A ideia de que os brasileiros estabelecidos em Lagos elaboraram identidades cambiantes que se reformularam em resposta aos contextos apresentados ao longo do período de 1840 a 1900, constituiu o foco central desta tese. Neste sentido, proponho compreender os contextos em que os brasileiros de Lagos tiveram de ressignificar e atualizar os signos responsáveis por conferir identificação aos integrantes de seu grupo. Para isto, selecionei um conjunto de documentos formado por três tipos de fontes. Com o propósito de entender como os brasileiros eram representados por missionários anglicanos e metodistas, exploradores, oficiais da marinha e cônsules britânicos analisei as narrativas de viagem, relatórios enviados ao Foreign Office e artigos publicados em revistas mantidas por associações científicas da época. O segundo grupo de documentos corresponde a três jornais publicados em Lagos entre os anos de 1881 e 1900, a saber: The Lagos Observer, The Lagos Weekly Record e o periódico oficial do governo colonial britânico, The Government Gazette. A leitura destas fontes revelou aspectos importantes acerca da participação dos brasileiros na sociedade lagosiana da segunda metade do século XIX. O terceiro compêndio de fontes é formado por relatórios anuais elaborados pela administração colonial da cidade e reunidos sob a denominação de Blue Books. Este conjunto de registros trata dos mais diferentes assuntos relacionados ao governo britânico operado na cidade e constitui importante fonte para análise acerca da maneira como os brasileiros eram representados pelo governo colonial. A partir destes três conjuntos de documentos tornou-se possível perceber as formas como os signos de pertencimento que definiam as identidades dos brasileiros foram elaborados a partir do contato, das trocas e das disputas entre os demais componentes sociais existentes na cidade de Lagos oitocentista. / The Brazilians established in Lagos developed shifting identities which were reshaped in response to the presented contexts throughout the period 1840 to 1900, was the central focus of this thesis. In this regard, I propose to understand the contexts in which the Brazilian from Lagos had to reframe and update the responsible signs for checking identification to the members of their group. For this, I selected a set of documents composed of three types of sources. In order to understand how Brazilians were represented by Anglican and Methodist missionaries, explorers, officers of the Navy and British consuls, I analyzed the travel narratives, reports to the Foreign Office and articles published in magazines kept by scientific associations at the time. The second group of documents corresponds to three newspapers published in Lagos between the years 1881 and 1900, namely: The Lagos Observer, The Lagos Weekly Record and the official journal of the British colonial government, The Government Gazette. Reading these sources revealed important aspects concerning the Brazilian participation in Lagos society in the second half of the nineteenth century. The third compendium of sources consists of annual reports by the colonial administration of the city and gathered under the name of Blue Books. This set of records focus on the most different topics related to the British government based in the city and is an important source of analysis about the way the Brazilians were represented by the colonial government. From these three sets of documents it was possible to see the ways in which the belonging signs which defined the identity of Brazilians were prepared from the contact, exchanges and disputes between the other social components existing in the Lagos of the nineteenth century.

A ideia de que os brasileiros estabelecidos em Lagos elaboraram identidades cambiantes que se reformularam em resposta aos contextos apresentados ao longo do período de 1840 a 1900, constituiu o foco central desta tese. Neste sentido, proponho compreender os contextos em que os brasileiros de Lagos tiveram de ressignificar e atualizar os signos responsáveis por conferir identificação aos integrantes de seu grupo. Para isto, selecionei um conjunto de documentos formado por três tipos de fontes. Com o propósito de entender como os brasileiros eram representados por missionários anglicanos e metodistas, exploradores, oficiais da marinha e cônsules britânicos analisei as narrativas de viagem, relatórios enviados ao Foreign Office e artigos publicados em revistas mantidas por associações científicas da época. O segundo grupo de documentos corresponde a três jornais publicados em Lagos entre os anos de 1881 e 1900, a saber: The Lagos Observer, The Lagos Weekly Record e o periódico oficial do governo colonial britânico, The Government Gazette. A leitura destas fontes revelou aspectos importantes acerca da participação dos brasileiros na sociedade lagosiana da segunda metade do século XIX. O terceiro compêndio de fontes é formado por relatórios anuais elaborados pela administração colonial da cidade e reunidos sob a denominação de Blue Books. Este conjunto de registros trata dos mais diferentes assuntos relacionados ao governo britânico operado na cidade e constitui importante fonte para análise acerca da maneira como os brasileiros eram representados pelo governo colonial. A partir destes três conjuntos de documentos tornou-se possível perceber as formas como os signos de pertencimento que definiam as identidades dos brasileiros foram elaborados a partir do contato, das trocas e das disputas entre os demais componentes sociais existentes na cidade de Lagos oitocentista. / The Brazilians established in Lagos developed shifting identities which were reshaped in response to the presented contexts throughout the period 1840 to 1900, was the central focus of this thesis. In this regard, I propose to understand the contexts in which the Brazilian from Lagos had to reframe and update the responsible signs for checking identification to the members of their group. For this, I selected a set of documents composed of three types of sources. In order to understand how Brazilians were represented by Anglican and Methodist missionaries, explorers, officers of the Navy and British consuls, I analyzed the travel narratives, reports to the Foreign Office and articles published in magazines kept by scientific associations at the time. The second group of documents corresponds to three newspapers published in Lagos between the years 1881 and 1900, namely: The Lagos Observer, The Lagos Weekly Record and the official journal of the British colonial government, The Government Gazette. Reading these sources revealed important aspects concerning the Brazilian participation in Lagos society in the second half of the nineteenth century. The third compendium of sources consists of annual reports by the colonial administration of the city and gathered under the name of Blue Books. This set of records focus on the most different topics related to the British government based in the city and is an important source of analysis about the way the Brazilians were represented by the colonial government. From these three sets of documents it was possible to see the ways in which the belonging signs which defined the identity of Brazilians were prepared from the contact, exchanges and disputes between the other social components existing in the Lagos of the nineteenth century.

L'objectif de cette thèse est d'étudier la politique de la Grande-Bretagne vis-à-vis du conflit israélo-arabe au prisme de ses intérêts au Proche-Orient entre la première guerre israélo-arabe (1948-1949) jusqu'à la guerre des Six-Jours en 1967. Nous avons essayé de préciser, en ce sens, qu'en plus des intérêts politiques, géostratégiques et économiques, cette politique a été aussi marquée par les changements des rapports de force qui s'imposaient inévitablement dans le monde entier, notamment l'avènement des États-Unis et de l'URSS comme superpuissances mondiales, le nationalisme arabe…etc. Dans ce cadre d'intérêts politiques et économiques, nous avons souligné que la création de l'État d'Israël répondait aux besoins stratégiques des puissances occidentales au Moyen-Orient. D'ailleurs, cette approche prouvera sa validité dès 1956 quand l'État d'Israël va jouer un rôle déterminant pendant l'expédition de Suez. Nous avons mis l'accent sur la place qu'occupait l'industrie du pétrole et les intérêts commerciaux dans le processus de la décolonisation britannique du Moyen-Orient pendant les années 1950 et 1960. Bien que l'étude de la politique britannique au Proche-Orient soit négligée, et ce, en raison de son « déclassement politique », notre recherche a bien montré que la Grande-Bretagne a joué un rôle aussi important que celui des Américains dans la sauvegarde de leurs intérêts à travers une « gestion » commune des affaires du Moyen-Orient. / The aim of this thesis is to study the British policy towards the Arab-Israeli conflict through the prism of British interests in the Middle East from the first Arab-Israeli war in 1948-1949 to the Six-Day War in 1967. In addition to economic and political interests, we show that in the years under review the British policy has also been marked by a change in the world balance of power, namely the emergence of the United States and the Soviet Union as the world's leading superpowers, Arab nationalism ... etc. In this context, we emphasize that the creation of the State of Israel met the strategic needs of Western powers in the Middle East. This approach will prove its effectiveness only eight years after the creation of Israel when the latter played a decisive role during the tripartite invasion of Egypt in late 1956. Moreover, we point out the place occupied by oil industry and commercial interests in the process of British decolonization in the Middle East in the 1950s and 1960s. The study of British foreign policy in the Middle East has been neglected because of the “demise of Britain's political supremacy” worldwide. Nevertheless, we show that Britain has played a role as important as that of the United States in safeguarding their common interests in the Middle East through a close collaboration.