This study was conducted to identify aspects of the ecology of the grizzly bear (Ursus aretos) and black bear (Orsus americanus) in coastal British Columbia for both research and management purposes. Information on the feeding ecology and habitat use of black and grizzly bears was collected during field studies conducted in 1976 and 1977. Trails were cut into the study area and systematically travelled to collect scats and other sign. Bears were trapped and subsequently monitored with telemetry. The study of black and grizzly bear movements was constrained by the logistic difficulties of the coast. Five grizzlies were located a total of 36 times and four black bears a total of 42 times. Extensive overlap in the use of space occurred. Movement between watersheds in coastal British Columbia occurs, but the extent of travel is unknown. Marking behaviour of bears on trees and on the ground was described. No reliable method was found to distinguish individual bears from other bears using their tracks. Two criteria were found which separate the tracks of grizzlies from those of black bears. The toes in grizzly tracks are either very close together or joined, whereas the toes in black bear tracks are separate. A less reliable criteria is that the fifth toe in a grizzly track does not register below the midline of the other four toes, whereas in a black bear it does.. Scats collected from May through September averaged 88 percent vegetable matter and 12 percent salmon (Qncorhynchus sp.) and insects. The bears in the study area consumed 21 different recognizable foods. The bulk of the diet came from eight of these foods: sedge (Carex sp.), ladyfern (Athyrium filix-femina), spiny wood fern (Dryopteris austriaca), huckleberry (Vaccinium sp.), salmonberry (Rubus spectabilis), devil's club (Oglopanax horridum), insects, and salmon. The spring and early summer diet consisted of sedge, herbs and ferns, and the current year growth of shrubs. Fruits and salmon were used extensively in August and September. As the green bear foods mature, the levels of crude protein, crude fat, soluble carbohydrates, and moisture content decreased, while crude fibre increased and gross energy and total ash remained constant.. For salmonberry, devil's club, and huckleberry, the fibre:protein ratio was lower in the part of the plant which the animal consumed than in that which it did not consume. As the berries matured, the levels of crude protein and crude fibre decreased, and the levels of crude fat, soluble carbohydrate, and moisture content increased. A simple model was presented which discusses the energetic importance of salmon and berries to the coastal grizzly bear. The vegetation in the study area was grouped into types and the bear foods in these types were described. The implications of the results of this study to the future management of bears on the coast of British Columbia were discussed. / Forestry, Faculty of / Graduate

The rapid and accelerating growth of the College of Pharmacists of British Columbia between 1974 and 1976 led to concern in the profession for what growth might reasonably be expected in the future. It was known that recent entrants had experienced difficulty in obtaining pharmacy employment in B.C. and this aroused anxiety about the capacity of the system to absorb future growth. As an extension of its work in employment information, employment relations and pharmacy economics, the B.C. Pharmacists' Society established a committee to focus on the manpower supply and demand balance of the profession. In order to address these concerns a study was designed in three parts. The first consists of a general review of supply and demand problems common to all types of health manpower. The system of pharmacist supply in B.C. is outlined, as are demographic characteristics of the register. Details of the employment system are also explored. The second part of the study is devoted to developing a method for projecting future growth of the number of pharmacists. From a complex model which illustrates the flows of manpower in and out of active licensed status, the main elements of supply and loss are identified. Trends surrounding these individual factors are analysed, and several projections for growth are made under varying policy assumptions. The third phase of the study presents the findings of a survey of individual pharmacists to determine their employment situation in 1977 and 1978. Several estimates of total retail prescription demand in British Columbia are made, using data from the responses of individual dispensing pharmacists and community pharmacy managers. The staffing patterns in community pharmacies to meet this demand are examined. Prescription workloads of community pharmacists are compared to norms previously developed by the profession, and time distributions, use of auxiliary personnel, and computer aids are determined. For the hospital pharmacy field, the staffing levels are compared to standards of the Canadian Society of Hospital Pharmacists, and estimates of pharmacist time spent in drug utilization review are compared to the recommendation of the federally funded 1975 Working Party on Standards for Institutional Pharmacy Service. The findings of the study lead to conclusions that the profession has a capacity for growth of its manpower supply that is as large, and perhaps even larger than the growth of the population it will serve by 1990; but it will not likely grow at the very high rates experienced in the mid-1970's. On the demand side the conclusions are basically similar to those of the Royal Commission on Health Services in 1966: viz., in hospital pharmacy there are too few pharmacists. This is no longer due to a lack of attractiveness of the field, nor to a large disparity in its wage rates, but rather to the lack of an official provincial policy on institutional pharmacy services and staffing levels. In the field of community pharmacy there is still a drug dispensing overcapacity due to large numbers of relatively small outlets. While little work was done to explore costs, the wide variation in pharmacist dispensing loads indicated that there were likely extreme cost pressures on pharmacies with low prescription volume. Among the recommendations arising out of the study are proposals that these data be given careful consideration by the College of Pharmacists of B.C., the B.C.Pharmacists' Society and the Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences in their role as planning agencies. The maintenance of a data base will continue to be important, and further research should be done on the growth and age distribution of the manpower supply, the economic base of community pharmacy, and the staffing and services in institutional pharmacies. / Medicine, Faculty of / Population and Public Health (SPPH), School of / Graduate

Magnetite-apatite lodes, in the Upper Triassic Iron Mask batholith, south-central British Columbia, are tabular bodies up to 200 m long and 6 m wide which consist of 50 to 90 percent magnetite, 10 to 40 percent apatite and variable amounts of amphibole. Lodes occur in close spatial association with alkaline "porphyry-type" copper mineralization, disseminated-magnetite rich diorite and late syenitic units. To aid in determining the genesis of these lodes 84 samples of lode magnetite and disseminated magnetite from dioritic, syenitic and picritic units of the batholith were analyzed by atomic absorption spectrophotometry for: chromium, cobalt, copper, lead, magnesium, manganese, nickel, titanium, vanadium and zinc, fourteen samples were also analyzed for major and minor oxides by electron microprobe. Minor element data indicates a magmatic-injection origin for the lodes; magnetite being concentrated by immiscibility between magnetite-apatite and an alkalic magma. With the exception of copper and lead, minor element variations in magnetite due to sampling error and analytical variations are insignificant relative to between and within rock unit variations, as revealed by analysis of variance. Disseminated magnetite from picrite has high and distinctive contents of chromium, magnesium, nickel and zinc relative to disseminated magnetite in syenite and diorite. Minor element concentrations in disseminated magnetite from syenite and diorite are very similar statistically. Lode magnetite, compared to disseminated magnetite from diorite and syenite, is markedly lower in chromium and less so in titanium and vanadium, however other elements occur in statistically similar concentrations.. Minor element concentrations in magnetite from Iron Mask lodes are statistically the same as those in magnetite from magmatic iron deposits in Kiruna, Sweden and Missouri, U.S.A. Magnetite from hydrothermal vein and metasomatic deposits has lower chromium and nickel contents than Iron Mask lode magnetite. Geochemical evidence presented here suggests that Iron Mask lodes are: 1) genetically related to the Cherry Creek syenite and Pothook diorite units of the Iron Mask batholith, and 2) magmatically emplaced based on analogy to Kiruna and Missouri ores. Experimental documentation of immiscibility between a magnetite-apatite melt and a silicate magma allows a model to be developed that describes the genesis of the Iron Mask batholith. and associated magnetite-apatite lodes. Crystal settling of plagioclase and pyroxene from the Iron Mask magma fromed the early. Pothook diorite and enriched the residual magma in iron and alkaliis. The magma also differentiated toward the experimentally determined magnetite-apatite eutectic composition-(i.e. 20 to 35 weight percent apatite in total magnetite plus apatite). When the eutectic was reached after crystallization of Pothgok diorite, (just before the Cherry Creek syenite started to crystallize) magnetite and apatite separated together from the silicate magma as an immiscible melt, and settled to the base of the magma chamber. The magnetite-apatite melt was injected into fractures to form lodes after the surrounding Cherry Creek magma had largely crystallized. Explosive emplacement of Cherry Creek breccias and associated copper mineralization resulted from a~vapor bubble formed in the final stages of. Cherry Greek syenite crystallization. The model presented shows that magnetite-apatite lodes in the Iron Mask batholith are magmatic-injection in origin. Their genesis, as well as associated porphyry-type copper mineralization, is an integral part of a differentiating alkalic intrusion. / Science, Faculty of / Earth, Ocean and Atmospheric Sciences, Department of / Unknown

Reports published recently by the Planning Departments of both the City of Vancouver and the Greater Vancouver Regional District have referred to the suburbanization of industry and the need for an industrial land use policy for both the City and the Region. The City of Vancouver has expressed concern about the negative consequences of suburbanization of industry and adopted a policy favouring industrial development in the City. In considering the factors which influence the supply and location of industrial land, the impact of planning legislation warrants investigation. Planning legislation is the major implementation tool of urban planning. The relationship between planning legislation and residential development has received considerable attention in the literature. Significantly less interest has been expressed in the impact of legislation on industrial land. The evolution of industrial zoning in Vancouver and its impact on the supply and location of industrial land in the city are the focus of this thesis. Early zoning by-laws were established to protect residential and commercial areas from the encroachment of industry. Planning legislation in more recent times has reflected a policy toward industry in urban areas that has ranged from restrictive control to neglect. Vancouver's planning legislation as it applies to industrial areas allows office commercial uses to be developed in industrial areas. The impact of this practice on the pattern of industrial land use in Vancouver is examined. Data from the City of Vancouver's Development Permit Records was obtained and showed a concentration of applications for office and office/retail developments in the city's inner city industrial areas. Data from the city's assessment records also confirmed a concentration of office and office/retail buildings in the city's inner city industrial areas. An examination of time series land use information showed that the supply of inner city industrial land was declining significantly. The data examined therefore, supported a conclusion that Vancouver's industrial zoning regulations permitted a process of land use succession to occur by allowing industrial land to be developed for commercial use. The principal impact of this permissive feature of the legislation was found to be in the city's inner city industrial areas. The implications of the study's findings for public policy were then discussed. The arguments in favour of retaining the existing industrial zoning regulations were examined. These arguments focused on the growing importance of the service sector of the urban economy and the need to make land available for service related functions which typically are office and retail in nature. The arguments in favour of adopting legislation that is more protective of industry were also examined by exploring the unique role that Vancouver's inner city industrial areas play in providing "incubator" space for new and smaller industries. The findings of the study strongly suggest that a significant research effort needs to be undertaken to provide insight into the long term economic and social consequences for the City of Vancouver of a process of land use succession in the city's industrial areas. Planning policies for the city's industrial areas should then be established followed by changes to planning legislation. / Applied Science, Faculty of / Community and Regional Planning (SCARP), School of / Graduate

The main purpose for undertaking this study is to provide factual information on impost fees and development cost charges in British Columbia. The general aim of the study is to impart a better understanding of the two concepts, particularly with reference to their purpose and the circumstances causing their evolution. This study has four objectives: 1. to determine and discuss some of the major factors and events which prompted the municipalities in British Columbia to consider and adopt the levying of impost fees; 2. to clarify the philosophy and implementation strategies of the impost fee concept and determine the extent of its use in British Columbia prior to the advent of the development cost charge legislation; 3. to determine and discuss some of the major factors and events which prompted the provincial government to abolish impost fees and introduce development cost charges; and, 4. to examine and synthesize the development cost charge legislation to ascertain its philosophy, purpose and the requirements provided therein, as well as to determine the extent of its current use in the province. The information required to satisfy these objectives was collected in three distinct ways: (1) interviews with officials and representatives from various municipalities and the Ministry of Municipal Affairs, (2) a questionnaire which was forwarded to 36 localities in the province, and (3) review of the limited amount of literature relating to the subject matter. This study has derived four observations: 1. The impost fee concept evolved from the municipalities' search for an alternate source of revenue to offset the financial liabilities created by their restrictive modes of revenue generation and the increasing demands for additional expenditures. More specifically, this fee was found to be a direct result of municipal strategies to alleviate the cost burdens created by urban population growth. 2. The commonly accepted definition of an impost fee is: a levy which is assessed against a developer by a municipality to defray the municipal costs of constructing or expanding services necessitated by new developments. It was perceived that the basic intent of the impost fee was to meet the demand and costs for new and improved services by imposing a financial requirement on those lands that created the demand. A questionnaire survey, conducted in January and February of 1977 revealed that a number of municipalities had adopted the impost fee concept. Of the 36 survey localities, it was found that 21 or slightly more than 58 per cent levied some form of impost. 3. The demise of the impost fee concept was found to be attributable to the municipalities1 abuse of the land use contract provision of the Municipal Act. Evidence showed the provincial government felt the land use contract contributed to inconsistencies in the development and subdivision approval process, was being used by some municipalities to require excessively high service standards from developers, and was unduly increasing the cost of housing. Further research showed that while the provincial government was sympathetic towards the municipalities' financial problems in terms of financing services for new development areas, it was reluctant to grant municipalities unlimited taxing power to acquire revenues for this purpose. Therefore, the provincial government granted the municipalities the legislative power to impose development cost charges subject to a number of restrictions and requirements, stipulated in the legislation. 4. The purpose of the development cost charge was found to be basically the same as the commonly accepted purpose of the impost fee; that being to: "provide the municipality with a source of revenue so that the municipality may call upon its banked capital cost charges to pay for a major capital expenditure that becomes necessary in relation to its highways, sewer, water, drainage, or park systems". Investigations indicated that the provincial government's philosophy behind the development cost charge provision was to make the legislation regulatory, uniform and taxing. Ancillary to this, "certainty" was to be reinstated in the development process. A survey conducted in July of 1979 revealed that 19 localities have already taken advantage of this legislation and had enacted development cost charge by-laws. A review of the development and subdivision approval process in the Municipality of Richmond showed "that the development cost charge provision of the Municipal Act does not represent the only means available to the municipalities to acquire specific revenues from developers. It was found that by exercising their administrative power, municipalities can enter agreements with developers - much like the land use contract - and contract with them to provide revenues to be used in much the same manner as development cost charges. / Applied Science, Faculty of / Community and Regional Planning (SCARP), School of / Graduate

The transportation network of British Columbia is susceptible to service disruptions due to catastrophic events such as: earthquakes, rockslides, snowslides, and floods. Such service disruptions would be in the form of closures of links between population centres. A method of assigning probabilities of failure to network links was used to undertake a reliability analysis of the rail network of the Southern Mainland of British Columbia, This reliability estimate is then used to recommend changes in the physical makeup of the network in order to enhance it's flexibility (redundancy). A cost analysis of these proposed links was performed in order to identify the most cost-effective links. The reliability analysis was again performed to show the improvement gained by these physical changes. Also included was an analysis of the Second Narrows Hail Bridge closure (From 12 October 1979 to 3 March 1980) and the consequences on the rail network of the province, as well as a review of emergency operating procedures and recommendations for further study. / Applied Science, Faculty of / Civil Engineering, Department of / Graduate

This thesis examines the problems of impermanence, isolation and external dependency of single resource mining communities (SRMCs) in British Columbia. It poses the question: can the problems of SRMCs be resolved within the parameters of our present planning/decision-making system? After an outline of the historical evolution and the specific problems of SRMCs identified in the Canadian literature, demonstrating the inherent impermanence of these communities, the study reviews relevent critical literature from the field of political economy. The reviewed literature suggests the significance of socially allocated indirect wages such as social services and infrastructure for the perception of quality of life by British Columbians, and in particular to the problems of isolation and dependency of SRMCs. Three groups of concerned actors " in SRMCs are identified: government, multinational extraction companies, and community residents. These actors' goals and resultant roles are determined from the literature and inter-actor conflict and alliances explored, along with their respective value positions and ideology. Liberal belief in the value of economic growth results in an alliance between government and organized capital. To facilitate provincial development in a competitive global economy, the provincial government tries to minimize extraction expenditures for the mining companies, attempting to provide low aggregate labour costs while still maintaining a politically stable environment. This government/corporate alliance results in lower than (provincial) average levels of indirect wages for residents of SRMCs. Furthermore, local self-determination is purposely limited. These conditions create many of the typical SRMC problems, leading to community dissatifaction and high turnover rates. A case study of the five-volume provincial Plan for Tumbler Ridge is then undertaken. It was found that the dominant goal of the plan is to create a community capable of attracting and maintaining a viable labour force at lowest government and corporate cost. Proposed levels of collective consumption are intentionally lower than in non-SRMCs and below provincial standards. Seventy percent of the repayment of the community's direct costs is allocated to Tumbler Ridge's future residents, even though the potential life span of the community could be as little as fifteen years. The proposed per capita municipal debt is over three times higher for Tumbler Ridge than the per capita debt of Vancouver. The planning document proposes specifically limiting local government self-determination in Tumbler Ridge to protect corporate rate payers, even though the ratio of residental to corporate municipal debt is similar to the ratio in Vancouver. The thesis concludes that a contradiction exists between the requirements of a stable community at the local level and those for attracting multinational corporate development at the provincial level. As a result SRMCs are inherently unstable. Resolution of SRMC problems does not appear likely within the constraints of our present decision-making system. Planners should acknowledge this reality and attempt to design implementable alternatives to the traditional SRMC. One efficent option may be the modern commuting work camp, allowing mine workers to live in a stable community when not at the work site. / Applied Science, Faculty of / Community and Regional Planning (SCARP), School of / Graduate

The following paper is an attempt to explore the internal dynamics of small community museums. This exploration takes the form of two case studies in which the various points of view of staff and volunteers are presented. The results point to the emergence of two distinct and generally conflicting orientations on the part of individuals in both museums. These orientations are identified respectively as service to the community, on one hand, and as a concern with standardization and control or professionalism, on the other. The second focus of the paper deals with some of the recent reports concerning evaluation of training programs as well as future directions for community museums, as perceived by organizations such as the British Columbia Museums Association, the Canadian Museums Association, and the National Museums of Canada. What emerges from the examination of this literature is the growing preoccupation on the part of these organizations with the creation of a museum profession. It becomes clear that those who espouse this notion of professionalism demonstrate the same preoccupation with control and standardization as do the "professionally-oriented" individuals in the two case studies presented. Finally, three alternative futures for community museums are presented. The first one envisions the complete professionalization of the small museum and the loss of its community service orientation. The second future shows the two orientations continuing in conflict, in some instances providing a creative dynamic. The third possible future is one in which all of the organizations and individuals involved recognize and take steps to preserve the unique nature of the community museum through astute training programs and support mechanisms, while allowing for the limited and appropriate use of professional methods and standards. / Arts, Faculty of / Anthropology, Department of / Graduate

A homemaker is an individual who is employed by a homemaking agency for the purpose of providing in-home service to specific clients. These client services involve housekeeping and/or personal care assistance. Until now little research has been done in the area of homemaking as an occupation. Therefore, this study is intended to provide research background for present and future work concerning the homemakers in the areas of their role change, theory, and practice. Using the data base obtained from supervisor case notes of homemaker clients in the years 1976 and 1980, this study attempted to look at the role changes that occurred and the discrepancy that existed between the practice of homemakers in an agency and the practice its homemakers were taught within the classroom. The sample data was derived from one hundred client files each from 1976 and from 1980. The individual files were randomly selected from the files of a large metropolitan homemaker agency within the province of British Columbia. The corresponding curriculum that was used in this study is the Homemaker Program of the Vancouver Community College, Vancouver, B.C., as taught in 1980. Methodology for this research included statistical analyses of the client file data and use of the Provus Discrepancy Evaluation Model, in which the actual practice of the homemaker and the formal curriculum of homemaker training were compared. Findings of the research are that the client of 1980 appeared to be older, was representative of a numerically smaller household, and depended on others for referral to the homemaker agency. Cross-tabulations of the years (1976 and 1980) with a variety of health and demographic indicators display statistically significant increase in 1980 of clients who had psychological and medical-surgical problems. However, child-care related problems for these clients decreased significantly in 1980. The category of homemaker practice, meaning the duties that the homemaker was indicated as having been required to perform in the client's home, also showed areas of significant statistical change. Cross-tabulations of these years indicate that personal care and housekeeping practice had increased significantly by 1980. Homemaker practice related to assistance with child care in the home decreased in 1980. A discrepancy analysis between the practice of the homemaker in the client's home and their corresponding curriculum of the homemaker training program indicated congruency for eight of the eleven practice categories. The areas of discrepancy were: 1) replace Home Care nurse (temporarily); 2) assist with the administration of medications; and 3) monitor state of health. The homemaker organization is a service oriented group in which rapid role changes are occurring, accompanied by the evidence of some apparent discrepancies between curricular theory and. actual practice. / Education, Faculty of / Curriculum and Pedagogy (EDCP), Department of / Graduate

Stormflow generation was studied in a two square kilometre, sub-alpine, first-order basin tributary to Ryan River, which is in the Pacific Ranges of the Coast Mountains of British Columbia. Preliminary field work suggested that neither saturation overland flow nor subsurface stormflow were important mechanisms of stormflow generation Hortonian overland flow appeared to be dominant. The infiltrability of the soils dropped considerably during storm events. Three possible causes of this decline were considered initially: (1) a reduction in capillary gradients as wetting proceeds, (2) a textural contrast in the profile, and (3) air entrapment. All of the preceeding were rejected on the basis of more detailed observations. Instead, it was proposed that a water-repellent layer existed near the top of the soil profile. Laboratory experiments conducted on intact soil samples demonstrated that a repellent layer on the order of a few centimetres thickness did exist near the soil surface. The implications of this finding for infiltration and stormflow generation are discussed. / Arts, Faculty of / Geography, Department of / Graduate