This study examines the impact of rent control and rent decontrol on the rental sector. The city of Vancouver is used as an empirical case study to determine the accuracy of the assertions and predictions made by rent control opponents about the nature of the impact of British Columbia's rent control policy. The study begins with a review of the rent control literature in order to identify the theories presented by rent control opponents and supporters. The study then reviews the political debate over rent control and decontrol. A chronological summary of British Columbia's rent regulation system follows which illustrates the action taken by the politicians. Finally, the assertions and predictions made by rent control opponents about the impact of rent control are assessed by comparing them with the practical experience of Vancouver's rental market from 1974 to 1989. Rent regulations were in effect in British Columbia from 1974 to 1984. This study focuses on three particular stages during the period rents were regulated: a) the introduction of rent control from 1974 to 1975 by the New Democratic government; b) the beginning of rent decontrol from 1977 to 1978 by the Social Credit government; and c) the elimination of rent control and rent review from 1983 to 1984, also by the Social Credit government. Rent control opponents argue that rent control causes the following detrimental effects: a) decreases rental construction; b) reduces building maintenance; c) increases conversions from rental units to condominiums; d) increases demolition of rental buildings; e) creates excessive demand for rental housing; and f) reduces the municipal tax base. The most important finding is that there is no discernable relationship between the nature of the regulatory framework and the level of rental construction, rental conversions to condominiums, and demolition of rental stock. The study concludes that it is much too simple to blame one government policy-rent control—for the problems of the urban rental sector. It is clear that the problems are deep-rooted and that a combination of many macro-economic factors such as high and unstable inflation and interest rates, and the general economic climate can have a greater impact than the regulatory framework on the rental sector. In addition, demographic factors such as provincial rates of migration can have a very significant impact on demand in the rental sector. More empirical studies are needed to build on this study to better assess the impact of rent control on Vancouver and other cites in British Columbia. Research is also needed to assess the accuracy of the claims made by rent control supporters in order to determine whether they comprise valid criteria upon which to formulate rental policy. / Applied Science, Faculty of / Community and Regional Planning (SCARP), School of / Graduate

The usefulness of interspecific crosses between Sitka spruce (Picea sitchensis (Bong.) Carr.) and interior spruce (Picea glauca (Moench) Voss, Picea engelmannii Parry and their hybrids) was investigated in one coastal environment. For height growth and bud set most of the variation was at the regional and individual cross level, but very little variation was at the subregional level. The main genetic effects, male and female, accounted for a majority of the genetic variance and additive genetic effects are interpreted as the main factor in the determination of height growth and bud set. For bud set the maternal source of variation accounted for the majority of the genetic variance and a maternal influence on bud set is suggested. Some specific cross combinations were outstanding in height growth and non-additive genetic factors are considered important in these crosses. For bud break most of the variation was due to the residual error, although regions and crosses were statistically significant sources of variation. The Female*Male term was the most important genetic source of variation although bud break is not considered to have as much genetic variation as height and bud set. Large differences were found in the pattern of cold hardiness in the fall and it is considered that photoperiod plays a much larger role than previously thought, especially for interior spruce. Most of the variation was again at the regional and individual cross level. The intermediate performance of the hybrids suggests an inheritance of cold-hardiness based on additive genetic effects. Recommendations are given in the text for the use of these hybrids as well as the areas in which further research would be desireable. / Forestry, Faculty of / Graduate

In the postwar era, there has been a change in the nature of the British Conservative Party caused by the adoption of classical liberal ideas antithetical to its principles. This trend rapidly accelerated during the leadership of the Party by Margaret Thatcher who appeared oblivious to the fundamental incompatibility of liberalism and conservatism. She attempted to weld them together in her economic and social policies creating strong internal tensions within what was dubbed "Thatcherism". This clash became more pronounced as her reign as British Prime Minister continued and was part of the reason for her eventual downfall at the hands of her own party. To illustrate the conversion of the Conservative Party to a more liberal standpoint we will consider two modern day political thinkers and the popularity of their positions. This approach is taken because their philosphies parallel the thinking of the postwar Conservative Party before Thatcher and under Thatcher's leadership. Michael Oakeshott, who fits into the conservative tradition and Friedrich Hayek, who embodies liberalism. Oakeshott's philosophy is in sharp contrast at important points to the ideas of Hayek, a self-confessed and proud liberal, whose ideas nevertheless found favour within the Conservative Party while many integral parts of conservatism, of which Oakeshott is a representative, were pushed aside. The stridency and harshness with which Thatcher preached the doctrine of economic liberalism and ideology and also tried to retain certain conservative ideals such as, authority, nationalism and militarism constituted a serious and damaging tension within her programme as well as demonstrating the depth of the change that had occurred in the Conservative Party. This thesis seeks to point out these changes and illustrate the adverse effects caused by attempting to turn the Conservative Party into a promoter of classical liberal ideology and thereby partially explain the increasing shakiness of Thatcherism in the 1980's. Even though its leader never lost faith in its convictions or her determination to translate them into concrete policies . / Arts, Faculty of / Political Science, Department of / Graduate

The purpose of this thesis is to assess the potential of establishing a viable indigenous feature film industry in British Columbia. An understanding of the B.C. situation was gained by researching and illustrating the organization of the various parts: production, distribution, and exhibition. This was undertaken by reading various industry publications on the "business" of film making and reading newspaper and trade journal articles. Information about the history of public policy as well as current federal and provincial programs for feature film making was taken from task force reports, Canadian Film Corporation reports, and Telefilm Canada annual reports. Statistics on the industry were gained from Statistics Canada, Telefilm Canada, the Canadian Film and Video Certification Office, and provincial agencies, in particular, B.C. Film annual reports. Personal interviews based on a questionnaire were held with eighteen British Columbia producers who were initiating feature film projects in 1988. Canadian producers are dependent on access to federal and provincial sources of finanicng for as much as 62 per cent of their financing. The balance is provided by broadcasters, private investors, and deferral agreements, or through co-productions with other countries. Because of Hollywood's control of Canada's exhibition market, only 3-5 per cent of screen time is accorded to Canadian feature films. Because of our small domestic market, Canadian producers must rely on international sales to break even. Moreover, feature filmmaking in Canada, like in most other countries, is characterized by great risk and little chance of profitability. The Canadian government is now supporting a nucleus of Canadian-owned distributors with subsidies to help them establish both a capital base and contacts in the international marketplace. Domestic television production has also been a factor in Canada's feature film development. Writers, directors, producers, and technicians have gained experience by being able to work in the broadcast medium. Successful production companies produce a mixture of both television and feature films. As well, these companies have established relationhips with companies in other countries, thereby providing them with an expanded market and opportunites for co-productions. B.C.'s feature film sector is comprised of small production companies with limited revenues who produce feature films on a project-by-project basis through the opportunities provided by B.C. Film and Telefilm. Few have enough capital to plan and manage substantial feature film or television production. Increases in B.C. production are a direct result of success in getting this support. However, Telefilm's funding to the province's filmmakers is unreliable, evidenced by the production of eleven films in 1988 and only one in 1990. A major drawback for B.C. producers is the geographic distance from head offices of existing Canadian broadcasting networks and major feature film distribution companies in Eastern Canada. However, B.C. producers have access to a strong local base of crews, studio facilities, and substantial post production, facilitated by the breadth of American location shooting and commercial production being done in our province. The need is to establish a new, realistic level of operation for the feature film industry in B.C. and to provide the support to sustain it for 5-7 years in order to it to become viable. Given the above conditions, the three main factors in achieving a viable feature film industry in B.C. will be: a) the development of several medium-size companies; b) the provision of adequate funds from federal and provincial sources; and, c) the promotion of the supply of good quality scripts. / Applied Science, Faculty of / Community and Regional Planning (SCARP), School of / Graduate

The location of industry has a marked impact on the spatial development and form of the urban area. In the past, the location of industry was determined almost entirely by the industrial firms concerned. Their decisions were based on such factors as cost, accessibility and taxation policies with little regard for the inhabitants of the communities in which they located or for their impact on the environment. This, with the increased urbanization and the phenomenal urban sprawl of the past few decades, has brought the realization that urban planning is essential. Urban planners are faced with a tremendous responsibility in attempting to balance the requirements of industry with the needs of the community. To achieve this goal it is necessary to identify industry's requirements as well as measure them in some manner. Following a general discussion of the various location theories and a review of the existing literature, this study attempts to discover by empirical means if any one of the sources of demand for industrial property is large enough to be used as a basis for predicting future growth and development in the Vancouver metropolitan area. The study incorporates in its framework a review of some of the existing literature on the location of industrial plants. The purpose of this section of the study (Chapter II) is to identify and summarize the various theories which attempt to explain why industry locates where it does. It provides the framework in which the case study of Vancouver can be presented. In addition, Chapter II provides a useful basis for comparing the observations of reviewed authors of other "western" cities with Vancouver. The primary objective of the study is to examine the sources of demand for industrial property to ascertain if any one is sufficiently large to allow it to serve as a basis for predicting future demand. It is hypothesized that the source arising from the relocation of existing companies is sufficiently large in metropolitan Vancouver to serve this purpose. Arising out of this is a secondary object: to analyse the characteristics of those firms which have relocated to discover if any common denominators exist which could be used to predict future industrial plant movements. The area of study has been restricted to Vancouver City and the Municipality of Burnaby. It would have been more desirable to include the entire metropolitan area, since definite conclusions could then have been drawn; however, the survey required to gather the data for the entire region was beyond the physical capability of any one individual. The survey yielded data on 238 companies. When the sample was originally constructed it was decided to choose 320 companies (or 40% of the presumed total population). This was considered necessary since the survey was to be conducted during the summer months. If, when the interviewer called on a company, he was unable to have the questionnaire completed, the company was dropped from the sample. In this manner, the sample was reduced to about 30%. The analysis indicated that much of the demand for industrial property originates within the metropolitan area. Although the relocation of existing industries appears to be the largest source of demand for industrial property, it is not so large that it dominates. As a consequence it is doubtful that this source could be used as a basis for projecting future industry requirements. An examination of the firms that had relocated showed that the majority moved due to dissatisfaction with the physical premises in which they were located. Once they had decided to move, they normally only gave scant attention to the location decision. This is perhaps due to the fact that many of these companies were small and did not own their premises. / Business, Sauder School of / Real Estate Division / Graduate

The purpose of the study is to determine which factors contributed to the production of apples in the Okanagan area during the year 1969. Regression analysis is used in an attempt to quantify yield relationships. A comparison is made among different tree-size categories in order to determine whether it is necessary to fit separate regression equations instead of using the data for the three groups in a single regression equation. For this purpose an Equality of Slope Test is performed. The outcome of the test shows that there are no significant differences among corresponding coefficients in the equations for tree-size categories. Hence it is feasible to combine them into one equation. For the regression analysis, two different types of yield relationships are employed: one is a Cobb-Douglas function linear in the logarithms and the other is a quadratic function. Both functions include a dependent variable, namely, yield per acre and seven independent variables; that is, density, age, value of fertilizer applied, value of spray applied, pruning and thinning labour hours, geographical dummy, and tree-size index. These independent variables are measured on a per-acre basis except in the case of age, geographical dummy and tree-size index. The data, which consists of cross-section informa- tion for 1969 represents one hundred and nineteen sample apple plots. It was derived from personal interviews with apple growers. The quadratic function poses a problem arising from cross-terms in the equation. It was necessary to modify the function in such a manner that the cross-terms included in the regression equation were justified on biological or economic grounds. The regression results for each type of function used in the analysis are discussed and estimates of coefficients and related standard errors shown. It seems desirable that data should be broken down into apple variety groups because different varieties of apple may well have distinct bearing characteristics. Apple trees in the specific plots under study, however, are made up of a mixture of varieties, thus it is extremely difficult to draw a clear map of acreages occupied by each variety. In attempting to obtain variety data, notwithstanding the mixture of varieties in stands, the original data is broken down under certain assumptions. Also in decomposing apple yields into grade constituents similar problems arise. Despite these difficulties, tests of differences among average yields are made under stated conditions for varietal, tree-size, apple-grade, and regional categories. These tests reveal that there are no significant differences in average apple yields for varieties, apple grades and regions., but there are significant differences in the case of different tree sizes. The results of these Tests are presented in Chapter VI. The quadratic form of function seems, within the theoretical framework, to be able to represent satisfactorily the apple yield relationship with the selected independent variables. But, in practice, it does not conform well to the empirical situation; it produces a serious multicolline-arity problem from the point of view of statistical inference. The Cobb-Douglas function, however, does not cause such a problem. Apart from this, its application brought in almost all the coefficients corresponding to the basic independent variables except for the coefficient of the tree-size index variable. On this evidence, a tentative conclusion was made in favour of the Cobb-Douglas function for the representation of an apple yield relationship in the Okanagan in 1969. / Land and Food Systems, Faculty of / Graduate

Planning is concerned with understanding and relating both the physical and social aspects of an environment and arriving at alternatives which best satisfy the public for whom the resource is being managed. To plan so that maximum benefits are derived it is important to weigh benefits and costs to determine the feasability of an alternative. However, public recreation is an area which operates outside the market mechanism and therefore methods using other than monetary measures must be developed to determine how maximum public benefits can be achieved. The literature provides little help in overcoming this problem. The few studies undertaken on characteristics, preferences and attitudes of recreationists have not been carried out in the context of decision-making and therefore many of the findings of these studies are inapplicable in planning. This study suggests a methodology which could be used by the Fish and Wildlife Branch to enable more effective development of alternatives for planning of the steelhead sport fishery resource. A questionnaire was developed to enable assessment of the user public's characteristics, preferences, opinions and attitudes. By this method the public's desires can be taken into account in the generation of alternatives thereby approaching the goal of maximizing public benefits. For the purpose of the study steelhead fishermen of the Lower Mainland of British Columbia were sampled. As the Fish and Wildlife Branch now assesses fishermen's views by ad hoc meetings with fishermen from organized clubs the sample of fishermen taken for this study were from two discernable groups; the organized and the unorganized fishermen. The questionnaire was distributed to 117 organized and 378 unorganized fishermen. By this method it was possible to test if organized fishermen (about 5% of all steelhead fishermen) were representative of all steel headers. From the organized sample 61 questionnaires were returned while 164 were included in the data analysis from the unorganized fishermen. The questionnaire was distributed to 7 managers of the Lower Mainland steelhead fishery. The results obtained from this group, it was hoped, could be compared with those of the two fishermen groups. However, results from this sector have not been deeply analysed because of the small number in the sample and the difference in influence that the various members of this group could bring to bear on decisions. Using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (S.P.S.S.) and crosstab format the fishermen were compared on their responses to the questionnaire. From analysis of these data a number of conclusions were forthcoming: - Organized and unorganized fishermen were found to be different. - There is a wide range of fishing experience desired. - A systematic collection of information on resource users is feasible and desirable. These conclusions have implications for the planning of this resource. By establishing that organized and unorganized fishermen are different it is clear that the collection of information on the desires of both groups of fishermen is needed. The Branch already collects information on catch and release statistics by questionnaire and this vehicle could be extended to gather fishermen's opinions, attitudes and desires. The wide range of experiences desired by the fishermen suggests that a range of alternatives must be provided in order to increase user benefits. The Fish and Wildlife Branch then must not look for single solutions in planning for the resource but adopt a flexible approach. The geographical diversity of the resource offers the Branch many opportunities for experimenting with programs which would deliver to different groups of fishermen the various types of experiences they desire. These general conclusions are applicable to other agencies charged with providing outdoor recreation services in a non-market context. These agencies currently devote most of their energies to managing the physical resource independent of any systematic feedback from the public. The practice of questionnaire analysis as a method of determining user preferences for planning alternatives has become commonplace in the urban areas of planning. In recreation and resource planning, there is a large potential for involving the public in a systematic manner to establish a better basis for developing alternatives which will increase users satisfaction. / Applied Science, Faculty of / Community and Regional Planning (SCARP), School of / Graduate

This thesis represents an empirical analysis of manufacturing location in Greater Vancouver based primarily upon the analysis of the returns to a location survey questionnaire mailed to manufacturing plants in Greater Vancouver employing over fifteen employees. In this questionnaire respondents are asked to assess the importance of a set of location factors in their regional locational decision. The quantitative techniques employed to analyze these returns seek to examine the similarity and difference in patterns of response among various industry types and size classes of respondents. The returns to this questionnaire are shown to possess severe limitations with regard to scope of coverage and format of the questionnaire itself in view of their utility as a data base for a study of metropolitan manufacturing location. Suggestions are therefore made with regard to how these limitations could have been overcome to furnish data of greater utility. This thesis, as a reflection of the limitations in its primary empirical data base, does not yield a great number of generally applicable findings. The findings however which do emerge are related to statements in the voluminous body of industrial location literature. The relevance of these findings to the planner concerned with the development of policy to regulate and accommodate manufacturing activity within Greater Vancouver is also discussed. The methodology employed and supplementary approaches suggested within this thesis would be applicable to more comprehensive metropolitan industrial location questionnaire returns. Suggestions with regard to improvements in questionnaire format are of general applicability and could contribute substantially to improving the quality of industrial location surveys in general, particularly at the metropolitan level of analysis. Such improvements could also lead to the gradual construction of industrial location theory of greater empirical utility. / Applied Science, Faculty of / Community and Regional Planning (SCARP), School of / Graduate

This thesis examines the development of the reactions of Indians of British Columbia to contact and colonization. It is maintained that religious and social changes which have occurred among Indians of British Columbia since contact with the White man can best be understood when interpreted as phases in a continuous process of development. This process of change began with the emergence of prophet movements at approximately the same time as the White man's presence was beginning to be felt in the area. These prophet movements exhibited characteristics typical of messianic movements elsewhere. Native prophets predicted the arrival of White men, their power and possessions. When missionaries arrived in the area they were generally accorded an enthusiastic reception. The appeal of missionary Christianity is analysed with reference to the millenial ambience established in the earlier prophet movements and to the messages and media communicated by the missionaries. For many Indians, it is argued, conversion to Christianity was equivalent to participating in a millenarian activity. An examination of typical converts and Christian communities established by various missionaries reveals the attempt by many Indians to adopt White culture and realize the expectations apparent in the prophet movements. Disillusionment with missionary Christianity was the result of the widening colonial experience. Although desiring equality with the White man, Indians remained politically, economically and socially subordinate. Conversion to Christianity had not succeeded in satisfying Indian needs and expectations. Indians began asserting a desire for independent control of their own affairs, a desire found among colonial peoples in other parts of the world. But the nature of the colonial situation in Canada has left the Indians a minority group with no effective political power, and thus assertions of Indian nationalism in British Columbia have been directed into such activities as political pressure groups, the revival of Indian spirit dancing and other ceremonials. / Arts, Faculty of / Anthropology, Department of / Graduate

This paper has been undertaken for B. C. Airlines, a small regional air carrier located in Vancouver. This Airline is performing primarily a passenger feeder operation from relatively small and inaccessable communities and towns to major areas such as Campbell River and Vancouver. This firm is facing financial difficulty because of decreasing revenues and increasing costs. B. C. Airlines feel that their greatest potential source of revenue is air freight. The objectives of this paper are to determine: the potential demand for air freight on a regular basis now and in the near future, the rates that firms can pay for these services, the competitive advantages that air freight can provide, and the extent to which these can be realized, the potential for backhaul including investigation of the fishing industry, and the non cost problems related to air freight demand. The paper begins by reviewing several methods used previously by other researchers to determine air freight potential. The advantages and disadvantages of each and their application to the West Coast of B. C. is considered. The investigation in this paper is based on the total distribution cost concept. This concept suggests that all factors and costs influenced by distribution should be considered when selecting a transportation mode. Hence the cost of transportation which is usually the determining factor, now becomes only one of several important considerations. A detailed discussion on the potential advantages of using air freight is undertaken. Within the context of the Total Distribution Cost Concept the investigation of these advantages is the basis for the field interviews with each firm. The costs, the characteristics, the advantages, and the disadvantages between surface transportation alternatives and between air freight are compared for specific firms and specific industries in selected areas. These factors are considered within the bounds of the operations and markets of the firm and area being analyzed. The cost analysis performed for each firm measures the increased cost involved in using air freight, and the extent to which inventory and related cost factors can be reduced to recover these costs. The remaining variables which are not quantifiable are discussed in detail for each firm to determine their effect on the cost analysis and the Total Distribution Cost Decision. The determination of the potential for backhaul freight involves a detailed analysis of the West Coast Fishing Industry, B.C. Airlines, and specific firms and industries in each area studied. In each case subjective evaluation as well as statistical data is used to determine whether or not air freight is a suitable alternative to existing transportation modes for freight moving to Vancouver from outlying areas. The most significant conclusion is that the additional cost of using existing air freight services, will not be offset by competitive or intangible advantages, or cost savings, that may be realized by air freight use. Generally, this same conclusion is valid even if air freight rates could be reduced by one half. Hence there is no large potential demand for air freight capacity. A second conclusion is that B. C. Airlines should not reduce: their freight rates in an attempt to increase business. In fact they should increase their rates because those firms presently using air freight will pay more for their service. The third conclusion is that because of airplane size, route structure, and most important, primary resource locations, the potential backhaul for air freight is very small. It is unlikely that this situation will change in the near future. / Business, Sauder School of / Graduate