In the increasingly urban context of North America, urban transportation poses increasingly complex problems. Not the least of these is the problem of financing highway systems that are considered essential to the smooth and expeditious flow of goods and people within the cities. One difficulty arises out of the fragmented political jurisdictions that exist within the boundaries of most urban areas today. After agreement has been reached on the contribution, if any, by senior levels of government towards any major highway improvement in an urban area, the remaining cost has still to be allocated amongst the member municipalities in the area. Every municipal council is thus faced with the problem of assuming an additional cost for municipal services, i.e. for providing adequate, improved highway facilities. But current methods of allocating these costs do not clearly relate them to the benefits received by those who live and work in the municipality. Nor do they relate them to any discernible social policy. The main hypothesis of this paper is that it is possible to develop a formula that does relate the costs chargeable to any municipality to the benefits received by those who live and work in that municipality. This cost-sharing formula has been developed in this study. The basic assumptions on which its claim to equity is made are given . The social policies that could be considered are spelled out, and their justification for modifying the cost figures derived is examined. Practical recommendations for the use of this procedure are made, and the planning implications involved are considered. / Applied Science, Faculty of / Community and Regional Planning (SCARP), School of / Graduate

This thesis deals with a comparative economic analysis of the truck, rail and water modes of transporting raw wood in the British Columbia Forest Industry. The thesis is directed toward establishing general guidelines for the determination of the optimal mode or combination of modes for transporting wood from the forest to consuming plants. Companies holding large tracts of timber find it necessary to do a comparative analysis of each transportation mode for their own specific situation before designing a transportation network. Since the location of wood-using plants has considerable effect upon transportation networks, this topic is also included in the thesis. The first part of the thesis shows the importance and the variety of transportation methods employed in the British Columbia Forest Industry. The largest portion of logging costs is directly attributable to transportation. Improved technology has led to several important changes in forest transportation in recent years. These are mainly the change-over from private logging railways to truck transport, and the complete change from Davis rafts to self-loading and self-dumping barges. A large portion of the thesis is concerned with a graphical comparison of transfer rates for raw forest products over distance for each of the transportation modes. Break-even distances between modes were calculated graphically. This portion of the study was accomplished by gathering province-wide transfer rates for raw wood from the Canadian National Railways, the Canadian Pacific Railway, the Pacific Great Eastern Railway, the Motor Carriers Branch of the Public Utilities Commission, various trucking firms, tugboat companies, forestry firms, and the British Columbia Forest Service. Rates for various distances were plotted for each mode and forest product. Curves and intersections were analyzed. In the transfer of logs, it was found that water rates are the lowest even at short distances. This is unlike transfer rates for other commodities where at short distances, water transfer rates are higher than both truck and railway rates. The buoyancy and ruggedness of wood make it naturally suited to low cost forms of water transport, especially by flat raft where investment in vessels is minimal . Average log transfer rates for truck and rail indicate a break-even distance between these modes of about 15 miles. When considering that most log hauls originate by truck, the cost of transshipping to rail cars causes the actual break-even to occur at about 70 miles. A similar analysis was carried out for chip and lumber transfer rates. A comparison on a common per hundredweight basis is made of transfer rates for logs, chips, and lumber by all modes. A comparison of average transfer rates indicates an economic line-haul distance for logs of about 90 miles by truck, 270 miles by rail, and 1,000 miles by barge when $12 hauling allowance remains after gathering logs at transportation terminals. Actual hauls throughout the province rarely exceed the above distances. Many other economic aspects of the above modes besides rates, are of considerable importance and are considered in some detail in three separate chapters. For example, the construction of private roads or roads of higher standard may favorably affect costs, depending upon the volume of timber to be hauled. Since timber is heavy and bulky, and experiences a large weight loss upon conversion, mills have tended to be raw-material oriented rather than market oriented. However, on coastal British Columbia, mills tend to be more centralized, with the resource being gathered over a wide area by using cheap water transportation. Future technological developments may result in the use of pipelines, helicopters, and conveyor belts in the transfer of raw forest products. / Business, Sauder School of / Graduate

The hypothesis of this study is that commuter journeys to employment in the central business districts of large cities are not representative, in terms of trip length and dispersion, of commuter journeys to employment in the suburbs. It is argued that in some larger cities, journeys to suburban or peripheral employment form an important and growing proportion of all work journeys, and that if these are significantly different from the journey to work to the central business district, this will have important implications in future transportation planning, and indirectly in planning the distribution of residences and employment. A short review of existing journey to work literature is presented. The majority of previous studies of the journey to work have been concerned primarily with the commuter journey to the downtown area, or are in such general terms that, without further analysis, it is not possible to identify the patterns and characteristics of the peripheral journey to work. A random sample of employed residents of the City of Vancouver and the Municipality of Burnaby is used to document the characteristics of peripheral work journeys in the Vancouver Metropolitan area, and to compare them with downtown work trips. Vancouver forms a suitable city for a study of the peripheral journey to work as it shows low development densities, a high degree of dependence on travel by car, and a reasonable proportion of employment located in the suburbs. The sample drawn is not large enough and the information not varied enough to conduct a detailed explanatory investigation of the factors influencing the pattern of peripheral work trips. However the descriptive material indicates that peripheral work trips are significantly shorter in length than commuter trips to the central area of Vancouver, and that they show a much greater variety of trip length and trip direction. The results suggest that peripheral work trips are composed of a large number of very small zone to zone volumes, forming a relatively even multidirectional network of trips throughout the suburban area. The present pattern of trips does not appear to be suited to the provision of high or medium volume transit facilities for suburban journeys, and this in turn is a constraint upon the formation of large concentrations of jobs in suburban areas. The interrelationships of urban structure in terms of the distribution of homes and employment, and the suitabilities of alternative transportation modes are discussed, and the need for explicit policy objectives and coordinated land use and transportation plans is stressed. In addition, the evidence suggests that a large proportion of persons employed in the suburbs appear to prefer a more specialised choice of residential location, rather than attempting to minimise the journey to work. It is suggested that the descriptive evidence is sufficient to indicate the distinctiveness of peripheral work journeys from a transportation point of view, and that they are important enough to merit more detailed explanatory studies and special attention in transportation planning. / Applied Science, Faculty of / Community and Regional Planning (SCARP), School of / Graduate

A preliminary cytotaxonomic study of the common Chironomidae in a series of saline waters in the southern interior of British Columbia has been undertaken. The banding pattern of the salivary gland chromosomes, once it had been described, was used as a taxonomic criterion and as an indicator of the relationships between the groups involved. In order to obtain associated stages in the life cycle, the larvae were reared in individual vials. The polytene chromosome analysis revealed seven well defined larval species. The subsequent morphological analysis showed that five of these larval species could usually be separated by their external morphology. However, two cytologically distinct species are morphologically indistinguishable. Recent work on sibling species in Drosophila and Chironomus (Diptera) has shown that sibling species have salivary gland chromosomes with an identical banding pattern but, differ from one another in the frequency of inversions. The present study suggests that the morphologically identical larvae mentioned above are sibling species in larval morphology but are clearly separable by chromosome analysis. The fact that they occur together in the same lake tends to eliminate the view that they are distinct populations of a single species. That there may be more than one species involved in those here considered to be a single taxa, should however not be forgotten. / Science, Faculty of / Zoology, Department of / Graduate

As medical advances make possible the increase of the individual's life span, the needs of older people become a greater concern in our society. This study is based on the assumption that home care services are a desirable alternative to prevailing methods of institutionalisation, and on the premise that the services needed to retain the elderly person in his own familiar environment can be assessed. The district chosen for the project is the West End area of Vancouver, which comprises a high proportion of persons over the age of sixty-five years. It is the primary aim of the study to develop a research interview schedule, which will enable subsequent investigators to explore the present topic more extensively. In this sense the project can be seen as a preliminary survey based on a limited sample, which has as its aim not so much the collection of data based on the design of a research instrument, but an exploration of the literature in regard to home services elsewhere and the construction of a research instrument. A critical analysis of the research methods used here is part of the research project. The thesis is an initial attempt to assess the extent of the need and to identify the types of need for home services as part of an ongoing programme in the research for such needed services which is undertaken by the School of Social Work at the University of British Columbia. / Arts, Faculty of / Social Work, School of / Graduate

The growth in numbers of large apartment buildings adjacent to the urban core in the period 1955 - 1965 provides striking evidence of a recent change in urban residential structure. Several hypotheses have been advanced in this thesis and tested in the West End of Vancouver, British Columbia. The research indicates a close correlation between recent high-rise construction and the increasing numbers of persons, in both relative and absolute terms, who form small household units and have few family responsibilities. Such persons are either young adults or elderly retired individuals. In either case the common requirements of a small dwelling unit and available out-of-home activities are noted. The adjacent location of the Central Business District appears critical to the siting of a concentration of high-rise apartment buildings. Both reasons given by West End apartment dwellers for their residence within the West End and their recorded activity patterns indicate the strong drawing force of the Central Business District employment, shopping, entertainment and recreation services. Indeed, daily activity patterns of the West End apartment dweller indicate few connections outside the West End - Central Business area. Thesis research indicates that periods of apartment growth appear closely related to government legislation, new techniques in construction and to available capital. Three theories proposed in previous investigations of central residential areas are negated by thesis research: 1). Public redevelopment schemes have not initiated West End apartment construction. Private developers have seen the market for middle-income residences adjacent to the core and have exploited it without public redevelopment capital being necessary. 2). High-rise construction does not necessarily involve an increase in population density adjacent to the core. Within the limited area of the West End different regional demographic patterns are noted. Regions of previously existing high-density converted buildings have not experienced major increments in the total population as apartments replace earlier multi-family dwellings. The only areas to show appreciable gains were those in which apartments replaced earlier single family homes. Clearly population growth is related to past land use rather than to only recent apartment construction. 3). Apartment residents were noted to be persons who had lived, at least for the previous fifteen years, in central city locations. Few were returnees from suburbia, as indicated by previous authors. Data for this thesis was drawn from three sources: existing literature on urban residential locations, questionnaire study of West End apartment residents, and from apartment developers. Based upon this study of inner-city residences, several inferences have been drawn that relate both to future West End development and to urban residential theory. Within the West End, apartments locate adjacent to the maximum number of amenities. The lack of views and adjacent park areas in the central region of the West End have discouraged private high-rise investment. Some alternate land use, possibly town-house or senior citizen projects, could be instituted to revitalize the central area. Two models of inner-city residences are presented. One defines the characteristics of the inner-city high-rise dweller, the other, the sequent occupance of the area. Three stages of inner-city residential growth are noted: a period of upper and middle-income single family home settlement; conversion of single family homes into multi-family dwellings for all income levels; private redevelopment of the area for middle-income oriented apartments. The forces influencing this change were urban core location and expansion, transportation changes, available land, available capital, and the period of settlement. During the past fifteen years the construction of middle-income high-rise apartments adjacent to the urban core has been noted in Vancouver, as in other North American cities. The initial demand for this form of accommodation and its continued expansion are related to the expanding segment of the population who desire residences adjacent to urban core activity. / Arts, Faculty of / Geography, Department of / Graduate

A study in economic geography, this thesis attempts to determine the importance of water for process supply and effluent disposal in industrial location decisions. It is postulated that industry faces physical, institutional, and technologic-economic constraints when evaluating the water component in location problems. Each of these three constraints is analyzed and evaluated for British Columbia's pulp and paper industry, with a view to discovering its effect on the range of spatial choice enjoyed by firms. A number of general conclusions emerge from the investigation. Although a theoretic location proof is not offered, the study raises a number of arguments which indicate water has been over-emphasized in industrial location decisions, and that industry exhibits greater spatial mobility regarding water requirements than is contended in the geographical and technical literature. Of the three constraints, it appears that those of a technologic-economic nature impose the severest limitations on spatial choice; physical, the least. Institutional regulations are found to provide industry with incorrect signals for decision making — the suggestion is offered that effluent control programs based upon economic rather than biological criteria would remove this problem. The implications of the above conclusions for future geographic inquiry regarding water management and development is considered in the concluding section of the study. / Arts, Faculty of / Geography, Department of / Graduate

Lower and Middle Tertiary continental sedimentary rocks comprise the fill in a large structural basin adjacent to the Georgia Depression in southwestern British Columbia and northwestern Washington. Upper Cretaceous continental sedimentary rocks apparently underlie the entire basin. Outcrops of Tertiary rocks are restricted to the north, south and east margins where they are dipping into the basin and overlying older rocks rimming the basin. Relationships to the west are obscured by the Strait of Georgia, but apparently the Whatcom basin is part of, and contiguous with, the Georgia depression. Over most of the area, surface cover is Pleistocene and Recent sediments. Investigations of plant microfossils from two deep basin wells indicate three distinct floras in pre-Pleistocene rocks. Basal portions contain a relatively small Upper Cretaceous floral assemblage. Above this are Middle and probably Upper Eocene assemblages. Upper parts of the section contain a predominantly dicotyledonous Miocene assemblage. Palynological study of the outcrops indicates a Middle to Upper Eocene age for all except the Brothers Creek outcrop on the north side of Burrard Inlet, which appears to be Upper Cretaceous. Miocene rocks are found only in the wells, and apparently do not crop out. Eocene assemblages contain Pistillipollenites and Platycarya together with significant numbers of Cactricosisporites and Anemia spores, and suggest a warm temperate to subtropical climate. Miocene assemblages are generally characterized by Glyptostrobus, Pterocarya, Ulmus-Zelkoya and Fagus and several other dicotyledonous pollen. Miocene assemblages indicate a more temperate aspect than those of the Eocene. / Science, Faculty of / Earth, Ocean and Atmospheric Sciences, Department of / Graduate

The object of this study is to establish the stratigraphy, structure, and petrology of early Tertiary rocks in the White Lake area near Penticton, British Columbia. This is achieved by field mapping and laboratory work. Early Tertiary rocks of the White Lake area, thought to be mainly Eocene age, consist of five main stratigraphic division; 1. discontinuous beds of basal breccia and conglomerate, 2. a thick and widely distributed succession of volcanic rocks of diverse composition - mainly phonolite, trachyte, and andesite lavas, 3. discontinuous volcanic beds - mainly rhyodacite lava, 4. locally thick volcanic sandstone and conglomerate beds inter-digitated with lahar and pyroclastic deposits, 5. local deposits of slide breccia and some volcanic rock overlain by fanglomerate beds. Each division rests with some angular or erosional unconformity on older rock. Aggregate thickness of the Tertiary strata, where best developed, is about 12,000 feet. These rocks are regionally downfaulted accounting, in part, for their preservation from erosion. Greatest downward movement is near the Okanagan Valley where, in places, it is estimated that basal beds exceed depths of -5,000 feet (m.s.l.). In general, beds are tilted easterly as if rotated downward forming a trap-door-like structure. Locally, folds are developed but these are without regional pattern and may be the result of simple flextures in the basement rocks. Petrographic and chemical data indicates a three-fold division of igneous rocks: 'A' series - mainly plagioclase porphyries; lavas of rhyodacite and andesite composition; 'B’ series - mainly two feldspar porphyries with co-existing plagioclase and sanidine; lavas of trachyte and trachyandesite composition; 'C’ series - mainly anorthoclase porphyries; lavas of phonolite composition and some tephrite. Phase diagrams and subtraction plots indicate that rocks of 'A' and 'C’ series were probably formed by crystal fractionation. In the case of 'A' series, precipitation of mainly plagioclase and pyroxene from andesite produces rhyolite; and for 'C’ series, precipitation of mainly pyroxene and some biotite from tephrite produces phonolite. Rocks of 'B’ series are intermediate in composition to 'A' and 'C’ and were probably formed by mixing of magmas. / Science, Faculty of / Earth, Ocean and Atmospheric Sciences, Department of / Graduate

This thesis is a study of the roles of certain agricultural extension agents in British Columbia, as viewed by the agents themselves. An attempt is made to identify the different activities the agents perform and to enquire into how well the agents are adapting themselves to the changing definitions of extension work. The data for the study is based on responses given to a questionnaire by three types of agents,—District Agriculturists, District Horticulturists and Other Agents who have been on the staff of the British Columbia Extension Service for two or more years. The three types of agents are in general agreement with respect to the functions of the Extension Service on which most time and effort have been devoted in the past but differed as to the relative importance of the different functions. The indication is however, that the Extension service concentrates on work of a service nature such as providing information on specific farm practices and teaching the underlying principles of farming, rather than on community development processes. Distinct differences appear in the roles of each type of agent as defined by the activities they perform. Most of them identify 'consultant', 'source of information and ideas' and 'student' the three most important out of a total of nine types of activities. However, District Agriculturists perform a wider range of activities than do the other two types of agents. The majority of each type of agent indicates that they do not feel very proficient in performing any one role. Though in general, the roles which they consider important form a pattern which is similar to the ones they actually perform, it appears that they are least qualified to perform the roles which they consider to be important. This is particularly so among District Agriculturists. Of the three agent groups, District Horticulturists achieve the highest level of role fulfillment and least amount of role stress, with Other Agents next and District Agriculturists last. This may be due to the wider area of responsibility of the District Agriculturists compared to the other two groups. The evidence suggests that the agents do not conform to the 'changing definition of extension work' since the roles which rank high both in importance and performance, are those with major emphasis on work of a service nature and on agricultural production. 'The opportunity to help other people', 'personal contact' with people and 'freedom in planning and doing my work' appear to be the strong motivating forces in extension work. For these agents 'the lack of a well defined program' is chief among the less desirable aspects of the job. In general, the agents have favourable opinions of the prestige of their positions and both status consciousness and satisfaction in the job are also high. The agents perceive of their alter groups as having differential expectations with respect to the roles the agents should perform; each type of agent views these expectations in line with their own self image of the job, and the vested interests of each group. District Agriculturists are most responsive to their local clientele rather than to those people above them. Other Agents show a greater orientation to their directors than to the farmers'(local interests). District Horticulturists seem to be influenced by their local clientele and their directors to an equal extent. The agents have significant relationships with farm organizations, while non-farm organizations and university extension play very minor roles in their work. 'Inadequate communications' prevents the agents from fulfilling the expectations of their alter groups, and this suggests that the Extension Service is not a well integrated social system. Groups other than the agents themselves participate very little in the determination of the extension program. Though, the agents feel that the extension program in the main should be their responsibility; they indicate a desire for more participation by other groups. District Agriculturists want to make greater use of program planning committees, District Horticulturists stress individual farmers, while Other Agents want to see their directors be more involved. It appears that the agents try to use their time and resources more efficiently by concentrating their attention on farmers with higher incomes as they are in a better position to follow the extension recommendations. Thus, there is a positive relationship between the amount of time the agents devote to farmers and the income level of the farmers. / Land and Food Systems, Faculty of / Graduate