La tesis se ha centrado en el estudio las diferentes respuestas a la toxicidad por aluminio en tres especies del genero Brachiaria (gramíneas forrajeras de importancia económica) con el fin de contribuir a una mejor comprensión de los mecanismos de resistencia del Al. La investigación se dividió en 5 capítulos. En el primer capítulo se evaluó la respuesta de tres especies del genero Brachiaria a la toxicidad del aluminio. Brachiaria decumbens, B. brizantha y B. ruziziensis fueron crecidas en solución nutritiva completa de baja fuerza iónica y pH ácidos. Se realizaron ensayos para las respuestas al aluminio tales como el crecimiento radicular, primer síntoma de toxicidad y la capacidad para mantener la homeostasis adecuada de nutrientes. En el segundo capítulo hemos utilizado diferentes métodos de tinción para analizar los efectos tóxicos y la distribución de aluminio en el ápice de las especies de Brachiaria. Para la observación del efecto del aluminio y ubicación del aluminio en los ápices de las raíces se utilizaron varias técnicas de tinción: tinción con lumogallion-DAPI, morin y su posterior observación al microscopio confocal. B. decumbens es más eficiente en la exclusión del aluminio, en esta especie fue observada la formación de pelos radiculares, los cuales se desarrollan muy cerca del ápice, contribuyendo a una baja acumulación de aluminio en zonas sensibles. En el tercer capítulo fueron observadas las superficies radiculares para dos especies de Brachiaria, B. decumbens y B. brizantha, utilizando los microscopios SEM-EDX y TEM. Esto con el fin de estudiar los posibles cambios en la estructura y ultraestructura de las plantas en respuesta al aluminio. El Al indujo alteraciones estructurales y ultraestructurales en ambas especies de Brachiaria. Sin embargo, la especie más tolerante al aluminio, B. decumbens, mostró una recuperación después de 96h de exposición a Al. Estos resultados indican el carácter inducible de la tolerancia mecanismo de Al en B. decumbens. En el cuarto capítulo se realizo un análisis de sustancias fenólicas con el objetivo de encontrar su relación en la tolerancia al Al en B. decumbens y B. brizantha y poder contribuir a una mejor comprensión de la hiperresistencia al Al en B. decumbens. Los compuestos fenólicos cambian en la presencia toxicidad por Al. En el último capítulo se estudiaran los cambios producidos por el aluminio a nivel de prteinas en la especie B. decumbens. Fue llevado a cabo este análisis por una moderna técnica 2-D-DIGE y análisis MALDI-TOF. Fueron identificadas 11 proteínas que fueron up y down-regulate durante la exposición al aluminio a las horas 96h. La cantidad de PAL (fenilalanina-amoniao-liasa) fue down-regulate después de 24h de exposición al aluminio, pero este se recupera casi a los niveles del control a 96h. / This thesis considers the differential responses to Al toxicity of three contrasting Brachiaria species in order to contribute to a better understanding of the Al resistance mechanisms in these economically important fodder grasses. The research was divided into 5 chapters. In the first one, we evaluated the response of three Brachiaria species to aluminium toxicity. Brachiaria decumbens, B. brizantha and B. ruziziensis were grown in low ionic strength nutrient solution and pH acid. Root elongation and the ability to maintain adequate nutrient homeostasis under Al stress was evaluated by mineral analysis of roots. In the second chapter we used different staining methods to analyse toxic effects and distribution of Aluminium in the root apex of the Brachiaria species. Localization of Al in Brachiaria roots was performed using confocal fluorescence microscopy of lumogallion or morin stained roots. In B. decumbens more efficiently excluded Al from the roots and in this species Al was localized mainly in root hair initials that developed close to the apex. These sites with high Al accumulation seem to contribute to low Al accumulation in sensitive root zones. In the third chapter Al-induced alterations on root surface structure of two Brachiaria species were observed. SEM-EDX and TEM techniques were used for better characterizing the time dependent responses to Al in B. decumbens and B. brizantha. We found that Al induced structural and ultrastructural alterations in both Brachiaria species. However, in the Al resistant B. decumbens root recovered after 96 h exposure to Al. These results indicate the inducible character of the Al tolerance mechanism in B. decumbens In the fourth chapter we explored the possible implication of phenolic substances in the differential Al tolerance of B. decumbens and B. brizantha in order to contribute to a better understanding of this hyperresistance to Al in B. decumbens. The phenolics change in the presence of Al-toxicity. Once characterize the most Al tolerant species (B. decumbens) in the last chapter the proteomic study was focused on this species. We conducted proteomic analysis of B. decumbens roots under Al stress after different exposure two times using 2-D-DIGE and MALDI-TOF analysis. A relative small number of only 11 proteins were found to be specifically up or down regulated during the first 96h of exposure to Al. Among those PAL (phenylalanine ammonia lyase) was found to be down regulated after 24 h exposure to Al, but recovered after 96 h.

Denna uppsats handlar om normbrytande karaktärer i serierna Bron, The bridge och The tunnel och deras kulturella kontext. Genom karaktärsanalys av de kvinnliga huvudkaraktärerna i respektive serie undersöks vad deras normbrytande beteenden och tankesätt kan spegla av dess kulturella kontext. Genom att analysera hur karaktärerna bemöts av bikaraktärer, analyseras bilden av hur accepterande den kulturen som karaktären befinner sig i är. Uppsatsen behandlar ämnen som den ”problematiska detektiven” och normativa beteenden i det syfte att påvisa hur adaptioner påverkas av kulturell kontext.

Denna studie är en kvalitativ filmanalys av den populära tv-serien Bron, med fokus på huvudkaraktären Saga Norén. Studien utgår från teorier kring den manliga och kvinnliga blicken. Uppsatsens syfte är att belysa ämnet kring hur en kvinna förväntas uppträda utifrån de rådande normerna, men också hur hon uppfattas av andra. Uppbyggnaden av genus- och könsmaktsordning är ett ständigt relevant forskningsämne, där mediernas kraft att påverka publiken spelar en viktig roll.   Studien är baserad på könsteorier som relaterar till stereotyper, såväl som den manliga blicken. Till studiens analysdel skapades ett analysverktyg baserat på Selby och Cowderys trestegsmodell och mise-en-scén. De scener som valdes ut för analysen sorterades i fyra olika kategorier baserat på återkommande mönster. Varje kategori sammanfattades i en kort sektion, som samtliga diskuteras i det sista avsnittet. Resultatet av studien visar att Saga Norén avviker från hur en stereotyp kvinnlig karaktär förväntas uppträda. Hennes sätt att framträda, och det avvikande beteendemönstret bidrar också till att hon inte upplevs att synas i bild för att behaga någon. / This study is a qualitative film analysis focusing on the main character Saga Norén in the popular tv series Bron, based on the male and female gaze. The essay highlights the topic of how a woman is expected to behave based on the prevailing gender roles, but also how she is perceived by others. The construction of gender and gender roles is a constantly relevant research topic, where the media's power to influence the audience plays an important role.   The study is based on gender theories that relate to stereotypes, as well as the male gaze. For the analysis part of the study, an analysis tool was created based on Selby and Cowdery's three-stage model and mise-en-scène, using these theories as a foundation. The scenes selected for the analysis were sorted into four various categories based on recurring patterns. Each category was summarized in a short section, to be discussed in the final section.   The result of the study shows that Saga Norén departs from how the stereotype female character is expected to behave. Her way of appearing, and the deviant behavior pattern also contributes to her not being perceived to exist in a position to please.

This thesis is an analysis of the personality of Zachar Naumovich Bron with a focus on his pedagogical and interpretational activities. It includes a brief biography of the artist, the analysis of the main spheres of his work and his contribution to Russian and world´s music culture. The work is divided into chapters according to the relevant topics.

Background: These days in uncertain circumstances and economic downturn, innovation is very important for organizations. This applies also on Dutch franchise retail organizations (DFRO’s) and its suppliers, which are in focus in this thesis. The authors argue that shop employees working in the physical shops are a valuable source of innovation and can function as a pass-through of consumer information to the management of a DFRO and its suppliers.The main question is, if and how DFRO’s and its supplier use shop employees as a source of innovation? Purpose: To describe and explore the involvement of shop employees in the innovation process of Dutch franchise retail organizations and its suppliers; and to find out possible advantages and disadvantages of shop employees’ involvement in the innovation processes, and directions of innovation in which shop employees are involved. Method: This thesis is written from a social constructivism perspective with the use of a deductive approach. A holistic multiple case-study of eight Dutch franchise retail organizations was applied by using qualitative method. To collect the empirical data 23 semi-structured interviews with shop employees were conducted in combination with several observations. The collected empirical data was analyzed by using cross-case synthesis method. The research quality is based upon trustworthiness and authenticity. Results and conclusions: The highest degree of involvement of the shop employees in the innovation process by both management and suppliers takes place in the last three stages of the innovation process, which are validation, commercialization and evaluation, in offer- and support-related directions of innovations. In other words, the shop employees are more involved in the innovation process in their own working environment rather than in the decision-making level. The results of the study show that shop employees are willing to be more involved in the innovation process and see more advantages than disadvantages for management, suppliers and themselves. Suggestions for future research: Since this thesis gives interesting results, the future research could be done to strengthen and expand those. The authors suggest to increase the amount of researched DFRO’s; to research multiple shop locations of the same DFRO; to take the position, responsibilities and working period of the shop employees more into consideration. Also the authors see a necessity of future research to confirm the mentioned possible disadvantages and advantages of shop employees’ involvement out of a different perspective.

In South Africa there are great polarities in terms of needs in resource–poor communities versus communities with available resources. This is evident during visits to Sir Lowry's Pass Village and when available statistics on trends in the community are taken into account. A potentially valuable resource in resource–poor communities is outreach programmes by a faith–based organisation (FBO) such as Jabulani Africa Ministries (JAM). JAM is a Christian FBO with a strong community focus. This study focuses on the resource–poor community of Sir Lowry's Pass Village, situated in the Helderberg Basin in the Western Cape. Sir Lowry's Pass Village is just one of a few resource–poor communities to whom JAM reaches out on a weekly basis since through their outreach programme aimed at middle–childhood children. The aim of this study was to explore and describe the content of this outreach programme of JAM in Sir Lowry's Pass Village aimed at middle–childhood children in order to provide guidelines to more specifically target the needs of the particular group of children. Data were collected from various sources according to principles of participatory action research. Data were organised through thematic data analysis to identify themes. Two core themes emerged; one theme is a mutual lack of understanding of the broader field by JAM members and the target of their interventions, middle–childhood children. The other theme centred on the moral value system of the particular group of children. The central theoretical argument of this study is that outreach programmes by faith–based organisations (such as JAM) in resource–poor communities should be directed as effectively as possible to meet the needs of middle–childhood children. / http://hdl.handle.net//10394/7006 / Thesis (M.A. (Psychology))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2012.

In South Africa there are great polarities in terms of needs in resource–poor communities versus communities with available resources. This is evident during visits to Sir Lowry's Pass Village and when available statistics on trends in the community are taken into account. A potentially valuable resource in resource–poor communities is outreach programmes by a faith–based organisation (FBO) such as Jabulani Africa Ministries (JAM). JAM is a Christian FBO with a strong community focus. This study focuses on the resource–poor community of Sir Lowry's Pass Village, situated in the Helderberg Basin in the Western Cape. Sir Lowry's Pass Village is just one of a few resource–poor communities to whom JAM reaches out on a weekly basis since through their outreach programme aimed at middle–childhood children. The aim of this study was to explore and describe the content of this outreach programme of JAM in Sir Lowry's Pass Village aimed at middle–childhood children in order to provide guidelines to more specifically target the needs of the particular group of children. Data were collected from various sources according to principles of participatory action research. Data were organised through thematic data analysis to identify themes. Two core themes emerged; one theme is a mutual lack of understanding of the broader field by JAM members and the target of their interventions, middle–childhood children. The other theme centred on the moral value system of the particular group of children. The central theoretical argument of this study is that outreach programmes by faith–based organisations (such as JAM) in resource–poor communities should be directed as effectively as possible to meet the needs of middle–childhood children. / http://hdl.handle.net//10394/7006 / Thesis (M.A. (Psychology))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2012.

Kindergarden - How can we create different synergies between different fields that they can benefit from each other? What different activities will suit the kindergarden? How will our perception of the kindergarden, of its need and function in society, change? In this Degree Project in Architecture I will be investigating the combination of the kindergarden together with a restaurant and a dance studio. I believe these activities will harmonize since they have overlapping benefits: We all eat, move and grow. With the new architectural activities in mind, I will further investigate the importance of the kindergarden as a part of society, more specifically our perception of what function it may, may not or could fill. I share the idea with a lot of authors, scientist that we are headed toward a society where children are kept too safe, thus minimising their chance to experience and learn to cope with a harsh reality when they grow up as adults. It's ok to get hurt to an extent, as long as they do not endanger their lives.