Tyrimo metu mėginiai buvo imami iš 4 skirtingo amžiaus, 10 savaičių (n=10), 20 savaičių (n=10), 40 savaičių (n=10) ir 60 savaičių (n=10),veislinių vištų kategorijų. Ištyrus 10 sav. amžiaus vištų gaišenas ryškių patomorfologinių pokyčių nenustatyta. Atlikus 20 savaičių amžiaus vištų patomorfologinį tyrimą buvo nustatytos tokios patologijos: ūminė pneumonija, oro maišų uždegimas, enteritas. 40 proc. tirtų paukščių buvo diagnozuotas pododermatitas. Bendra suma 20 savaičių amžiaus paukščių grupėje lygi 5. Mikrobiologinio tyrimo metu iš 20 savaičių amžiaus vištų buvo nustatyta patogeninė E.coli. Atlikus 40 savaičių amžiaus išbrokotų vištų gaišenų patomorfologinį tyrimą, buvo nustatytos tos pačios vidaus organų patologijos kaip ir 20 savaičių amžiaus vištoms, tačiau mikrobiologinio tyrimo metu iš 40 savaičių amžiaus vištų pažeistų audinių buvo nustatytos patogeninės E.coli, Staphylococcus aureus ir Klebsiella genties bakterijos. Bei ženkliai padidėjo vištų sergančių pododermatitu, net 70 proc. Bendra suma 40 savaičių amžiaus paukščių grupėje lygi 11 balų. Atlikus 60 savaičių amžiaus vištų patomorfologinį tyrimą, 70 proc. tirtų paukščių buvo nustatyti kojų pirštų artritai ir pododermatitas. Bendra suma 60 savaičių amžiaus paukščių grupėje lygi 14 balų. Remiantis šiais tyrimų duomenimis galima teigti, kad veislinėms vištoms pododermatito atvejų daugėja didėjant paukščių amžiui. Sunkiausi pažeidimai (daugiausiai pododermatito balų) nustatomi 60 savaičių amžiaus vištoms... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] / The study samples were taken from 4 different age categories of hens 10 weeks (n = 10), 20 weeks (n = 10), 40 weeks (n = 10) and 60 weeks (n = 10). It were examined some hen carrions of the age of 10 weeks and it were not found any clear pathomorphological changes. It were examined some hens of the age of 20 weeks as well and it were foud out following deseases: acute pneumonia, inflammation of the air sacs, enteritis. Pododermatitis was diagnosed in 40 percent of examined hens. The total amount of the group of 20 week-old hens is equal to 5. Microbiological study of 20 week-old hens showed pathogenic E.coli. After the pathomorphological study, which was done to 40 week-old hen carrions, it was found out the same pathology of internal organs as in 20 week-old hens, but microbiological study of 40 week-old hens‘ damaged tissues identifyed pathogenic E. coli, Staphylococcus aureus and bacteria of the genus Klebsiella. What is more, it increased the amount of hens that suffer from pododermatitis, even 70 per cent. The total amount of 40 week-old hens in the group was equal to 11 points. After the pathomorphological study of 60 week-old hens 70 per cent of birds were diagnosed the toes arthritis and pododermatitis. The total amount of the group of 60 week-old hens was 14 points. Based on these studies it can be said that pedigree hens suffer more and more often from pododermatitis when they get older. The most serious damages (most pododermatitis points) are identifyed to 60... [to full text]

Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids can reduce the risk of cardiovascular disease and cancers. Enriching broiler meat opportunities lack research on product quality. The fatty acid (FA) profile of birds fed flaxseed for various periods was analyzed. Another experiment assessed FA profile and oxidation products in frozen-raw and cooked thigh meat in birds fed 20% linPRO (50% extruded flaxseed) with antioxidant combinations. Males deposited more omega-3 in breast meat than females. It required 26.2 d (10%flax) or 11.3 d (17%flax) feeding to achieve the 300 mg omega-3/100g of breast. Eicosapentaenoic and docosahexaenoic acids were deposited in the phospholipids whereas a-linolenic acid associated with triacylglycerols. Oxysterol appearance was reduced in thighs of high vitamin E birds while the high selenium treatment had no effect or even raised oxysterols during roasting. Antioxidants inhibited thiobarbuturic reactive acid substances in stored frozen-raw meat. Stability of omega-3 broiler meat was improved with increased dietary antioxidant levels. / Food Science and Technology

Thesis--Auburn University, 2009. / Abstract. Vita. Includes bibliographical references (p. 50-56).

Leipzig, Universiẗat, Diss. : 1993.

Techn. University, Diss., 2004--Berlin.

Breeding success in the broiler chicken has been accompanied by gait problems which are detrimental to productivity and welfare. Although these gait issues have not been reported to the same extent in Pekin ducks, there is concern that such problems will manifest if the duck continues on its current selection trajectory. In order to understand how changes in morphology due to selection have affected gait in both species, divergent lines were objectively assessed for gait using a pressure platform (12 birds per line at three, five and seven weeks of age). The broiler chicken was compared to the slower growing layer chicken and the Pekin duck to its slower growing ancestor, the mallard. Two breeding lines of Pekin duck were also assessed. After gait assessment, the leg bones (femur and tibiotarsus) were scanned by computed tomography to measure morphological changes which have occurred due to selection for high growth and meat yield. Results were analysed by ANOVA, accounting for age and sex. During walking, heavy lines walked at a slower velocity, displayed a wider stance and spent more time supporting their mass on both feet than their lighter conspecifics, strategies which are likely to improve balance. The foot angle while walking differed between lines; all duck lines rotated their feet internally whereas the layer chickens’ feet were aligned with the direction of travel. Conversely the broiler chicken rotated its feet externally by seven weeks of age. Morphologically, the main differences were between species. Duck lines reached adult leg size earlier than chickens, which may be a response to differing adaptive environments prior to domestication. This early cessation of bone growth in ducks may provide more opportunity for the bones to remodel to handle the loads imposed on them. Lower levels of porosity and a unique cortical architecture observed in ducks endow relatively greater bone strength. Bone curvature also differed between species; the tibiotarsus curved more laterally in ducks than in chickens and may be a swimming adaptation that hinders locomotion on land in the modern production bird. In order to improve the objectivity of selection for better gait in poultry, the genetic parameters of gait components selected on the basis of results in this thesis were estimated using a linear mixed model in a population of Pekin ducks of known pedigree. As they are a simpler measure, similar or improved heritability estimates were estimated for these gait components when compared with the standard commercial gait score which is based on a subjective view of walking ability. Intense selection for economic traits has altered gait in similar ways in both species. To improve gait in poultry, greater breeding success may be achieved by focussing on those components of gait which have changed through selection, rather than using a subjective overall visual gait score. Furthermore, in both species, adaptations for pre-domesticated life may have affected the ability with which the selected lines have accommodated their gait to other morphological changes associated with increasing body mass.

Foram avaliados os efeitos do fornecimento de dietas com três densidades de aminoácidos (AA) no desempenho e rendimento de carcaça de frangos de corte. Um total de 1.200 pintos de um dia Cobb × Cobb 500 foram distribuídos em 6 tratamentos com um arranjo fatorial 2 × 3 (sexo × densidade AA). Cada tratamento teve 8 repetições com 25 aves cada. As dietas foram formuladas tendo como base milho e farelo de soja, satisfazendo as fases de alimentação de 1 a 7, 8 a 21, 22 a 35 e 36 a 40 dias de idade, mantendo as mínimas relações entre AA essenciais e lisina (Lis) em base digestível (dig.) verdadeira: Lis, 100%; AA sulfurados totais, 75%; treonina, 65%, valina, 75% (de 1 a 21 dias) e 78% (de 22 a 42 dias). Os tratamentos dietéticos foram com baixa, moderada e alta densidades de AA, com a densidade média tendo Lis dig. de 1,25%, 1,19 %, 1,09 % e 1,05 % da dieta pré-inicial até a retirada respectivamente. As dietas com baixa e alta densidade tiveram redução e aumento de 12% no nível de Lis dig. em relação à dieta moderada. Não houve efeito dos tratamentos sobre a mortalidade (P>0,05) e os machos tiveram melhor desempenho zootécnico que as fêmeas (P<0,05). Não foram observadas interações entre sexo × densidade de AA, com exceção para a deposição de gordura abdominal, que foi mais reduzida nos machos com o aumento da densidade de AA do que nas fêmeas (P<0,01). O ganho de peso foi reduzido para as dietas com densidade baixa (P<0,05) quando comparadas com as densidades alta e moderada, porém entre estas últimas não houve diferença (P>0,05). A conversão alimentar (CA) melhorou (P<0,05) com o aumento da densidade de AA. As porcentagens de rendimento de carcaça, peito e deposição de gordura abdominal foi maior para as fêmeas (P<0,05), entretanto não foram encontradas respostas para a densidade de AA da dieta, com exceção da gordura abdominal, que reduziu com o aumento da densidade de AA da dieta (P<0,05). As melhorias obtidas na CA com o aumento das densidades de AA na dieta não foram estendidas para os ganhos econômicos nas condições econômicas utilizadas nesse estudo. / An evaluation of the effects of feeding programs with three amino acid (AA) densities given to an early growth broiler breed was conducted. Growth performance, carcass yield and an economic evaluation was done using current figures at the time of the study. A total of 1,200 Cobb X Cobb 500 were distributed across 6 treatments in a 2 X 3 factorial arrangement (Sex X AA Density). Each treatment had 8 replications of 25 birds per pen. Maize-soybean meal diets, provided from 1 to 7, 8 to 21, 22 to 35 and 36 to 42 d of age, were formulated maintaining minimum ratios between essential AA and Lysine (Lys) in a true digestible (dig) basis as follow: Lys, 100%; total sulfur AA, 75%; threonine), 65%, valine, 75% (from 1 to 21 d) and 78% (from 22 – 42 d). Experimental dietary treatments were Low, Moderate and High AA density diets with Moderate having dig Lys of 1.25%, 1.19 %, 1.09 % and 1.05 % in from starter to withdrawal, respectively. Low and High diets had reductions and increases of 12% on dig Lys in relation to the Moderate diet. There were no effects of treatments on mortality (P > 0.05) and males had an overall better live performance than females (P < 0.01). No interactions were observed between Sex x AA density, with the exception of abdominal fat which was further reduced in males as AA density increased than with females (P < 0.01). Body weight gain was reduced for Low diets (P < 0.05) when compared to High and Moderate, which were not different (P > 0.05). Feed conversion ratio (FCR) was improved (P < 0.05) as AA density increased. Percent yield of carcass, breast meat and abdominal fat were higher for females (P < 0.01); however, there were no responses for AA density on processing measures. One exception was abdominal fat, which was reduced with the High diet (P<0.05). Improvements obtained in feed FCR with the increase in AA density were not extended to economic gains under the economic conditions used in this study. Thus, the decision making process to change AA density in the diet towards a higher density AA diet is expected to depend on the ratio between feed ingredients and meat market prices.

A flavomicina é um antimicrobiano registrado no Ministério da Agricultura do Brasil e que tem sido amplamente utilizado na avicultura e suinocultura. Seu uso foi intenso até o final dos anos 1990, sendo este reduzido posteriormente. Este produto está registrado como promotor de crescimento até a dose máxima de 2 ppm no Brasil. A definição desta dose provêm de trabalhos executados há muitas décadas e, portanto, é possível que as doses que otimizem seu uso sejam diferentes na avicultura atual, especialmente em um cenário de limitadas ferramentas para melhora de desempenho de frangos de corte. O objetivo deste trabalho foi reavaliar a utilização da flavomicina em frangos de corte a partir de um experimento dose-resposta. Foram utilizados 900 frangos de corte machos Cobb x Cobb 500 de um dia de idade, divididos em 5 tratamentos com 12 unidades experimentais cada. Os tratamentos foram constituídos de doses crescentes de flavomicina formuladas com níveis similares de EMAn e nutrientes baseados em níveis utilizados pela indústria brasileira: 0, 2, 4, 8 e 16 ppm de flavomicina. A avaliação de desempenho foi feita semanalmente até os 42 dias com avaliações de ganho de peso, conversão alimentar corrigida para mortalidade, consumo de ração e mortalidade. No período de 1 a 21 dias de idade, as dosagens ótimas calculadas pela equação de regressão foram de 16 ppm , 12,17 ppm e 14,68 ppm para consumo de ração, conversão alimentar e ganho de peso, respectivamente. De 22 a 42 dias, as dosagens foram de 10,31 e 9,83 ppm para conversão alimentar e ganho de peso. Pela equação de regressão do período acumulado de 1 a 42 dias, houve uma melhora crescente até o platô de inclusão de 10,9 e 10,14 ppm, para ganho de peso e conversão alimentar. O estudo nos mostra que, nas condições experimentais, o desempenho de modernas linhagens de frangos de corte podem ser maximizados de dosagens que variam de 9,83 até 16 ppm, acima dos padrões estabelecidos na legislação brasileira. / Flavophospholipol is an antimicrobial registered in Ministério of Agricultura of Brazil that has been widely used in poultry and swine production. Its use was intense until the end of 1990, which was later reduced. This product is registered as a growth promoter until the maximum dosis of 2 ppm in Brazil. These doses derived from research performed many decades ago and, therefore, this dose is likely to different from the one that optimizes broiler performance, especially in a scenario of limited tools for improvements of performance of broilers. The objective of this study was to reassess the use of flavophospholipol for broilers in a dose-response trial. A total of nine hundred male Cobb x Cobb 500 broilers were placed across five treatments with 12 replications each. The treatments consisted of increasing doses of flavophospholipol: 0, 2, 4, 8, 16 ppm. The diets were formulated with similar levels of metabolizable energy based on levels and nutrients used by the Brazilian industry. Performance evaluation was done weekly until the day 42. The evaluated parameters were: body weight gain, feed conversion ratio corrected for mortality, feed intake and percentage of mortality. In the period equation were 16 ppm, 12.17 ppm and 14.68 ppm for feed intake, feed conversion ratio and body weight gain, respectively. From 22 to 42 days, the estimated doses were 10.31 and 9.83 ppm for feed conversion and body weight gain. In the cumulative period from 1 to 42 days it was found an increased improvement until the plateau which was 10.9 and 10.14 ppm, for body weight gain and feed conversion ratio. The study showed that under the experimental conditions used, the performance of modern broilers could be optimized from 9.83 to 16 ppm, above the standards established by Brazilian legislation.

The aim of the thesis is to acquaint the reader with the reasons for mortality of broilers during their transport to the slaughterhouse. Materials for your own research (from 2012) were obtained from the State Veterinary Administration of a company Vodňanská drůbež s. r. o., the argest supplier of poultry meat in the Czech Republic. The second chapter deals with legislation relating to animals in general, but also legislation that governs the protection primarily for meat production. Welfare of broilers, therefore, their comfort, and handling is dealt with in the third chapter. It describes picking halls, catching chickens, chicken waste, transport of poultry for slaughter, chickens and unloading conditions to be met by the authorized person when handling poultry. The fourth chapter describes the factors affecting the welfare of broiler chickens during fattening. These factors include the type of litter, microclimate - thermoregulation poultry, lighting, and health status of broilers. Because the work deals with the mortality of broilers during transport, the fifth chapter is devoted to this issue. There are analyzed transport requirements, the effect of high and low temperature for transporting poultry. Furthermore, means of transport and the obligation of carriers during transport to the slaughterhouse, whether it's planning a trip or taking care of animals during transport. The sixth chapter deals with the custom dissertation: In 2012, it was the slaughterhouses (company Vodňanská drůbež s. r. o.) moved from 116 breeders 30,231,410 pieces of broilers at slaughter, of which 136,616 units during transport died at a mean of 0.455 %. Most deaths were at a distance of 251-305 km (0.834 %), at least at a distance of 50 km to 0.252 %. Age of chickens at slaughter, an average of 35.13 days and slaughter weight was on average 1.93 kg. Most deaths occurred during transport of broilers during the winter 0.919 %, the correlation coefficient r = 0.37, less than 0.316 % in summer (r = 0.02).

Submitted by MICHELE BERNARDINO DE LIMA null (michele_bernardino@yahoo.com.br) on 2016-05-16T15:00:37Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Michele_Bernardino_de _Lima.pdf: 1682251 bytes, checksum: febd0010dceb761ccc4f0391786d0513 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Juliano Benedito Ferreira (julianoferreira@reitoria.unesp.br) on 2016-05-17T13:36:34Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 lima_mb_dr_jabo.pdf: 1682251 bytes, checksum: febd0010dceb761ccc4f0391786d0513 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-05-17T13:36:34Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 lima_mb_dr_jabo.pdf: 1682251 bytes, checksum: febd0010dceb761ccc4f0391786d0513 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-02-22 / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) / Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP) / Objetivou-se com esta pesquisa: 1) determinar as exigências de mantença de valina (Val), isoleucina (Ile) e triptofano (Trp) digestível utilizando diferentes sistemas de unidade; 2) avaliar as respostas de aves reprodutoras pesadas para diferentes ingestões de Val, Ile e Trp, determinar a eficiência de utilização e desenvolver um modelo fatorial; 3) calcular a ingestão ótima econômica de Val, Ile e Trp para aves reprodutoras pesadas utilizando o Modelo de Reading; 4) determinar as exigências de arginina digestível para manutenção utilizando diferentes sistemas de unidades; avaliar as respostas de aves reprodutoras pesadas para diferentes ingestões de arginina, estimar os parâmetros do Modelo de Reading pelo método da simulação e equação para aves reprodutoras pesadas e calcular a ingestão ótima econômica de arginina, considerando a relação entre custo-benefício e a variabilidade da população. Para o objetivo 1 foram realizados três ensaios utilizando 144 galos Cobb 500. A exigência de mantença foi obtida pela relação entre a ingestão do aminoácido e o nitrogênio retido. Os diferentes sistemas de unidade foram: mg/kg de peso corporal, mg/kg de peso metabólico e mg/kg de peso proteico. Para o objetivo 2 foram realizados três ensaios utilizando 192 aves reprodutoras pesadas. Os dados obtidos foram ingestão do aminoácido (IAA), peso corporal (PC) e massa de ovo (MO). O modelo modificado para calcular as exigências dos aminoácidos foi: IAA=[AAm×(PC×0,196)0,73]+[(Novo×MO×AAovo)/k], onde AAm é o aminoácido para mantença, Novo é o nitrogênio do ovo, AAovo é o aminoácido do ovo e k é a eficiência de utilização. Para o objetivo 3 utilizou-se os dados de AAI, MO e PC do objetivo 2 que foram ajustados pelo modelo de Reading. Para determinar as exigências dos aminoácidos pelo método da simulação foram utilizados 10.000 aves. Para o objetivo 4 foram realizados dois ensaios, o primeiro utilizando 42 galos Ross e o segundo utilizando 64 aves reprodutoras pesadas Ross. Os procedimentos utilizados foram semelhantes aos objetivos 1, 2 e 3. As conclusões obtidas foram: A exigência de manutenção é mais adequadamente expressa como teor de proteína corporal. A predição do modelo foi melhorado utilizando os coeficientes estimados com unidades fisiologicamente relevantes. O modelo de Reading pode ser utilizado para estimar as ingestões ótimas de aminoácidos para galinhas sob diferentes cenários genéticos e econômico e, dependendo dos ingredientes disponíveis e seus preços, o custo de cada um dos aminoácidos pode variar. / The objective of this research were: 1) determine the requirements for maintenance of valine (Val), isoleucine (Ile) and tryptophan (Trp) digestible using different unit systems; 2) evaluate the responses of broiler breeder hens to different intakes of Val, Ile and Trp, determine the efficiency of utilization and develop a factorial model; 3) calculate the economic optimum intake of Val, Ile and Trp for broiler breeder hens using the Reading Model; 4) determine the digestible arginine requirements for maintenance using different unit systems; evaluate the responses of broiler breeder hens to different intakes of arginine, estimate the parameters of the Reading Model by the method of simulation and equation for broiler breeder hens and calculate the economic optimum intake of arginine, considering the relationship between costbenefit and flock variability. For the objective 1 were conducted three trials using 144 Cobb 500 roosters. The requirement for maintenance was obtained by the relationship between amino acid intake and nitrogen retention. The different unit systems were: mg/kg of body weight, mg/kg of metabolic weight (BW0.75) and metabolic protein weight at maturity (BPm 0.73×u).For the objective 2 were conducted three trials using 192 Cobb 500 broiler breeder hens. The data obtained were: amino acid intake (AAI), body weight (BW) and the egg output (EO). The modified model to calculate the requirements of amino acids was: AAI=[AAm ×(BW×0.196)0.73]+[(Negg×EO×AAegg)/k] where AAm is the amino acid for maintenance, Negg is nitrogen egg, AAegg amino acid in egg, k is efficiency of utilization. For the objective 3 was used the AAI, EO and BW data from objective 2 that were adjusted by Reading Model. To determine the requirements of amino acids by the simulation method were used 10,000 birds. For objective 4 were conducted two trials, the first using 42 Ross roosters and the second trial using 64 Ross broiler breeder hens. The procedures used were similar to the objectives 1, 2 and 3. The conclusions obtained were: The maintenance requirement is more appropriately expressed as body protein content. The prediction of the model was improved using the coefficients estimated here with physiologically relevant units. The Reading Model could be used to estimate the optimum amino acid intakes for hens under different genetic and economic scenarios and depending on the ingredients available and their prices, the cost of each amino acid will vary. / FAPESP: 2013/13957-1