The archaeological landscape of Upper Burma from the middle of the first millennium BC to the Bagan period in the 13th-14th century AD is a landscape of continuity. Finds of polished stone and bronze artifacts suggest the existence of early metal-using cultures in the Chindwin and Samon River Valleys, and along parts of the Ayeyarwady plain. Increasing technological and settlement complexity in the Samon Valley suggests that a distinctive culture whose agricultural and trade success can be read in the archaeological record of the Late Prehistoric period developed there. The appearance of the early urban �Pyu� system of walled central places during the early first millennium AD seems to have involved a spread of agricultural and management skills and population from the Samon. The leaders of the urban centres adopted Indic symbols and Sanskrit modes of kingship to enhance and extend their authority. The early urban system was subject over time to a range of stresses including siltation of water systems, external disruption and social changes as Buddhist notions of leadership eclipsed Brahmanical ones. The archaeological evidence indicates that a settlement was forming at Bagan during the last centuries of the first millennium AD. By the mid 11th century Bagan began to dominate Upper Burma, and the region began a transition from a system of largely autonomous city states to a centralised kingdom. Inscriptions of the 11th to 13th centuries indicate that as the Bagan Empire expanded it subsumed the agricultural lands that had been developed by the Pyu.

Thesis (Ph.D.) - University of Glasgow, 2008 . / Ph.D. thesis submitted to the Departments of Archaeology and Classics, Faculty of Arts, University of Glasgow, 2008. Includes bibliographical references. Print version also available.

Zugl.: Göteborg, University, Diss. 2007.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Chicago, 2000. / eContent provider-neutral record in process. Description based on print version record. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 191-210).

Thesis--Lund. / Extra title-page, with thesis note and with imprint: Lund, Håkan Ohlssons boktryckeri, 1941, inserted. Bibliographical foot-notes. "Literaturverzeichnis": p. [216]-228.

Thesis--Johann Wolfgang Goethe-Universität, Frankfurt am Main, 1974. / Vita. Includes bibliographical references.

Akademisk avhandling--Stockholms Universitet. / Extra t.p., with thesis statement, inserted. Bibliography: p. 333-338.

Thesis--Lund. / Extra title-page, with thesis note and with imprint: Lund, Håkan Ohlssons boktryckeri, 1941, inserted. Bibliographical foot-notes. "Literaturverzeichnis": p. [216]-228.

<p>The subject for this essay considers the trade with amber and how it was organized in Scandinavia during the early Nordic Bronze age. There is very little written about this subject. One of the few scholars that have done this is the archeologist Timothy Earle. He has done this generally from a material that comes from the world of the living, mostly settlements. I will compare his view with a grave material that are based on Aner & Kersten Die Ältere Bronzezeit (2001, band 11). My own conclusion is that Timothy Earls view corresponds well with the grave material</p>

<p>This paper deals with the relations between landscape rooms and monuments in an area north of Mönsterås in Kalmar län. After archaeological excavations had been carried out in the area 1991, an article promote it to the “Bronze Age district of Mönsterås” (Källström 1993). There are two main problems that I deal with in this paper. First: The relations between the natural places and the monuments or memorials. Secondly: The patterns with respect to the spread of certain monuments in the landscapes. My studies starts from the British landscape archaeology of Christopher Tilley and Richard Bradley, but also from a Scandinavian point of view with Terje Gansum et al.</p>