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The use of an optical plankton counters in zooplankton ecology requires sampling strategies and hypothesis testing that take into account its ability to collect highresolution size-structured data, as well as its inability to distinguish zooplankton from detritus. Studies in Saanich Inlet and the Strait of Georgia, B.C. were performed to 1) compare the temporal resolution of OPC and net samples and 2) compare seasonal variation in the zooplankton community size structure against the predictions of biomass size distribution theory. The first part of this work found that OPC samples have finer resolution and require fewer replicates to approximate the mean abundance of zooplankton than net samples at time scales between 20 minutes and 48 hours. However, the OPC is subject to measurement error in high productivity waters. The second section of this work shows that the size-spectrum dynamics of zooplankton in the Strait of Georgia follow the predictions of biomass size spectrum theory. The interpretation of thse data using size-distribution theory suggests that variation in the trophic dynamics of the zooplankton community may be at the root of the observed seasonality.

This thesis attempts to revise the existing historiography of British Columbia by first. establishing the growth and presence of a significant and diversified manufacturing sector between 1860 and 1890 and second. by charting the relative and absolute decline of the secondary manufacturing sector between 1890 and 1915. It adds to the literature which argues that British Columbia has been an industrial society since before the 1880's. Even by 1890 a higher percentage of British Columbians were engaged in manufacturing than elsewhere in Canada and output per capita in British Columbia exceded that of any other province. Comparing total manufactured output. British Columbia moved from the seventh largest producer to third among Canadian provinces in the three decades after 1880. Through the whole study period British Columbia factories tended to be larger than their counterparts elsewhere in Canada. The core of the thesis describes the manufacturing sectors of British Columbia. both primary and secondary. at an aggregate level utilizing census. directory. tax. and credit data. In attempting to account for the pattern of growth and decline it considers the two main approaches to Canadian political economy. the export base (staple) approach and the dependency approach and concludes that a third, "production system." approach inspired by recent work in economic anthropology provides a better framework to discern the causal factors. Utilizing the production system framework this thesis explores some of the reasons for the decline of the secondary manufacturing sector after 1890 by using one of the central industries. the boiler and engine industry. as a case study. The thesis ' identifies three factors that were important in explaining the decline of the boiler and engine industry: discriminatory railway rates. high labour costs and. the transfer of iii ownership of much of the economy from local to non-local capitalists. This thesis reveals that although regional manufacturers were responding to the relative prices of transport and labour. these prices were the product of the interaction of social and institutional factors located both within and without the region. The third factor. the shift of ownership outside the region. is an example of how structural changes affect the whole economy. These three factors also point to a revised understanding of how regional industries are linked to one another and how frontier regions or "peripheries" are linked to the metropole. The increasing amount of ownership of the resource extractive. primary processing and transportation industries by non-locals meant that linkages that formerly connected these sectors to local manufacturers. were transferred outside the region. The thesis concludes that these linkages are socially. rather than technologically defined. The thesis argues that the de-industrialization of British Columbia was one aspect of a larger process which. viewed from central Canada. has been called "centralization". Set in a global context the British Columbia experience was one part of an international process which saw industry concentrate in other regions like southeastern Ontario. the American northeast. and parts of Great Britain as it left regions which then became the "periphery". / Graduate

The growing interdependence between individuals and nations is reflected in the environmental conditions of our world. There is a need for individuals to be environmentally aware and proactive to live in harmony with the natural environment and prevent its continued degradation. A retrospective look at the lives of environmental educators may provide clues as to the types of experiences helpful in developing environmentally concerned and proactive citizens. A purpose of this study was to determine experiences environmental educators in British Columbia, Canada considered significant in developing their interest in and dedication to the field of environmental education. A second purpose was to explore the relevance and applicability of earlier research findings about experiences formative in developing concern for the environment to a select group of environmental educators from the same population. Leaders in environmental education in British Columbia nominated the selected environmental educators as outstanding in their field for their action oriented environmental education programs. These purposes were achieved through the use of a questionnaire sent to environmental educators in British Columbia [B.C.], Canada and through interviews of the selected outstanding environmental educators. Experiences with other people, experiences in natural areas and vocational experiences were most frequently mentioned as influential by questionnaire respondents. The interviewed educators mentioned experiences in natural areas, the influence of people and experiences of negative environmental impact, education and vocation as the most influential. The results were not entirely consistent with results reported in the literature from studies of other environmentally aware individuals. Possible reasons for the differences are presented. Information about the environmental education programs of the outstanding educators, their reasons for remaining as classroom teachers and what they consider potential barriers to teaching environmental education in a classroom based setting is alsosummarized. Recommendations for implementation of the findings are presented, as are recommendations for future research. / Graduate

The purpose of this study was to better understand the historical development of the British Columbia (B.C.) community college, university college, and institute system with the focus on the changing nature of voluntary inter-institutional collaboration in relation to provincial coordination. The study also examined the related themes of centralization and decentralization within B.C.'s system and the development of a provincial system of autonomous institutions. The methodology used was qualitative, and more specifically, interpretive in nature and based on the historical method and the underlying assumptions of hermeneutics. The researcher began by analyzing pertinent primary and secondary sources of literature in relation to the study's purpose. The findings from the literature analysis formed the basis for interview questions that were asked of 10 key informants to fill gaps in understanding and confirm findings. The study found that the B.C. system began as a decentralized group of autonomous, community-oriented institutions but became more centrally coordinated by government in the late 1970s and early 1980s, largely because of increased costs and a worsening economy. The 1990s witnessed a high level of centralized decision making with stakeholder involvement, which has been replaced by a move towards decentralization and greater institutional autonomy in the early 2000s based on the market ideology of the new government. Throughout the decades, the B.C. system has had a history of voluntary collaboration but that collaboration has been gradually blended over time with provincial coordination as government built a system of autonomous institutions. The main conclusions of the study are that an appropriate balance may be achievable between centralization and decentralization in order to maintain a coherent system of accountable, autonomous institutions but would need systematic efforts by government and institutions and a policy framework for system governance. Such a balance may be achieved by learning from the lessons of B.C.'s rich history and from the experiences of other jurisdictions. To achieve system goals, the Ministry and institutions could build on the history of voluntary collaborative efforts, which seem particularly important among educators at the program level. The Ministry might reward such collaboration and hold institutions accountable for it. / Graduation date: 2003

This thesis will deal with the hydrographic survey of the BC coast and the international boundary settlement conducted by HM ships Plumper, Satellite, and Hecate from 1857 to 1863. It will examine the geo-political importance of the pursuit of "knowledge as power" in light of American expansionism and the utilisation of the surveyors as a significant force of law and order; their importance to the social and commercial development of BC; and their contribution to the safety of navigation and the exploration of the BC coast.

This study dealt with college registrars in the Canadian province of British Columbia. The purpose of this study was three-fold: (i) to gather information concerning the personal characteristics, career paths and academic preparation of college registrars, (ii) to identify the types of professional development activities to which these individuals subscribe, and (iii) to determine the professional development needs and preferences of college registrars. A review of the scholarly literature revealed a limited number of studies dealing with college registrars. No Canadian studies were found which dealt with this subject matter. Other related literature was sought out, particularly studies which dealt with the personal characteristics and work histories of other nonacademic post secondary educational administrators. A questionnaire was mailed to all college registrars in British Columbia (N = 18). Seventeen individuals responded. From the information gathered via the questionnaire, several conclusions were drawn and a profile of the average college registrar in British Columbia was developed. This profile identifies the registrar as being a male who is roughly forty-six years of age. He is employed by a comprehensive community college and earns approximately $64,000 annually. He has held this position for close to eight years. This individual has completed an undergraduate degree in the field of science or mathematics although, he believes that there is no "preferred" form of undergraduate education for potential registrars. He has developed an understanding of the computer technologies utilized at his college through "hands-on" experience and is largely self-taught. Prior to becoming a registrar he had worked full-time for twelve years and had held at least two other positions within a college or university. When desire or circumstances necessitate a job change, this person would seek a position such as Dean or Director of Student & Ancillary Services or Vice-President, Student Services and Administration. This individual did not actively pursue the goal of becoming a college registrar. Given that this individual did not intend to become a registrar, it is not surprising to find that his academic preparation was not planned with a view to future work as an administrator in an institution of higher learning. The college registrar enjoys attending workshops, seminars and meetings sponsored by the British Columbia Registrars' Association (BCRA). He is a member of this organization as well as the Association of Registrars of Universities and Colleges of Canada (ARUCC) and, the American Association of Collegiate Registrars and Admissions Officers (AACRAO). Several conclusions were drawn and recommendations were made.

This thesis examines and evaluates the British Columbia Community Tourism Action Program (CTAP), a provincial program that aims to help communities broaden their economic bases by developing tourism. Specifically, it questions how isolated single-industry towns implement the British Columbia CTAP, and how they evaluate it, using the examples of Golden and Ucluelet, both of which have been using the program since 1991. The thesis does not base its conclusions on financial data, but on the communities' responses to a questionnaire about the CTAP, on meetings with each community's tourism action committee, and on a comparison of theories of tourism planning with the actual workings of the British Columbia CTAP. After establishing why single-industry towns may have a special need to diversify their economies, the thesis traces the evolution of the British Columbia CTAP from two other programs: its predecessor—British Columbia Tourism Development Strategy— and the Alberta Community Tourism Action Program. Following this history is a brief description of why tourism planning is necessary, including some of the environmental, economic and social effects of tourism, and then a review of the literature concerning tourism planning. A detailed study of the Golden and Ucluelet plans, several evaluations of the program, and recommendations for future research complete the thesis. Since the town representatives responses to the British Columbia CTAP have been favourable and since the program matches several of the most important theoretical requirements of tourism planning, the thesis concludes with qualified approval of the program. Reservations about the program's effectiveness include concerns about how well all the residents of a town are represented, how the program is evaluated, and how the program deals with sustainability issues. The final recommendations section sketches in how these problems might be addressed and also suggests some supplements to the CTAP.

The sureness of the modern educational project has been undermined by shifting epistemological and material conditions. The shift from modernity to postmodernity develops its own incongruencies and anomalies as well as highlighting those extant during modernity. Institutions like British Columbia's community colleges cling to the artifacts of modernity, leaving postmodern environments and discourse unacknowledged. This study applies rhetorical strategies, devices and the methodologies of literature and poststructural social studies, including the use of deliberate ambiguity and unstable signification, to write in opposition to the plain prose privileged by the technical instrumentality of mainstream adult education discourse in the North American academy. This de-centring of traditional academic discourse reframes and challenges prevailing constructions of Canada, education in Canada and community colleges in British Columbia. Exhuming and exposing some of the operational myths of modernity as they found expression in Canada through academic discourse and quotidian practice while offering an alternate story is the means by which my narrative proceeds. This re-storying, in turn, is used as a strategy to challenge modern mainstream educational and educational administrative practice, while attempting to normalize ways of seeing community colleges in British Columbia based outside of modernist orthodoxies.