The thesis represents a stratigraphical, structural and paleontological study of the Upper Cretaceous strata exposed on Hornby Island. The stratigraphy and structure were studied in some detail, but the main part of the work is the faunal description, revision and illustration of 24 species of cephalopods, 15 species of pelecypods, 9 species of gastropods, 1 coral and 2 scaphopods. The group of nostoceratids previously assigned to Anisoceras cooperi has been divided into five species, of which two are new ones. / Science, Faculty of / Earth, Ocean and Atmospheric Sciences, Department of / Graduate

Probation is only one of the alternative dispositions available to the court in sentencing an offender. The present study has two major parts, (a) It examined in detail the personal, social, and environmental characteristics of all adult males placed under the supervision of the British Columbia Provincial Probation Branch in the fiscal year 1955-56. (b) The relation of a group of selected characteristics to the outcome of the cases is explored, (i.e. whether or not they successfully completed the time period of probation prescribed by the court). Definition and description of probation introduces the study. The Canadian, and more specifically the British Columbia history and current picture of adult probation services is given. The present limited supply of probation facilities and the need to use this limited resource to best advantage is highly relevant. Material drawn upon for the survey of the 1955-56 probationers, (223 in all), included probation branch files, (particularly the social histories contained therein), correspondence with probation officers throughout the province and correspondence with the Royal Canadian Mounted Police. The variables selected for further analysis were: age at start of probation; marital status and number of dependents; nature of the instant offence; number of previous convictions and extent of incarceration; type of investigation carried out by the officer and the assessment of the offender's suitability for probation; and steadiness of employment while on probation. A short follow-up check on the offenders' post-probation success was carried out. The first product of the study is a descriptive profile of the probation clientele, giving a clearer picture of those who the service is set up to serve. Second, the relating of selected characteristics to outcome of case is a first step toward providing some limited predictive guides to assist the officer who is attempting to foresee how the offender will do on probation. The follow-up check served to balance what otherwise might be an unrealistically high success rate. The "profile" of probation clientele reveals that the group investigated appears not markedly different from the general population of British Columbia judged by place of birth, level of education, physical health, work habits and number of siblings. Some possible variations from the general British Columbia populace are noted in that the group may have contained a higher proportion of young people, persons with no dependents, single persons, unskilled workers, persona with a background of broken parental relationships, and in that all the group were males. The variables related to outcome of case that seem to be of greatest significance include: steadiness of employment while on probation, extent of previous criminal record, marital status, and nature of the instant offence. Of the 221 cases ending their probation period either successfully or unsuccessfully 185, (83.7 per cent), were successful. Of these 185 cases 77.3 per cent still had no new record of convictions when the follow-up check was completed in February, 1959. Several implications of the study are discussed. The need for adequate presentence investigation is stressed. The expansion of adult probation services in Canada is urged, -with a cautionary note that geographical and numerical expansion must not be substituted for quality in the services. The Federal Government can perhaps facilitate expansion of the service by intervening into the area of adult probation as a standard setting body. There is a need for a closer working relationship between the courts and welfare agencies, public and private. / Arts, Faculty of / Social Work, School of / Graduate

Diurnal and seasonal variation in spatial distribution of fifteen species of fish were studied in Nicola Lake during summer. Maximum depth at which fish were taken was 110 ft. where only Kokanee were found. Peamouth Chub, Largescale Sucker and Prickly Sculpin were found in depths up to 80 ft. Chiselmouth were restricted to the shallow southwest basin all throughout summer. Carp fingerlings were also restricted to shallow weedy areas. All other species were available in all major regions of the lake. Young-of-the-year of Peamouth Chub, Largescale Sucker, Squawfish, Red-side Shiner and Prickly Sculpin stayed very close to shore during daylight. Fry of Kokanee, Rainbow Trout, Mountain Whitefish and Chinook Salmon appeared in areas close to stream inlets and outlets during day. Smaller size groups of fish available on the shore in daylight moved offshore at night, when larger fry and adults appeared in the shore. Young of Mountain Whitefish were dispersed in different regions of the shore at night. Variation was observed between daylight and dark distribution of different species. Adult Peamouth Chub and Redside Shiners stayed on the bottom during daylight but they invaded surface and shallow shore areas at night. Squawfish also tended to leave the bottom at night. Factors determining migration and summer distribution of fishes were investigated. Thermal stratification was unstable and had no apparent effect on vertical migration of most species. Only Squawfish avoided the hypolimnion. Dissolved oxygen was plentiful up to a depth of 96 ft. and its effect, therefore, could not be assessed. Light apparently played an important role in determining movements of fish in daylight and dark. Diurnal variation in distribution is attributed to effect of light. / Science, Faculty of / Zoology, Department of / Graduate

Many school teachers and administrators are concerned by the burdensome demands of school forms. This study surveys the educational forms used in the internal administration of selected secondary schools in British Columbia. The study involves the classification of these forms, an evaluation of their design, and a consideration of administrative practices related to their use. During the investigation of the problem an intensive review of the related literature was made. On the basis of this literature, two survey questionnaires, a functional classification of internal forms, and an outline for rating their design were developed. Altogether 518 internal forms were collected from a random sample of eighteen secondary schools, and opinions on administrative practices were obtained from the principals and a number of teachers in these schools. The study sample was composed of two parts: (1) nine schools, teachers, and principals that were randomly selected from the greater Vancouver area; and (2) nine schools, teachers, and principals that were randomly selected from other parts of the province. The schools in the greater Vancouver area were visited personally. The principals of these schools and the teachers selected by the principals were interviewed. The schools, principals, and teachers from beyond the greater Vancouver area supplied information to comparable mailed questions. Eighty-five per cent of all the schools that were initially selected participated fully in the study. The nine schools from the Vancouver area formed one-half of the sample under study. Approximately one-quarter of the total number of secondary schools in British Columbia are found in this area. These schools, however, have significantly larger enrollments than do schools from the rest of the province. In this study sample several practices in the use of internal forms in secondary schools of British Columbia are judged "superior," many "satisfactory," and some others "unsatisfactory" and "inferior." The majority of schools use forms with "superior" design in terms of the following factors: identification, spacing, sequence, understanding, paper, and reproduction. Most schools, however, give "inferior" consideration to the combinations of related purposes into single forms. The practices of: (1) always retaining the duplicating stencils designed for forms, (2) having no forms-control authority in the school, and (3) not conducting a forms" survey in a school, are also judged "unsatisfactory." An average of twenty-nine different internal forms are used in each secondary school. Teachers complete approximately five internal forms each day and spend approximately ten minutes each day in filling out, filing, or using them. Forms serving organizational or administrative functions are completed most frequently by teachers, but forms related to student progress or development are considered by teachers and principals to be of greater value in education. More internal forms are used regularly in the larger schools than are used in the smaller schools. The internal forms used in the greater Vancouver area schools rated significantly higher in design than did those forms used in schools from the rest of the province. In general, this investigation disclosed that the use and design of the internal forms in the secondary schools of British Columbia are satisfactory, but that some specific aspects of form design and some individual school forms are unsatisfactory. / Education, Faculty of / Graduate

This study reviews the federal-provincial program established in 1954 for the payment of allowances for "totally and permanently" disabled persons, with particular reference to the British Columbia situation. That government has a basic responsibility to provide income-maintenance measures for economically dependent persons is a well established fact. It should no longer be necessary to argue that government has this responsibility, but rather there is and should be, argument as to how this responsibility can be best fulfilled, keeping in mind both the interests of the dependent person and the community. Traditionally, dependency has been met by two methods of social security; social insurance and social assistance. The Canadian approach, similar to that of other nations, has been to use both methods. To date, there has not been implemented in Canada, a coherent and total plan for comprehensive social security, although there have been advances in the past twenty years. The Canadian approach so far has been a categorical one. A particular group of dependent persons is selected and a program is established to provide cash and other benefits. To assess the social welfare significance of disability allowances program this study begins with an examination of the aims of social security methods, the Canadian approach to social security provision, views expressed in Parliament on the Disabled Persons Act, as well as a discussion of the Act and its implications. A simple statistical analysis of the British Columbia caseload, and an interprovincial comparison, serve to point out the similarities and differences which exist in the program's administration in Canada. A final chapter makes a preliminary study of 49 cases of disabled persons who were referred for rehabilitation services. The study indicates that a program provides only for persons who can meet a defined qualification of "totally and permanently" disabled, leaves a large gap in the provision of services to the disabled, broadly concerned. There are large numbers of persons in Canada who are economically dependent but who cannot be considered "totally and permanently” disabled. They have no alternative but to apply for this allowance if they become unemployable through disability and have no other coverage. The concept of employability has received consideration in this study, because it is intimately involved in the creation of dependency. The present disability allowance program makes no mention of employability, either in the Act or in the Regulations, yet it is of vital importance, and must be taken into consideration. The traditional approach to social welfare services is to single out a particular group of dependent persons who lack one or more employability factors. An approach wherein the problem of employability could be more generically attacked would be in the best interests of both the dependent person and the community. / Arts, Faculty of / Social Work, School of / Graduate

The study endeavours to measure the growth in agricultural productivity and the concomitant changes in the relative contributions of the factors of production for the provinces of British Columbia and Saskatchewan over the period 1926 to 1954. Productivity is defined as the ratio of total output to total input¹, both expressed in physical units. The inputs were arranged in ten categories: labour, real estate, livestock, implements and machinery, cost of operating farm machinery, building costs, machinery costs, taxes, fertilizers, and miscellaneous. The outputs were arranged into four categories: field crops, livestock, forest products, and house rent. To facilitate the adding of the individual inputs and outputs, which occur in different units, the inputs and outputs are expressed in dollar values at constant prices. This is achieved by deflating the current dollar values by appropriate price indexes. Since the base period of price indexes is 1935-39, the inputs are expressed in dollar values at 1935-39 prices. Thus an index of the input values at 1935-39 prices is analagous to an index of the physical inputs and an index of the output values at 1935-39 prices is analagous to an index of the physical outputs. The analysis was to a certain extent hampered by the lack of requisite information and the inconsistencies in some of the published data. Though the degree of this inaccuracy could not be determined, it is worth noting that the output index numbers since 1935 were close to the Dominion Bureau of Statistics Index of Farm Production, derived from physical production data. Both indexes agreed reasonably well except for those of British Columbia between 1946 and 1954 during which period the Dominion Bureau of Statistics output index numbers were consistently higher. The secular trend in the productivity ratios was obscured by varying weather and economic conditions. To make comparisons possible, two periods were chosen during which there were full employment and favourable weather conditions - the years 1926-1928 and 1952-1954. The results indicated that between these two periods the overall agricultural productivity in British Columbia had increased by 17 per cent, and in Saskatchewan by 33 per cent. The changes in the input structure associated with these changes in productivity can be summarized as follows: (1) The relative contribution of labour has declined. In both provinces it dropped from the major input factor to the third largest input. (2) The relative share of real estate increased in British Columbia from the second largest to the largest input factor. In Saskatchewan the relative share of real estate remained the second largest input factor. (3) The relative share of machinery increased in both provinces. In Saskatchewan it advanced from third place in relative importance to become the main input item. While the relative share of machinery increased at a more rapid rate in British Columbia than in Saskatchewan - it follows immediately after real estate in terms of total input. (4) The remaining input factors are small in relation to the three mentioned above. Although a considerable increase may take place in the absolute amounts - as in the case of fertilizer - the effect upon the input structure was small. If the 1952-54 output index numbers for British Columbia were adjusted to those computed by the Dominion Bureau of Statistics, agricultural productivity in British Columbia will have increased by 37 per cent. On the other hand, should the rate of productivity increase in British Columbia be really slower than in Saskatchewan, the explanation may lie in too rapid an introduction of technological improvements. ¹Inputs are resources used in a production process, outputs are the end products. / Land and Food Systems, Faculty of / Graduate

A study was undertaken to determine some of the chemical, physical and pedological factors affecting the genesis of shot formations in the Fairbridge and Alberni shot soils series of Vancouver Island, British Columbia. On the basis of hardness, color and texture, Fairbridge and Alberni shot formations were separated into two groups, one of which was classified as true shot and the other as pseudoshot. Chemical analyses showed that the two forms contained different amounts of aluminum, iron, manganese, phosphorus and silica, and that both forms acted as accumulation centres for aluminum, iron, manganese and phosphorus when their totals of these elements were compared with those present in the shot formation matrix ('B' horizons) and parent material ('C' horizons). Physical analyses of shot formations showed diversity in the percentages of sand, silt and clay contained in shot and pseudoshot, and the particle size distribution of these components also differed in both forms. Shot formations were found to be concentrated in the surface ('B') horizons of each series studied, and the 'C' horizon of each soil type was found to be impermeable to water. This latter condition, coupled with the seasonal fluctuation in temperature and precipitation in the respective areas, produced alternate wetting and drying cycles similar to those observed by other investigators of shot soils. Micropedological studies involving the preparation, examination and photographing of shot formation and soil horizon thin sections showed that the degree of weathering of clay minerals in shot and pseudoshot was not comparative, and that similar differences existed between shot formations and the 'B' and 'C' horizons of each soil series. It is postulated that shot genesis might begin with parent material which, after passing through a pseudoshot stage, develops into the true shot form. / Land and Food Systems, Faculty of / Graduate

The Canadian Arthritis and Rheumatism Society, British Columbia Division has envisaged research as an important and integral part of its objectives and in February 1951 embarked upon an intensive study of the usefulness of cortisone in long-term medical treatment of the rheumatic diseases, including a series on Rheumatoid Arthritis. A comprehensive program of medical treatment has been put into effect, including the services of social workers. It is essentially a team approach to the aim of physical rehabilitation and a return to gainful employment. The present study is directed to the evaluation of the case work treatment offered to those patients selected to participate in the Rheumatic Diseases Project, Rheumatoid Arthritis Series on Cortisone Therapy. Within a predominantly medical setting the function of the case worker has been considered from the viewpoint of what is expected of her by the medical profession and what might be expected from her as a professional social worker. Two methods of assessment were employed both based on evaluation of each case according to selected case work criteria and the premise that effectiveness of treatment depends upon the appropriate use of skills in relation to the degree of treatability of the patient. The first approach made use of the available case records as far as possible. The second was the device of a Rating Scale devised for the purpose and completed by a group of social workers for each patient worked with. The goals aimed at by the Medical Committee responsible for the project were stated as "physical rehabilitation and a return to gainful employment". Medically the cortisone therapy was successful in effecting enough physical improvement for a patient to become potentially employable. Socially results were discouraging because emotional difficulties and the non-availability of suitable positions prevented the actual return of many patients to gainful employment. The Long-standing personality problems, characterizing this group of patients, precluded the use of intensive case work techniques in roughly 75% of the cases. The evidence is that face-to-face interviewing involving the skilled use of relationship is not appropriate and that supportive technigues designed to prevent further deterioration, alone are relevant for the majority. Sound social diagnostic evaluations with the use of appropriate treatment methods are essential. It is suggested the reality of the team approach should he made available, and that more use should be made of social work skills in the selective screening of applicants for rehabilitation, and that the contributions of social work in the total team plan merits deeper exploration. / Arts, Faculty of / Social Work, School of / Graduate

Of all the children who are placed for adoption the legitimate children who are voluntarily placed make up the smallest group. Since voluntary adoption placement of legitimate children differs from the normal cultural pattern cases of this nature present a challenge to the social agencies. The purpose of the present study is the examination of such a group of cases. All cases of this nature which have been known to the public and private child-caring social agencies and family social agencies in the Burnaby, New Westminster and Vancouver areas during the year 1951 were examined. The criteria of selection were: (a) the parents were married, (b) the husband was the natural father of the child in question. Only seventeen cases were known to the designated social agencies during the year 1951. A schedule was drawn up for the purpose of analyzing the case records. Besides information such as name, age, occupation of father, the schedule tried to distinguish four main "areas": (a) the attitude of the parents towards the child, (b) the parents' psycho-socio situations, (c) the parents' own childhood experiences, and (d) the parents' contacts with the social agency. The parents' religious affiliations were varied including the Protestant, Roman Catholic and Jewish faiths. In almost one-quarter of the cases the woman was pregnant at the time of marriage; also almost one-third of the total number of parents came from homes broken by death, desertion or divorce. In five of the cases the child in (question was the first child in the family; the remaining twelve families had, on the average, 2.8 children. In eleven of the cases the parents followed through their request for adoption and placed the child with another family; in the remaining six cases the parents decided against adoption placement and kept the child. The distribution of parental attitudes included rejection, indifference, ambivalence and only two cases of mature love. When the distribution of parental attitudes in the larger group of cases (where the child was placed for adoption) was compared with the distribution in the smaller group of cases (where the child was not placed for adoption) two main differences were revealed: (a) the manifestations of ambivalence expressed by the parents in the "retained" group were weighed in favour of the more positive aspects, and (b) the predominant parental attitude in the "placed" group was one of rejection followed by attitudes of "negative" ambivalence and indifference. No one causative factor leading the parents to consider adoption placement "was apparent, but rather a multiplicity of factors, including the following: refusal to assume further responsibilities; marital disharmony between the parents; inability to provide for the child financially; inadequacies of the parents to meet their responsibilities; doubts and anxieties about the family's future economic position; interference by in-laws. In the majority of the cases the children in question were not regarded by the parents as objects with individuality but appeared to be regarded as "problem objects." This may account for the fact that in none of the cases was there any change in parental attitudes because of the sex of the child. It is impossible to generalize from such a small selection of cases but if later studies bear out these findings then there is no need for delay in making plans for the expected child because the sex is unknown. Both groups of parents, those who placed their children, and those who decided against placement, are in need of help from the social agency in sorting out their confused feelings. The agency's main resource in working with this type of case lies in the professional worker-client relationship. However, in this type of case the social worker experiences special difficulty because of the dual responsibility of helping to work out a plan which appears to be in the best interest of the parents, and also one in the best interest of the baby. / Arts, Faculty of / Social Work, School of / Graduate

An attempt was made to find the relations between the occurrence, abundance, dominance, constancy and vigour of corticolous and lignicolous cryptogams in some forest associations of Douglas-fir forest on Vancouver Island. It has been found that corticolous and lignicolous plant sociations do indicate the particular stratum of the ecoclimate of forest associations. Bryophytes (studied by Krajina) and lichens growing as corticolous and lignicolous plants correspond to the limiting climatological factors which occur in different ecoclimates. The ecoclimate of the forest associations forms one or two or several climatic strata, which are expressed by the corresponding corticolous socia tions on the same tree species. These ecologically differentiated strata develop a zonation phytosociologically defined. Corticolous and lignicolous sociations forming part of the ecosystem of the forest association furnish further characteristics for their differentiation. Its practical use is obvious, especially in winter when the ground vegetation is covered by snow. / Science, Faculty of / Botany, Department of / Graduate