Information is needed to help forest managers reduce the visual impact of timber management where the public's image of the landscape may be disrupted. Visual impact magnitude may be assessed by extent of deviation from the characteristic landscape. From analysis of 43 visual impacts in the Windermere Public Sustained Yield Unit (P.S.Y.U.) in south-eastern British Columbia, and from selected literature, the independent and interacting visual effects of seventy timber management practices are identified, and rated as inevident, subordinate, or dominant in comparison with visual elements of the landscape. The visual effect of a given practice in a given forest landscape type is predictable with detailed knowledge of both, in most cases. The visual impact magnitude of a timber: management activity can be predicted from the number of most negative visual effects caused by the combination of management practices used. Practices introducing low visual effects or cancelling those of other practices are identified as landscape design tools. Use of landscape design tools is generally compatible with other forest environmental management aims, though exceptions of local importance are foreseen. Forest administration in British Columbia needs to be modified to accommodate visual constraints on timber management. In a case study in the Cartwright Lakes/Steamboat Mountain area in the Windermere P.S.Y.U., the costs of using design tools instead of conventional practices are estimated in three potential logging sites. Lower visual impact magnitudes can be achieved using common logging systems without significant cost increases, where some timber is left between settings in visually critical sites. Unconventional logging systems can raise or lower costs with or without visual constraints, but use as design tools may reduce extra costs on land that is costly to log. With government cut and leave policy and restrictions on logging methods, use of landscape design tools in high priority sites can have negligible cost increases, but it is not known how widely the case study conditions occur elsewhere. A procedure for visual impact planning is advanced, comprising analysis of biophysical and viewing conditions, identification of forest landscape types and visual objectives and selection of design tools to fit them, detailed planning of visual impacts, and graphic prediction of the outcome. Continuing research is needed to substantiate the study findings, and priorities are suggested. / Forestry, Faculty of / Graduate

In the spring of 1973 continuous horizontal measurements were made of temperature, salinity, oxygen and chlorophyll a. in British Columbia coastal waters. The sampling procedure involved a towed pumping system and on-board instrumentation. An effort is made to describe the distributions of the measured parameters with particular emphasis on the smaller scales, less than 250 m. To this end, techniques of power spectral analysis were utilized to examine the data. Results show that there is variability in the nature of the distributions and that the relatedness of the parameters is not consistent, but that on average different experiments show similarities. It appears that to a large extent the distribution of chlorophyll a in an estuarine environment is related to physical transport processes. / Science, Faculty of / Physics and Astronomy, Department of / Graduate

Talus slopes were investigated in a process-material-response framework. The work was concerned with clarifying concepts and terminology concerning slopes of granular materials and interpreting talus slope angles in the light of this clarification; verifying this interpretation in a field investigation; and seeking statistical relationships between talus slope angle and material properties. Field investigations were carried out in South West British Columbia. Slopes were investigated in the southern Coast Mountains and. in the Similkameen Valley. Theoretical concepts relating to slopes in granular material were discussed. Two angles of repose were distinguished; a peak angle of accumulation (α[sub c]) defined as the steepest angle attainable by a mass of granular material, and a lower angle, the angle of repose (α[sub r]) to which the material slides after failure. α[sub c] and α[sub r] were related to concepts of shear resistance and the angle of internal friction (0); α[sub c] was linked to 0 and α[sub r] was thought to correspond to the residual angle of internal friction for a given material. α[sub c] and α[sub r] were related through a regression equation of the form; α[sub c] = -3.29 + 1.273 (α[sub r]) These concepts were examined with reference to talus slope form and some of the contradictions in the literature were presented. The characteristic and limiting slope angles noted in review were found to correspond to α[sub r] and α[sub c] respectively for talus material. This correspondence gave rise to the supply induced transformation hypothesis which appeared to provide a suitable transformation model for rock-fall talus. The relationship between material properties and slope angle was examined using parametric multivariate statistics. Significant correlations, at the 99% level, were obtained between segment angle and size (inverse) and segment angle and sorting (direct). At the 95% level significant correlations were found between segment angle and sphericity (inverse) and Zingg's Flatness Ratio (direct). In multiple regression analysis only 37.11% of the variation in slope angle was accounted for by material properties (sorting and the variance in Zingg's Elongation Ratio) at the 95% level of significance. Shape factors contribute very little to the explained variance whilst fabric related variables contribute nothing. Implications of these results for talus slope development were discussed. Rockfall talus slopes subject to supply-induced transformation processes are thought to have a distinctive morphology which may be an explanation for the typical profile concavity noted on such slopes. Determinants on the frequency of talus slides were examined. The problem of the basal layer cannot be ignored in a consideration of talus slope development models. / Arts, Faculty of / Geography, Department of / Graduate

K-Ar biotite ages and Rb-3r mineral isochron ages indicate that a 55 m. yr. old Tertiary thermal event has affected the rocks of the Clachnacudainn Salient of the Shuswap Metamorphic Complex. An attempt was made to date the Clachnacudainn Gneiss by the Rb-Sr whole rock method. It was hoped that this study would provide some insight into the problem of determining the origin of the gneiss. However, the data shows considerable scatter with no systematic pattern to it. This, together with petrographic evidence, suggests that the closed system assumption has not been maintained. Thus no isochron could be determined. Several suggestions are presented to account for the scatter in the data. / Science, Faculty of / Earth, Ocean and Atmospheric Sciences, Department of / Graduate

The term business government describes the principles of public administration which the Conservative party attempted to implement between 1928 and 1933 during its tenure as the government of British Columbia. In general, business government meant that the province's elected officials would apply the same principles in attending to the public's financial business that a private enterprise would employ in its affairs. Implicit, too, in this notion was the Conservative commitment to emphasize those policies that served the interests of the province's business community at the expense of social welfare programs. The purpose of this thesis is to describe the elements in the Conservative business government philosophy and to assess its impact during this period. Analysis of the relations between the Conservative government, its business clientele, and the Liberal opposition is crucial in order to understand and assess the impact of the business government program. Chapter I therefore describes the attitudes of influential businessmen in Vancouver and Victoria towards the economy and the government's legitimate responsibilities in relationship to it. This is followed in Chapter II by a similar discussion of the Conservatives' business government philosophy as reflected in actual government policy, and an assessment of the somewhat different philosophy concerning the role of government espoused by the Liberals. Chapter III relates the financial difficulties which the Conservative government encountered as a result of the depression, and the nature of the business government remedies offered in response to the slump. Chapter IV outlines how a coalition of the corporate business elites in Vancouver and Victoria successfully agitated for the appointment of a businessman's inquiry into the public finances, the Kidd Commission, and through it pressed for the implementation of a more extreme version of the business government solution. Finally, Chapter V analyzes the fragmentation of the Conservative government after the Kidd Report, the coincident rise of the CCF as a socialist alternative to business government, and the victory of the more moderate reform Liberalism of T. D. Pattullo in the election of 1933. The main conclusion of the thesis is that business government, as articulated by the Conservative government and the prominent business spokesmen of the period, was acceptable to the electorate only so long as the economy remained buoyant. Once the depression became pronounced the weaknesses in the business government approach became manifest, especially to those who were most in need of government assistance. According to the tenets of business government philosophy, governments could play but a limited role in stimulating recovery, and therefore they should restrict their activities to balancing the budget through ruthless economies in order to preserve the province's credit. The election of 1933 indicates that the electorate rejected this business government response in favour of the platforms of the Liberals and the CCF which promised a more interventionist state to provide more generous social welfare benefits and the experimental monetary and fiscal policies that appeared necessary to induce recovery. / Arts, Faculty of / History, Department of / Graduate

Having made the fundamental assumption that policy administration can be viewed as a process the question is then raised: In what ways and to what extent does the administrative process affect forest resource use policies in British Columbia? It is noted that the three basic policy principles have been since early this century: (i) public ownership of forest lands; (ii) a return to the Provincial Treasury of a proportion of the wealth of the forests as it accrues; and, (iii) extension of the useful life of the forests for the benefit of future generations. Using as a principle data source a large body of statutes, administrative documents and evidence and reports of commissions of inquiry accumulated during the past seventy-five years the thesis focuses on the administrative process with respect to three major aspects of forest resource policies in British Columbia. They are: land tenure systems, sustained-yield management of forest areas and royalty and stumpage assessment methods. The research confirms the validity of the basic assumption. In response to the above question several major points are made. Provincial land ownership policies and their administration have been significant in directing forest resource use administration and have had the affect of obscuring forest resource use policy principles themselves. With respect to the sustained-yield management programme in British Columbia the administrative process has affected forest resource use policies by giving administrative definitions to some of the basic terms used in the initial policy formulations. In the area of royalty and stumpage assessments methods it was found that administrative feasibility, which has been especially influenced by forest technology, has been a significant factor in determining the ends actually pursued by the administrative system and thus formally stated policy objectives have been modified. Overall the affect of the administrative process on forest resource use policies in British Columbia has been widespread and far reaching. / Arts, Faculty of / Political Science, Department of / Graduate

The full history of the early East Indian community in British Columbia has yet to be written. Here an attempt has been made to assemble the information relating to some aspects of the community's origins and development between 1904 and 1914, the first decade of their presence in Canada. This thesis also attempts to examine the structural position of the East Indian community and its lack of integration into and acceptance by the host society. Four major factors influencing the nature of development of the East Indian community were examined in detail: the socio-economic background of the East Indian immigrants, the nature of institutional developments in the nascent community in British Columbia, the attitudes and perceptions of the host society, and the political responses of the Dominion and Imperial governments to Indian immigration. Intensive, as opposed to extensive examination of these factors dictated the adoption of a thematic rather than a chronological approach. The methodology employed was interdisciplinary in nature, utilizing theoretical material drawn from the disciplines of sociology and anthropology. It was found that the East Indian community was an alienated ethnic group which lived on the social fringes of the host society. Integration and acceptance of the East Indians did not take place as a result of vast differences in the cultures and institutions of their country of origin and the host society, but more importantly, because the immigrants themselves did not want to integrate. The East Indians were sojourners who hoped to return to India in their old age to enjoy the wealth they had acquired abroad. / Arts, Faculty of / History, Department of / Graduate

This thesis is an examination of the early vernacular church architecture of the southern interior of British Columbia. The thesis addresses several main tasks, examining the location, form, origins, and intrinsic meaning of early rural churches. After an introductory statement discussing purpose, theoretical foundations, and methods, the study identifies the agents of organised religion in early British Columbia, examining their backgrounds, beliefs, aims, and achievements. This initial section concludes by discussing the geography of denominational strengths that emerged in British Columbia as aresult of inteer-denominational rivalries. The thesis then considers the theme of church construction. Dates and places of church construction are identified and regional and temporal patterns are explained as functions of denominational geographies of strength, as well as of the the province's history of settlement and economic development. This section illustrates the province's transmogrification in the 1890's from a realm primarily of Indian churches to one in which European churches predominated. The next section of the thesis describes and classifies the visual characteristics of the southern interior's churches; temporally and regionally and according to denomination. Subsequent chapters identify the ideological, techno logical, and stylistic forces that diffused from Europe and eastern Canada to mould the early churches of British Columbia. Concern focuses on the issue on innovation and tradi-tion in the frontier setting. The thesis concludes with a discussion of church and society in the pioneer province. The chapter includes an assessment of the role played by organised religion in the lives of early British Columbians. It discusses the image of the church (both as building and as institution) and concludes by comparing, events in British Columbia with those of the wider world. The study suggests that the early churches of the southern interior were among the province's most conservative buildings. The churches of the area were generally built according to the liturgical and artistic traditions of Europe and eastern Canada. Evangelicalism, Tractarian-ism, the Catholic Revival, and neo-Mediaevalism largely influenced their form. With few exceptions, pioneer churches responded only slightly to the altered conditions of frontier life. For the most part, early settlers longed to recreate the church architecture and religious life they had known in their homelands. In frontier British Columbia, building dimensions might be reduced, floor-plans might be simplified, superfluous embellishments might be discarded, and unessen-tial furnishings might be temporarily discarded, but builders generally strove to retain as much architectural authenticity as conditions permitted. At the same time, however, the province's builders were quick to master the technological innovations of the North American frontier. Churches were built not with the pre-industrial log and stone technologies of Europe and eastern Canada, but with industrially-produced materials and modern technologies. Although much of the southern interior long remained wilderness, it must be borne in mind that the area was settled during an industrialising age. Most of the province's lumber and other building materials were mass-produced in factories and mills (though craft was not entirely dormant). Further, though British Columbia was a distant and not altogether significant component of a far-flung empire, she was at no time severed from the influences of the wider world. Efficient transportation and communication systems facilitated the flow of goods and ideas from San Francisco, Montreal, London, and Paris. Although the role, dogmas, and stature of organised religion and the form and arrangement of churches remained traditional, the technology through which churches were built and furnished was very often fully modern. / Arts, Faculty of / Geography, Department of / Graduate

This thesis identifies social attitudes toward foreign direct investment (FI) in the province of British Columbia. Historically, regional development in B.C. has largely depended upon the exploitation of natural resources, which attracted heavy inflows of foreign capital to this province. The purpose of this study is to measure individual preferences in B.C. society with respect to the issue of FI, an important component of past economic development. A survey of opinions was carried out among selected societal sub-groups of the population by means of a mailed questionnaire during the summer of 1975. The analysis revealed that the respondents were generally well informed and possessed a basic understanding and knowledge about FI in the province. Contributions of FI to past regional economic development were highly valued, but almost half of the respondents were not in favour of further FI in their regions. This result indicates that for a significant portion of B.C. residents, apart from provincial and local business groups, the present pattern of FI is not satisfactory. Since a majority of respondents perceived the past benefits in terms of economic criteria (such as the provision of employment and higher income levels), their reluctance to favour future investment may be interpreted in different ways. One interpretation is that the people thought the economic benefits generated by FI were not distributed equitably under the current investment pattern. Another is that British Columbians' development goals have been changing with more emphasis on non-economic criteria. A final interpretation is that the residents did not want any FI simply because they had secured their own jobs, which might have been directly or indirectly the result of FI, and thus perceived the issue from a strictly individual welfare viewpoint. The analysis of responses by economic sub-regions lead to the formulation of the following development paradigm: In the urban centre of Vancouver, and the repidly growing Okanagan and Central sub-regions, as well as in the least developed North East, receptiveness to FI were positive; while in the interior sub-regions (where the past FI inflows were the heaviest), the respondents' approval of future FI was lower. Regional analysis also revealed that receptiveness to future FI was frequently inversely related to the existing level of such investment in the host region. Unequal distribution of benefits accruing from FI seemed to be one of the major causes of opinion discrepancies. The capital-intensive nature of FI in resource industries often exacerbated spatial and social inequities. Opinion differences between the respondents from the metropolis and those from the hinterland, between business and union groups, between white collar and blue collar workers, and among various income groups, all suggest that the problem of distribution of benefit is a major factor determining their receptiveness to FI. The provision of employment was a criterion for judging the benefits of FI. The less favourable attitudes indicated by women, people with less formal education, the younger generation, and the old time residents in the province, may well reflect the skewed distribution of employment opportunities generated by past FI projects. For the public sector, strategies for coping with future FI could be approached in two ways: A negative approach suggests use of public initiative for redirection of investment patterns by restrictive measuresrsuch as an enforcement of FI guidelines. Positive approach centres on benefit and employment redistribution policies. The government could advise foreign investors to modify their investment strategies. Recommendations are made to internalize their corporate profits within the project region. The public sector can also generate initiatives in planning for the regions based on an increased emphasis on non-economic factors. / Applied Science, Faculty of / Community and Regional Planning (SCARP), School of / Graduate

The purpose of this study is to understand the environment for failure of the Perpetual Landslide. To achieve this objective a field investigation was carried out to evaluate the movement pattern of the slide and its geologic and hydrologic environments. This information, along with ground water flow and stability models was used to define major controls on stability. The following points are made: (1) The slide moves by rotation and translation of blocks with a transition to flow movement at the toe. (2) At depth, the failure surface lies within the Tertiary sedimentary rocks. Exposed gouge consists primarily of clay (most likely remolded claystone and some clay-rich till) with dispersed pebbles and rock fragments. (3) Discontinuities including inherent heterogeneity between and within geologic units, weathering, and jointing are significant to the unstable situation. (4) Changes in stress equilibrium, particularly those caused by removal of overburden and lateral support with downcutting in Trout Creek Canyon, are likely important in the origin of the slide. (5) The proposed mechanism of failure is: (a) The progressive reduction from peak to residual strength of the claystone. (b) In addition to the high water table, high pore-water pressures along the failure surface. At the present time, the slide's continuous movement is acting to establish a new stability in equilibrium with this ground water flow system and lower strength. / Science, Faculty of / Earth, Ocean and Atmospheric Sciences, Department of / Graduate