The purpose of this study was to make an assessment of social work services extended to putative fathers as part of the administration of the Children of Unmarried Parents Act. This study was undertaken because comparatively little attention is given to the putative father and services he might need. Because the Social Welfare Branch in Vancouver retains a social worker specially for work under the Children of Unmarried Parents Act, this was a relevant setting for the study. Legislation relative to illegitimacy and paternity in some European countries, in the United States and in British Columbia is reviewed. For the Province Of British Columbia, the administrative setting and the legal framework within which the social worker has to operate is described. A series of cases are then reviewed; first, by comparison of brief service cases and continued service cases; second, by comparison of "co-operative" and "non-co-operative" cases, the latter being reviewed (a) statistically and (b) by case examples. The provisional findings of this study are that these differentials are less important than differences in the circumstances of the clients and the quality of the casework which is possible. The exception that shows up statistically is that working out of a lump-sum settlement needs more than one face-to-face interview. Suggestions for further exploration and methods of improving service are made in a concluding section. / Arts, Faculty of / Social Work, School of / Graduate

This thesis involves a dual consideration of the applicability of prediction and follow-up studies to the New Haven Open Borstal program and the adequacy of officially recorded data for the execution of such studies. Follow-up studies would indicate the rate of successful rehabilitation obtained from the New Haven program. The development of prediction tables would facilitate the granting of parole on a more rational basis and would also provide a working prognosis for supervision on parole. An historical, survey of selected American and European prediction and follow-up studies was conducted to indicate their methodology, their increasing utility, and their applicability to the Borstal program in British Columbia, The information available within the files of New Haven and other related agencies was evaluated in order to determine its adequacy for prediction and follow-up studies. Data relating to criminality, vocational and economic status, family relationships, leisure time pursuits, and mental and physical health were considered in relation to the pre-institutional, institutional, parole and post-parole periods. The findings indicated that, while prediction and follow-up studies axe desirable within the New Haven setting, the available data may only be adequate for a specific and limited type of prediction study. The available data would have to be supplemented by information obtained directly from the ex-inmate if more comprehensive studies are to be conducted. A research unit that is an integral part of the correctional system and possesses an intimate knowledge of the total program could best execute these and other prospective studies. Through the initiation of prediction and follow-up studies, New Haven can best maintain its position in the vanguard of penal progress in British Columbia. / Arts, Faculty of / Social Work, School of / Graduate

The subject-matter of this study is a descriptive account of the prison forestry camp programme which was operative in the Kettle River district in British Columbia during the years 1951 to 1953. Perspective is given by examination of the origin and progress of the use of prison labour in general, and of prison labour projects in contemporary forestry camps. The British Columbia project is evaluated with particular emphasis on the programme as part of a rehabilitation process. The methods used in arriving at the conclusions found in the study have been those of comparison and analysis, by reference to (a) administration; (b) selection of inmates; (c) types of inmate, and (d) components of the programme. The positive and negative aspects of the programme have been evaluated as far as possible. The benefits which may be derived by inmates assigned to these camps include (a) improvement in physical and mental health from outdoor work and living, (b) experience in the camps which more closely resembles that of normal society. These help terminate a prisoner's sentence with a more acceptable re-introduction to community life. On the other hand, it is evident that there are many problems which can impede the operation of a programme of this nature, including a divided administration, untrained personnel and inadequate facilities and finances. The study suggests that these difficulties are not insurmountable, and recommendations are made which would further the success and value of such programmes. / Arts, Faculty of / Social Work, School of / Graduate

This study concerns itself with the pros and cons of placing children whose adoptability is questioned on a boarding or foster-home basis. Because of the growing recognition that early, continuous and warm parental relationships offer the most security for a child, it is important that children should reach their permanent homes early, and that the home be well chosen. This is of particular consequence for children those adoptability is obscure in infancy. For exploratory purposes, fourteen wards of the Vancouver Children's Aid Society were selected for study. Each child was in good health when taken into agency care at the age of a few weeks, and each was eventually adopted. The child's file, the relevant foster home files, and the adoption file were studied in every case; and the material was considered in the light of child welfare standards and principles. An attempt was made to distinguish systematically the pros and cons of the procedure and its effects on all the parties to the situation--natural parents; foster parents and/or adoptive parents; the agency and the workers and, above all, the child. The assessment indicates clearly the hazards involved when decision for adoption is delayed. The natural parents (many of whom are unmarried mothers) may react by trying to plan for the child themselves. If these plans do not materialize, the result is unnecessary moves for the child. The refusal of the parents' request for adoption may lead to difficulties later in obtaining consent to the adoption. The child's uncertain status may prejudice the development of enduring affection for him. Lack of decision about adoption makes the social workers' tasks more difficult in interpreting the child's needs to substitute parents, supervising the home, and planning consistently. What stands out as significant from the point of view of the children's development, is that finding a suitable final home can be more critical than the generally-disapproved fact of several foster-home placements. Implications for policy and practice are considered in a final chapter. / Arts, Faculty of / Social Work, School of / Graduate

Water is a key natural resource in our way of life. Without water such miracles of human achievement as the building of great cities and the spanning of the continent with railroads and automobile highways would not have been possible. Such a key natural resource must be protected and controlled by adequate legislation which will prevent its waste, undue consumption, misuse or contamination. With this view in mind the writer has critically analysed the legislation governing water distribution and sewage-disposal control in British Columbia by comparing it with that in other provinces, the United States of America, and Italy. To achieve this critical analysis, the writer has used two excellent references on which to base his recommendations in the form of desirable principles for the existing British Columbia water legislation. These two references are entitled, "Desirable Principles of State Water Legislation," and "Suggested State Water Pollution Control Act," and are published by the National Reclamation Association and the United States Public Health Service, respectively. As a result of the critical analysis of the existing British Columbia water supply and distribution legislation, it is felt that the British Columbia Act Respecting the Diversion and Use of Water has both sound legislative foundations and administrative procedure, and is far superior to any of the similar pieces of legislation of the other provinces in Canada. The writer also feels that the Act ranks high in comparison with the water acts of comparable western states in the United States. However, there are certain recommendations for improvement that have been made for the British Columbia water supply and distribution legislation. Briefly, these are as follows: 1. That some provision be made for the acquiring, controlling, and exercising of rights to the use of ground waters, including both definite underground streams and percolating waters. 2. That some provision be made for an appropriator to have the opportunity of recapturing and re-using return water which results from his development when he is diligent and uses foresight in his attempt not to infringe upon preexisting rights. 3. That some provision be made for the appropriation of salvaged water and developed water in preparation for any foreseeable shortage of our natural water resources. 4. That some provision be made for the rotation in use of water in the event of an unexpected shortage of water for domestic or other purposes. 5. That some provision be made for the exchange of water so that appropriators may exchange water with one another so long as the rights of others are not impaired with respect to either quantity or quality of the water, and so bring about a more effective utilization of water by appropriators who are already entitled to divert under terms of their separate appropriative rights. 6. That some provision be made for the appropriation of interprovincial waters with the use of a doctrine of reciprocity. As a result of the critical analysis of the existing British Columbia water-pollution control legislation, it is felt that, in the past, the authority has been divided among several agencies, a situation which gave rise to lax control and a lack of coordination. However, the recently-passed Act (March 1956) to Control the Pollution of Waters of the Province is an excellent beginning of effective, coordinated control. It is difficult to compare this Act with those in other provinces or in the United States because of its recent enactment. Briefly, the writer would suggest the following recommendations: 1. That some definite and exact classification be adopted in setting the quality standards of beneficial uses for receiving waters, and that these standards be inserted in the Pollution-control Act. 2. That the beneficial uses of the receiving water be evaluated, and that discharges into the receiving water be controlled so as to protect as many of the benefits as possible. 3. That some provision be made for setting up regional boards, in whose hands will be the primary control. 4. That the Provincial Pollution-control Board be given power to hold an inquiry, and for that purpose it be given all the powers and jurisdiction of a Justice of the Peace under the "Summary Convictions Act." 5. That the Board be given the power to require the keeping of records and making of reports, and to enter on property at reasonable times for purposes of inspection and investigation. 6. That one member of the Board be experienced in the field of municipal government and one be experienced in the field of industrial activities. / Business, Sauder School of / Graduate

The purpose of this study is to examine the socio-economic adjustment of Finnish immigrants in Vancouver with a special reference to their use of social welfare services. It surveys the Finnish immigrants' living conditions, housing, interpersonal relationships and their knowledge of the English language. It focuses on Finnish immigrants' use of social assistance, social group work and recreation services, their opinions of, and attitudes toward, social welfare matters and their knowledge of social welfare services. The method of the study consists of three related parts: a) interviews with the personnel of Finnish associations and churches and with individual Finns, b) examination of the records of Vancouver City Social Service Department and some social group work and recreation agencies, and c) distribution of a questionnaire among the sample group of Finns. The sample group of 200 was selected from 800 adult Finns as indicated by the Vancouver City Directory 1954. This study shows that social welfare services are not used by the Finns in Vancouver except in extreme need. Social assistance is the most commonly used service. Finnish immigrants become dependent on social assistance because of sickness and lack of savings. Ethnic societies and churches play an important role in welfare of the Finns. The study seems to indicate that a number of Finns have difficulties in their adjustment to Canadian society. Difficulties arise from their lack of knowledge of the English language and their meagre economic resources on their arrival in Canada. These hamper the Finns in their social relationships. This study seems to suggest that if the difficulties of immigrants are to be alleviated, a more active program of selection, pre-migration preparation and follow-up services must be initiated by the Department of Citizenship and Immigration. Ethnic societies and churches must also take more responsibility in acquainting newcomers with the Canadian manner of living and attempt to bridge the gap that seems to exist between native Canadians and immigrant populations. / Arts, Faculty of / Social Work, School of / Graduate

The purpose of this study has been to determine the feasibility of introducing a foster home placement service for the aged in British Columbia, A number of social agencies have concerned themselves with old people who are no longer able to care for themselves, and are dependent upon others for many of their dependency needs. With many senior citizens, ability to function independently in the community is limited by problems of health, nutrition, or other basically economic considerations. Very often, family support, and help from relatives are not available, and they must seek assistance from social welfare agencies. At the present time, the resources offered by agencies are, for the most part, institutional, i.e., care in licensed boarding homes, nursing homes, hospitals et cetera. Institutional care is, of course, required for those whose dependency needs are acute. It is not considered the best resource, however, for those who are dependent to the extent where they cannot live alone, but whose dependency needs are not sufficiently grave to require Institutional protection. The theme of this study has been an exploration of the values of foster family placement as an additional and appropriate resource for the care of the aged. Social agencies in the Greater Vancouver and New Westminster areas were most co-operative in permitting the use of case files for purposes of research. Over fifty cases were examined, of which twenty-four were selected as conforming to the definitions outlined in Chapter II, Home visits were made in each case, and brief social histories obtained from both clients and foster guardians. The development of the criteria outlined in Chapter III has been based to some extent on comparable studies of placement services for the chronically ill, mentally ill, as well as for adoptive and foster children. In setting forth the implications of the study, emphasis is given to the professional requirements of the social work practitioners engaged in the finding of suitable foster homes, the selection of clients, and the supervision of those placed in foster care. Practical suggestions have been offered on subjects as, desirable physical standards of the prospective homes, the qualifications desired in those who assume the major responsibility for the care of the client, and the organization of community resources to facilitate the operation of the programme. The study not only illustrates the validity of establishing a programme of foster home placement for the dependent aged, but emphasizes the need of immediate action to alleviate the urgent housing problems of old people. / Arts, Faculty of / Social Work, School of / Graduate

In this study, emphasis has been placed on the fact that case work treatment with mothers depends upon the mother's personality. The analysis is made from 40 case records of mothers of pre-school children who were, because of problems of one sort or another, treated at the Child Guidance Clinic at Vancouver in 1950. The study analyzes case records for the above group of mothers, and it was noted that the mothers could be classified according to their personality type and a four-way classification is derived. The classification of the four groups is based upon the degree of adequacy of the mothers in terms of such factors as feelings of worth, security, self-confidence and several others. The mothers are described as "better than average", "average", "less than average", and "incomplete information". The latter group represents those mothers who were seen only once, and therefore, insufficient material is available to classify them according to the "adequacy rating" criteria. Mothers who were "better than average" were found to benefit most from treatment. The "less than average" mothers benefitted least. Treatment methods have been described descriptively. This study has employed the classification of treatment methods as derived by Mr. Geoffrey Glover in a previous study of a similar nature. Deviations from Mr. Glover's classification system are noted in the text of the study. Statistics are presented to show with what frequency the individual methods are employed by the social worker. The emphasis of the study is upon the way the mother's personality influences the worker's choice of treatment methods. It is noted that treatment in general falls into different, but over lapping phases. About 90 per cent of the treatment is found to be of a supportive nature, and 10 per cent of a more intensive kind. Mothers received more interviews than children, 58 per cent and 31 per cent respectively. Fathers received only 11 per cent of the interviews. A suggestion is made that additional training may be necessary if workers are to work on more intensive levels and to meet their accepted responsibility in treating very severely disturbed and upset clients. / Arts, Faculty of / Social Work, School of / Graduate

The primary considerations in the administration of public assistance are (a) the method by which the need of a recipient is determined, and (b) what level of living the assistance should provide for the recipient. The purpose of this study has been to analyze the present policies for evaluating financial need in the mothers' allowances and the social assistance programs in British Columbia. The adjustment of an assistance grant to supplement a recipient's resources up to an amount that will permit the maintenance of health and decency, involves the use of accurate, efficient, and equitable administrative policies. The standard budget is accepted in this study as being the most effective administrative device for the determination of need and the amount of the grant. The budget standards formulated in this study include food, clothing and personal items. The content of the food standard and its pricing is the work of the Nutrition Service of the Vancouver Metropolitan Health Committee. The content of the clothing budget is developed from the Toronto Welfare Council's study, A Guide to Family Spending, (1949). Several changes are made to simplify this standard as compared with the Toronto allowances. The personal items standard is compiled from the writer's own judgement of the content, replacement and prices for minimum personal needs. Standards for other requirements are reviewed, and the methods by which adequate allowances could be calculated for these more difficult budget items are discussed; but no study of prices is made. The use of a standard budget in the administration of public assistance is of little value unless proper administrative policies are used to define how these standards should be used, and also to determine accurately the amount of resources available to a recipient. An evaluative survey of the present policies for determining need serves to show certain discrepancies and requirements in the administrative direction in them. Three areas in particular are given consideration, (a) the exemptions and deductions method of evaluating a recipient's resources; in some ways this is a contradictory policy and may have no relationship to the need of the recipient, (b) the stress that is placed upon the group method of allowance may result in an unrealistic determination of need, (c) the present policy is incomplete, and this raises problems of interpretation. The study leads to four major suggestions: (a) A revision of the present method for determining need seems warranted. (b) This revision should include the use of the standard budget, and should provide for more specific policies on evaluating resources, (c) The group method of allowance is recommended as a special application of the budget deficit method, which ordinarily uses individual allowances, (d) A study committee should be appointed by the Vancouver Community Chest and Council to review the need for a Vancouver Minimum Standard Budget, and continue with its formulation if deemed necessary. / Arts, Faculty of / Social Work, School of / Graduate

The north side of Cowichan Lake, Vancouver Island B.C. is underlain by volcanic rocks, sediments, and intrusives of Mesozoic age. The oldest rocks, Jurassic or Triassic flows known as the Sicker andesites, are conformably overlain by about 3000 feet of cherty tuffs, coarser pyroclastics, and small lenses of limestone known as the Sicker sediments. Cherty tuffs form the lower members of the Sicker sediments, felspathic tuffs the central members, and coarser pyroclastics the upper members. About 2000 or 3000 feet of basaltic and andesitic flows conformably overly the Sicker sediments. The Sicker andesites and sediments and younger flows are intruded by large dyke-like bodies of granodiorite or quartz monzonite, known as the Saanich granodlorite and correlated with the Coast Range intrusives. Upper Cretaceous shales sandstones and conglomerate unconformably overlie the volcanics and Intrusives. The Sicker series and overlying flows are tightly folded into overturned and asymmetrical northwesterly trending synclines and anticlines. The Cretaceous rocks are gently folded and dip north along a narrow belt on the north side of a down-faulted block. Manganese deposits occur in the lower cherty beds of the Sicker sediments as lens shaped bodies parallel to the bedding of the sediments. They are commonly in chert free from felspatnic material, and are always associated with jasper or jaspery sediments. The main manganese minerals are rhodonite, spessartite, an unidentified yellow manganese silicate, and small amounts of rhoaochrosite. Residual manganese oxides coat the surfaces of the deposits. Several features of the deposits, such as the fact that rhodonite commonly cross cuts and replaces the chert suggest that the deposits are of replacement origin. Other features such as their bedded appearance and the fact that they occur, at about the same horizon In the Sicker sediments indicate a sedimentary origin. Theoretical considerations support the view that the deposits are sedimentary and suggest that the replacement features were formed by metamorphism. / Science, Faculty of / Earth, Ocean and Atmospheric Sciences, Department of / Graduate