiles of temperature, pressure and moisture, sea surface temperature, and cloud liquid water. Input parameters to the RTM model include data from NOAA Centers for Environmental Prediction (NCEP), Reynolds weekly Sea Surface Temperature and National Ocean Data Center (NODC) WOA98 Ocean Salinity and special sensor microwave/imager (SSM/I) cloud liquid water. The calculated brightness temperatures are compared to collocated measurements from the WindSat satellite. The objective of this thesis is to fine tune the RadTb model, using simultaneous environmental parameters and measured brightness temperature from the well-calibrated WindSat radiometer. The model will be evaluated at four microwave frequencies (6.8 GHz, 10.7 GHz, 18.7 GHz, and 37.0 GHz) looking off- nadir for global radiance measurement.

The Aquarius/SAC-D joint international science mission, between the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) of United States and the Argentine Space Agency (Comision Nacional de Actividades Espaciales, CONAE), was launched on a polarorbiting satellite on June 10, 2011. This mission of discovery will provide measurements of the global sea surface salinity, which contributes to understanding climatic changes in the global water cycle and how these variations influence the general ocean circulation. The Microwave Radiometer (MWR), a three channel Dicke radiometer operating at 23.8 GHz H-Pol and 36.5 GHz V-& H-Pol provided by CONAE, will complement Aquarius (NASA’s L-band radiometer/scatterometer) by providing simultaneous spatially collocated environmental measurements such as water vapor, cloud liquid water, surface wind speed, rain rate and sea ice concentration. This dissertation focuses on the overall radiometric calibration of MWR instrument. Which means establishing a transfer function that relates the instrument output to the antenna brightness temperature (Tb). To achieve this goal, the dissertation describes a microwave radiative transfer model of the instrument and validates it using the laboratory and thermal-vacuum test data. This involves estimation of the losses and physical temperature profile in the path from the receiver to each antenna feed-horn for all the receivers. As the pre-launch laboratory tests can only provide a simulated environment which is very different from the operational environment in space, an on-orbit calibration of the instrument is very important. Inter-satellite radiometric cross-calibration of MWR using the Naval Research iii Laboratory’s multi-frequency polarimetric microwave radiometer, WindSat, on board the Coriolis satellite is also an important part of this dissertation. Cross-calibration between two different satellite instruments require normalization of Tb’s to account for the frequency and incidence angle difference between the instruments. Also inter-satellite calibration helps to determine accurate antenna pattern correction coefficients and other small instrument biases.