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The increasing interest and focus on unconventional reservoirs is a result of the industry's direction toward exploring alternative energy sources. It is due to the fact that conventional reservoirs are being depleted at a fast pace. Shale gas reservoirs are a very favorable type of energy sources due to their low cost and long-lasting gas supply. In general, according to Ausubel (1996), natural gas serves as a transition stage to move from the current oil-based energy sources to future more stable and environment-friendly ones. By looking through production history in the U.S Historical Production Database, HPDI (2009), we learn that the Barnett Shale reservoir in Newark East Field has been producing since the early 90's and contributing a fraction of the U.S daily gas production. Zhao et al. (2007) estimated the Barnett Shale to be producing 1.97 Bcf/day of gas in 2007. It is considered the most productive unconventional gas shale reservoir in Texas. By 2004 and in terms of annual gas production volume, Pollastro (2007) considered the Barnett Shale as the second largest unconventional gas reservoir in the United States. Many studies have been conducted to understand better the production controls in Barnett Shale. However, this giant shale gas reservoir is still ambiguous. Some parts of this puzzle are still missing. It is not fully clear what makes the Barnett well produce high or low amounts of gas. Barnett operating companies are still trying to answer these questions. This study adds to the Barnett chain of studies. It tests the effects of the following on Barnett gas production in the core area (Denton, Wise, and Tarrant counties): * Barnett gross thickness, including the Forestburg formation that divides Barnett Shale. * Perforation footage. * Perforated zones of Barnett Shale. Instead of testing these parameters on each well production decline curve individually, this study uses a new technique to simplify this process. Decline Map Analysis (DMA) is introduced to measure the effects of these parameters on all production decline curves at the same time. Through this study, Barnett gross thickness and perforation footage are found not to have any definite effects on Barnett gas production. However, zone 3 (Top of Lower Barnett) and zone 1 (Bottom of Lower Barnett) are found to contribute to cumulative production. Zone 2 (Middle of Lower Barnett) and zone 4 (Upper Barnett), on the other hand, did not show any correlation or influence on production through their thicknesses.

<p>In this bachelor essay an attempt is done, to recreate a probable Bronze Age landscape on Gotland, with GIS as a tool. The landscape on Gotland is situated with many different monuments dated Bronze Age, such as cairns and stone ships. In creating of the maps, two possible shorelines contemporary with the Bronze Age have been calculated and marked on the maps. Furthermore, peat lands have been drawn upon the maps, by using the information from geological maps.</p><p>A landscape variable have been compared between Bronze Age places and Early Iron Age houses; the soil type. On Bronze Age places gravel is the most common, while moraine marl is the most common on places with Early Iron Age houses.</p><p>From a selection that were made, all Bronze Age places where within 3 km from the water, either the recreated shoreline or peat land. On the maps both Early Iron Age houses and Bronze Age places seemed to have a connection with water.</p>

In this bachelor essay an attempt is done, to recreate a probable Bronze Age landscape on Gotland, with GIS as a tool. The landscape on Gotland is situated with many different monuments dated Bronze Age, such as cairns and stone ships. In creating of the maps, two possible shorelines contemporary with the Bronze Age have been calculated and marked on the maps. Furthermore, peat lands have been drawn upon the maps, by using the information from geological maps. A landscape variable have been compared between Bronze Age places and Early Iron Age houses; the soil type. On Bronze Age places gravel is the most common, while moraine marl is the most common on places with Early Iron Age houses. From a selection that were made, all Bronze Age places where within 3 km from the water, either the recreated shoreline or peat land. On the maps both Early Iron Age houses and Bronze Age places seemed to have a connection with water.

In what ways can historical power relationships be interpreted through a chronological analysis of historical maps, and how are these coded versions of history produced and reproduced through the modern tourist experience? I argue that historical maps can be interpreted to reveal the political influence and agendas inscribed upon the built environment. I review how the implications of these value systems can be seen in the cultural constructs and institutions that have been used over time to generate revenue through a two stage process,: first, through an analysis of historic and modern maps in two Southern cities, New Orleans and Charleston, South Carolina, and second, through personal ethnographic fieldwork. I analyze my findings to compare these two cities in their use of spatial representation to facilitate and contain a historic tourist industry that spawns local industries of historical tourism to both justify and codify these views as history.

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Concept Maps (CMs) are considered a well-known pedagogy technique in creating curriculum, educating, teaching, and learning. Determining comprehension of concepts result from comparisons of candidate CMs against a master CM, and evaluate "goodness". Past techniques for comparing CMs have revolved around the creation of a subjective rubric. We propose a novel CM scoring scheme called MAnanA based on a Fuzzy Similarity Scaling (FSS) score to vastly remove the subjectivity of the rubrics in the process of grading a CM. We evaluate our framework against a predefined rubric and test it with CM data collected from the Introduction to Computer Security course at the University of New Orleans (UNO), and found that the scores obtained via MAnanA captured the trend that we observed from the rubric via peak matching. Based on our evaluation, we believe that our framework can be used to objectify CM analysis.

Os padrões de fratura são objeto de intensas investigações em várias áreas do conhecimento. Além disso, a busca por métodos matemáticos para simulação de mapas de fratura em meios geológicos tem sido alvo de muitas investigações. Este trabalho apresenta um estudo sobre a dimensão fractal de padrões de fraturas geológicas e a simulação de um mapa de fratura geológica através da análise fractal de áreas estruturalmente homogêneas na região Central do Brasil. As dimensões fractais são determinadas pelos métodos Box-counting e Cantor’s Dust num sistema anisotrópico de fraturas, a fim de caracterizar áreas geológicas selecionadas. A dimensão fractal obtida pelo método Box-counting possui valores entre um e dois, mas não permite analisar anisotropias de comprimento das fraturas, ou mesmo na sua distribuição espacial. A dimensão fractal obtida com o método de Cantor’s Dust, por outro lado, possui valores entre zero e um e fornece mecanismos adequados à avaliação da anisotropia das redes de fraturas geológicas. Deve-se observar, a partir dos resultados obtidos, que a dimensão fractal (Cantor’s Dust) depende das direções de fratura e que o número de interseções de fraturas aumenta com a diminuição da dimensão fractal. A dimensão fractal (Cantor’s Dust) também varia conforme a direção da rede de linhas ortogonais, indicando o caráter levemente anisotrópico dos padrões de fratura geológica sob análise. A análise estrutural dos padrões de fratura foi efetuada sobre as direções, o comprimento e a freqüência das fraturas de cada área homogênea. Assim, foi possível determinar uma relação entre a freqüência de fratura e a dimensão fractal. A simulação de um padrão de fraturas por método analítico levou em conta a direção e a freqüência de fratura e a dimensão fractal (Cantor’s Dust). Os resultados alcançados para o mapa de fraturas simulado são muito bons, principalmente pelo fato de não ter sido computado, nessa primeira versão, o comprimento das fraturas. / The fracture patterns are subject of large investigations in a number of knowledge areas. The mathematical methods research to simulate fractures patterns in geological media is also intense. This work aims to contribute for such investigations and presents the results of geological fracture pattern analysis (structural and fractal analysis) and an analytical procedure to simulate such fracture pattern. The fracture analysis was conducted in structurally homogeneous areas in Central Brazil. The fractal dimensions were computed by both Box-counting and Cantor’s Dust methods, in order to characterize each geological area. Box-counting fractal dimensions showed values in the range 1 and 2, but did not enable to evaluate fracture anisotropies, such as fracture length, frequency and orientation. On the other hand, Cantor’s Dust fractal dimensions showed values between 0 and 1, so it is able to determine fracture anisotropies, since orthogonal grid rotation defined different fractal dimensions. The structural analysis of the fracture patterns was conducted taking into account fracture directions, length and frequency. In this way, it is possible to correlate fracture frequency and Cantor’s Dust fractal dimensions. The achieved results for the fracture lineament map simulation are reasonable good, because it did not consider the fracture length according each direction.

Os padrões de fratura são objeto de intensas investigações em várias áreas do conhecimento. Além disso, a busca por métodos matemáticos para simulação de mapas de fratura em meios geológicos tem sido alvo de muitas investigações. Este trabalho apresenta um estudo sobre a dimensão fractal de padrões de fraturas geológicas e a simulação de um mapa de fratura geológica através da análise fractal de áreas estruturalmente homogêneas na região Central do Brasil. As dimensões fractais são determinadas pelos métodos Box-counting e Cantor’s Dust num sistema anisotrópico de fraturas, a fim de caracterizar áreas geológicas selecionadas. A dimensão fractal obtida pelo método Box-counting possui valores entre um e dois, mas não permite analisar anisotropias de comprimento das fraturas, ou mesmo na sua distribuição espacial. A dimensão fractal obtida com o método de Cantor’s Dust, por outro lado, possui valores entre zero e um e fornece mecanismos adequados à avaliação da anisotropia das redes de fraturas geológicas. Deve-se observar, a partir dos resultados obtidos, que a dimensão fractal (Cantor’s Dust) depende das direções de fratura e que o número de interseções de fraturas aumenta com a diminuição da dimensão fractal. A dimensão fractal (Cantor’s Dust) também varia conforme a direção da rede de linhas ortogonais, indicando o caráter levemente anisotrópico dos padrões de fratura geológica sob análise. A análise estrutural dos padrões de fratura foi efetuada sobre as direções, o comprimento e a freqüência das fraturas de cada área homogênea. Assim, foi possível determinar uma relação entre a freqüência de fratura e a dimensão fractal. A simulação de um padrão de fraturas por método analítico levou em conta a direção e a freqüência de fratura e a dimensão fractal (Cantor’s Dust). Os resultados alcançados para o mapa de fraturas simulado são muito bons, principalmente pelo fato de não ter sido computado, nessa primeira versão, o comprimento das fraturas. / The fracture patterns are subject of large investigations in a number of knowledge areas. The mathematical methods research to simulate fractures patterns in geological media is also intense. This work aims to contribute for such investigations and presents the results of geological fracture pattern analysis (structural and fractal analysis) and an analytical procedure to simulate such fracture pattern. The fracture analysis was conducted in structurally homogeneous areas in Central Brazil. The fractal dimensions were computed by both Box-counting and Cantor’s Dust methods, in order to characterize each geological area. Box-counting fractal dimensions showed values in the range 1 and 2, but did not enable to evaluate fracture anisotropies, such as fracture length, frequency and orientation. On the other hand, Cantor’s Dust fractal dimensions showed values between 0 and 1, so it is able to determine fracture anisotropies, since orthogonal grid rotation defined different fractal dimensions. The structural analysis of the fracture patterns was conducted taking into account fracture directions, length and frequency. In this way, it is possible to correlate fracture frequency and Cantor’s Dust fractal dimensions. The achieved results for the fracture lineament map simulation are reasonable good, because it did not consider the fracture length according each direction.

Os padrões de fratura são objeto de intensas investigações em várias áreas do conhecimento. Além disso, a busca por métodos matemáticos para simulação de mapas de fratura em meios geológicos tem sido alvo de muitas investigações. Este trabalho apresenta um estudo sobre a dimensão fractal de padrões de fraturas geológicas e a simulação de um mapa de fratura geológica através da análise fractal de áreas estruturalmente homogêneas na região Central do Brasil. As dimensões fractais são determinadas pelos métodos Box-counting e Cantor’s Dust num sistema anisotrópico de fraturas, a fim de caracterizar áreas geológicas selecionadas. A dimensão fractal obtida pelo método Box-counting possui valores entre um e dois, mas não permite analisar anisotropias de comprimento das fraturas, ou mesmo na sua distribuição espacial. A dimensão fractal obtida com o método de Cantor’s Dust, por outro lado, possui valores entre zero e um e fornece mecanismos adequados à avaliação da anisotropia das redes de fraturas geológicas. Deve-se observar, a partir dos resultados obtidos, que a dimensão fractal (Cantor’s Dust) depende das direções de fratura e que o número de interseções de fraturas aumenta com a diminuição da dimensão fractal. A dimensão fractal (Cantor’s Dust) também varia conforme a direção da rede de linhas ortogonais, indicando o caráter levemente anisotrópico dos padrões de fratura geológica sob análise. A análise estrutural dos padrões de fratura foi efetuada sobre as direções, o comprimento e a freqüência das fraturas de cada área homogênea. Assim, foi possível determinar uma relação entre a freqüência de fratura e a dimensão fractal. A simulação de um padrão de fraturas por método analítico levou em conta a direção e a freqüência de fratura e a dimensão fractal (Cantor’s Dust). Os resultados alcançados para o mapa de fraturas simulado são muito bons, principalmente pelo fato de não ter sido computado, nessa primeira versão, o comprimento das fraturas. / The fracture patterns are subject of large investigations in a number of knowledge areas. The mathematical methods research to simulate fractures patterns in geological media is also intense. This work aims to contribute for such investigations and presents the results of geological fracture pattern analysis (structural and fractal analysis) and an analytical procedure to simulate such fracture pattern. The fracture analysis was conducted in structurally homogeneous areas in Central Brazil. The fractal dimensions were computed by both Box-counting and Cantor’s Dust methods, in order to characterize each geological area. Box-counting fractal dimensions showed values in the range 1 and 2, but did not enable to evaluate fracture anisotropies, such as fracture length, frequency and orientation. On the other hand, Cantor’s Dust fractal dimensions showed values between 0 and 1, so it is able to determine fracture anisotropies, since orthogonal grid rotation defined different fractal dimensions. The structural analysis of the fracture patterns was conducted taking into account fracture directions, length and frequency. In this way, it is possible to correlate fracture frequency and Cantor’s Dust fractal dimensions. The achieved results for the fracture lineament map simulation are reasonable good, because it did not consider the fracture length according each direction.