O presente trabalho trata do estudo e análise da influência da saturação magnética no torque de uma máquina síncrona com ímã permanente no rotor. A máquina síncrona em es-tudo trata-se de uma máquina cuja forma de onda de força contra eletromotriz é trapezoidal. Inicialmente é feito um estudo sobre os efeitos da saturação magnética nos três principais parâmetros da máquina, indutância de fase, relutância (vista pelo circuito que tem como fonte de fluxo magnético os ímãs permanentes) e a força contra eletromotriz. Em seguida, realiza-se um estudo sobre o torque eletromagnético para a máquina e a importância dos parâmetros estudados, demonstrando a forte dependência da qualidade do torque com estes parâmetros. Com base nos estudos sobre saturação e torque, objetiva-se, portanto, descrever o comportamento de cada um dos parâmetros quando da saturação da máquina e quanto/como cada um deles afeta o torque eletromagnético da máquina. A fim de se estudar cada componente do torque separadamente, avalia-se a máquina por meio do Método da Permeabilidade Fixa. Por fim, faz-se simulações em elementos finitos empregando o método apresentado e os resultados são analisados. / This work deals with the influence of magnetic saturation on torque of permanent mag-net synchronous machine. At first, a study of magnetic saturation is carried out in order to understand its influence on three main machines parameters, phase inductance, magnet re-luctance and back electromotive force. A study describing the electric torque and its compo-nents is carried out. This study explain the importance of each machines parameter on electric torques smoothness and amplitude. In order to investigate and describe each torques com-ponent, a review on Frozen Permeability Method is developed. At last, some simulation by means of finite element method with Frozen Permeability Method are carried out. The results are shown and analyzed.

O presente trabalho trata do desenvolvimento de um sistema de controle vetorial para máquinas elétricas síncronas de ímã permanente (MSIP), com forma de onda da força contra eletromotriz (FCEM) não senoidal, sem a utilização de sensor de posição angular do eixo. O sistema de controle é desenvolvido utilizando a transformação não-senoidal dqx, que exige a todo instante o conhecimento da posição do rotor, assim aplica-se um estimador de posição baseado nas medidas elétricas e no modelo matemático da máquina elétrica utilizando o filtro de Kalman juntamente com PLLs. Abordam-se a modelagem matemática da máquina, as técnicas de controle sem sensor tradicionais e as abordagens de controle de alto desempenho sem o uso de sensor de posição. Mostra-se o sistema proposto bem como os resultados da sua aplicação em ambiente simulado e por meio de testes práticos em bancada, mostrando o comportamento dinâmico da máquina síncrona. / This work deals with the development of a vector control system for permanent magnet synchronous machines (PMSM), with non-sinusoidal back electromotive force (Back EMF) waveforms, widely known as the BLDC machine, without shaft angular position sensor. The control system is developed using the non-sinusoidal transformation dqx, which demands constant knowledge of the shaft\'s angular position. This way, a position estimator is applied, based solely on electrical measurements and the machines mathematical model applying the Kalman filter and PLLs. Thus, the machines mathematical modelling, and the sensorless control and estimation approaches are reviewed. The developed system is explained, along with the results obtained trough simulations and practical tests, demonstrating the dinamic behavior of the PMSM.

O presente trabalho trata do estudo e análise da influência da saturação magnética no torque de uma máquina síncrona com ímã permanente no rotor. A máquina síncrona em es-tudo trata-se de uma máquina cuja forma de onda de força contra eletromotriz é trapezoidal. Inicialmente é feito um estudo sobre os efeitos da saturação magnética nos três principais parâmetros da máquina, indutância de fase, relutância (vista pelo circuito que tem como fonte de fluxo magnético os ímãs permanentes) e a força contra eletromotriz. Em seguida, realiza-se um estudo sobre o torque eletromagnético para a máquina e a importância dos parâmetros estudados, demonstrando a forte dependência da qualidade do torque com estes parâmetros. Com base nos estudos sobre saturação e torque, objetiva-se, portanto, descrever o comportamento de cada um dos parâmetros quando da saturação da máquina e quanto/como cada um deles afeta o torque eletromagnético da máquina. A fim de se estudar cada componente do torque separadamente, avalia-se a máquina por meio do Método da Permeabilidade Fixa. Por fim, faz-se simulações em elementos finitos empregando o método apresentado e os resultados são analisados. / This work deals with the influence of magnetic saturation on torque of permanent mag-net synchronous machine. At first, a study of magnetic saturation is carried out in order to understand its influence on three main machines parameters, phase inductance, magnet re-luctance and back electromotive force. A study describing the electric torque and its compo-nents is carried out. This study explain the importance of each machines parameter on electric torques smoothness and amplitude. In order to investigate and describe each torques com-ponent, a review on Frozen Permeability Method is developed. At last, some simulation by means of finite element method with Frozen Permeability Method are carried out. The results are shown and analyzed.

O presente trabalho trata do desenvolvimento de um sistema de controle vetorial para máquinas elétricas síncronas de ímã permanente (MSIP), com forma de onda da força contra eletromotriz (FCEM) não senoidal, sem a utilização de sensor de posição angular do eixo. O sistema de controle é desenvolvido utilizando a transformação não-senoidal dqx, que exige a todo instante o conhecimento da posição do rotor, assim aplica-se um estimador de posição baseado nas medidas elétricas e no modelo matemático da máquina elétrica utilizando o filtro de Kalman juntamente com PLLs. Abordam-se a modelagem matemática da máquina, as técnicas de controle sem sensor tradicionais e as abordagens de controle de alto desempenho sem o uso de sensor de posição. Mostra-se o sistema proposto bem como os resultados da sua aplicação em ambiente simulado e por meio de testes práticos em bancada, mostrando o comportamento dinâmico da máquina síncrona. / This work deals with the development of a vector control system for permanent magnet synchronous machines (PMSM), with non-sinusoidal back electromotive force (Back EMF) waveforms, widely known as the BLDC machine, without shaft angular position sensor. The control system is developed using the non-sinusoidal transformation dqx, which demands constant knowledge of the shaft\'s angular position. This way, a position estimator is applied, based solely on electrical measurements and the machines mathematical model applying the Kalman filter and PLLs. Thus, the machines mathematical modelling, and the sensorless control and estimation approaches are reviewed. The developed system is explained, along with the results obtained trough simulations and practical tests, demonstrating the dinamic behavior of the PMSM.

This dissertation addresses the design, simulation, prototype, and test of a new energy generation system, which transforms rotational motion into electricity by the use of an innovative turbine-generator. The system is divided in two assembled subsystems that interact to finally transform kinetic energy into electricity. The first subsystem is a miniaturized notched impulse turbine system, and the second one is a millimeter permanent magnet generator (PMG) assembled into the turbine. The conversion of biomechanical energy to electric energy, using clean and free energy produced by a living organism, is being increasingly researched [1]-[11]. These are all viable options, but advantages and disadvantages of each type of energy conversions should be evaluated individually to determine key factors such as efficiency as an energy harvesting method, the implementation cost, size, and the final applications where they will be used. Through this dissertation, a new option of green energy conversion is made available; focusing on the use of turbines to extract energy from microfluidics, with diverse application in biomedical, military/aerospace, and home areas. These systems have the potential of converting mechanical movement energy, and hydraulic energy into electric energy that may be sufficient for self-powering nano/micro devices and nano/micro systems. A flow, with constant pressure, a magnetic generator, and a novel impulse turbine design are combined to form a self-contained miniaturized generator system. The turbine consists of two main parts: a bearingless rotor and the enclosure or casing; while the miniaturized magnetic generator is a permanent magnet brushless machine, consisting of permanent magnets in a ring configuration and radial coils. A permanent pressure, from microfluidic pressure system, is the force used to move the blades. This rotational motion of the turbine is transformed into electricity using magnetic induction, formed by permanent magnets on the rotor and nine coils fixed in the holder of the turbine. The electricity is generated when the magnetic field rotates and moves past the conductor, which induces a current according to Faraday's Law [1-3]. The system has potential uses not only in medical equipment, but in automotive applications, home appliances, and aquatic and ventilation systems.

The synchronous machine is one of the critical components of electric power systems. Modeling of synchronous machines is essential for power systems analyses. Electric machines are often interfaced with power electronic components. This work presents an advanced synchronous machine modeling, which emphasis on the modeling and simulation of systems that contain a mixture of synchronous machines and power electronic components. Such systems can be found in electric drive systems, dc power systems, renewable energy, and conventional synchronous machine excitation. Numerous models and formulations have been used to study synchronous machines in different applications. Herein, a unified derivation of the various model formulations, which support direct interface to external circuitry in a variety of scenarios, is presented. Selection of the formulation with the most suitable interface for the simulation scenario has better accuracy, fewer time steps, and less run time. Brushless excitation systems are widely used for synchronous machines. As a critical part of the system, rotating rectifiers have a significant impact on the system behavior. This work presents a numerical average-value model (AVM) for rotating rectifiers in brushless excitation systems, where the essential numerical functions are extracted from the detailed simulations and vary depending on the loading conditions. The proposed AVM can provide accurate simulations in both transient and steady states with fewer time steps and less run time compared with detailed models of such systems and that the proposed AVM can be combined with AVM models of other rectifiers in the system to reduce the overall computational cost. Furthermore, this work proposes an alternative formulation of numerical AVMs of machine-rectifier systems, which makes direct use of the natural dynamic impedance of the rectifier without introducing low-frequency approximations or algebraic loops. By using this formulation, a direct interface of the AVM is achieved with inductive circuitry on both the ac and dc sides allowing traditional voltage-in, current-out formulations of the circuitry on these sides to be used with the proposed formulation directly. This numerical AVM formulation is validated against an experimentally validated detailed model and compared with previous AVM formulations. It is demonstrated that the proposed AVM formulation accurately predicts the system's low-frequency behavior during both steady and transient states, including in cases where previous AVM formulations cannot predict accurate results. Both run times and numbers of time steps needed by the proposed AVM formulation are comparable to those of existing AVM formulations and significantly decreased compared with the detailed model.

Abstract POLAR FIELD-ORIENTED CONTROL with 3RD HARMONIC INJECTION Martin Todd Hess Field Oriented Control (FOC), also known as vector control, is a widely used and well documented method for controlling Permanent-Magnet Synchronous Motors (PMSM) and induction motors. Almost invariably the orientation of the stator and rotor (field) fluxes are described in rectangular coordinates. In this thesis we explore the practicality of using polar coordinates. Third harmonic injection is also a well-known technique that allows full utilization of the bus (DC-link), thus allowing the motor to run to full base speed without the use of field weakening. This technique potentially allows a 15.4% improvement in the available bus. It has fallen out of use since it requires direct knowledge of the terminal voltage vector angle. The use of polar FOC permits the use of third-harmonic injection. We believe the combination of FOC and third-harmonic injection to be unique, and we present this paper as a novel contribution to the literature on the subject of motor control.

Commutation is a fundamental feature of all DC machines. In conventional DC machines the commutation function is performed by the commutator and brushes. These act as both position sensors and switches. The mechanical commutator has obvious disadvantages. Overcoming those disadvantages has been a major reason behind the development of brushless DC (BLDC) machines. In brushless DC machines commutation is performed by power electronic devices forming part of an inverter bridge. However, switching of the power electronic devices has to be synchronised with rotor position. Position sensing is therefore an essential requirement. This can be done by using sensors such as Hall Effect devices or a sensorless approach may be adopted. Advantages of sensorless techniques include reduced cost and wiring. The most common sensorless method is based on detection of the zero crossing of back EMF signals. But this technique works only above a certain speed since back EMF is directly proportional to speed. As a result BLDC systems which rely solely on back EMF signals for commutation suffer from relatively poor starting performance characterised by back rotation of up to one hundred and eigthty electrical degrees and large fluctuations in electromagnetic torque resulting from non-ideal commutation instants. This may not be acceptable for some applications and many researchers have attempted to overcome those problems. The aim of this project has been to investigate the possibility of a sensorless technique which does not cost more than the back EMF method but with a performance at start-up comparable with that obtained when Hall sensors are used. Initial investigations led to a saliency based method. Detailed theoretical analysis is presented which shows that the method is insensitive to variations in operational parameters such as load current and circuit parameters such as power device voltage drops and winding resistances. There is a close parallel between it and the back EMF method and this makes it easy to swap to the latter method at high speed if necessary. A starting strategy, relying on saliency related measurements, is proposed which offers starting performance much better than the back EMF method and almost as good as Hall sensor based techniques. Experimental evidence is provided to confirm that commutation instants determined by the proposed method are practically coincident with those obtained when Hall sensors are used.

Brushless Doubly Fed Machines (BDFM) have potential advantages in variable speed generation and adjustable speed drive applications. The most significant of these advantages is a reduction in the power electronic converter rating, and therefore a reduction in overall system cost. Presently, efforts are being directed at optimizing the design of the BDFM and investigating areas of commercial feasibility. One possible aid in the investigation of design alternatives is finite element analysis. Finite element analysis is a numerical method for determining the field distribution in a dimensional model. Finite element techniques have been successfully used for some time in the design of induction, reluctance and permanent magnet machines. However, the characteristics of the BDFM require adjustment of the finite element design procedure used for conventional singly-fed induction machines. In this thesis, a three-dimensional finite element design procedure for modeling the BDFM has been developed. This design procedure avoids the difficulties previously associated with finite element modeling of the BDFM. The three-dimensional finite element design procedure developed in this thesis was used to model the 6/2 pole 5 horsepower BDFM laboratory machine. From the simulation results, the induced currents in the BDFM rotor bars were calculated. In the course of investigating three-dimensional finite element analysis for the BDFM, two different commercially available finite element analysis software packages were examined and tested. The first was Maxwell 3D Field Simulator produced by Ansoft Corporation, and the second was MSC/EMAS (Electromagnetic Analysis System) and MSC/XL by MacNeal-Schwendler Corporation. These two software packages are compared and their advantages and disadvantages/limitations are discussed. A tutorial for setting up and solving a three-dimensional BDFM model using MSC/XL and MSC/EMAS is presented. This goal of this tutorial is to guide a new user of MSC/XL and MSC/EMAS through the creation, setup, simulation, and analysis of a BDFM model. This tutorial contains condensed information included in the MSC/XL and MSC/EMAS program documentation provided by MacNeal-Schwendler. In addition, modeling techniques particular to the BDFM, which are not included in the program documentation, are described. This tutorial is applicable only to those individuals interested in learning how to use MSC/XL and MSC/EMAS in order to simulate a BDFM model. / Graduation date: 1995

This thesis describes how an algorithm is transferred from a digital signal processor to an embedded microprocessor in an FPGA using C to hardware program from Altera. Saab Avitronics develops the secondary high lift control system for the Boeing 787 aircraft. The high lift system consists of electric motors controlling the trailing edge wing flaps and the leading edge wing slats. The high lift motors manage to control the Boeing 787 aircraft with full power even if half of each motor’s stators are damaged. The motor is a PMDC brushless motor which is controlled by an advanced algorithm. The algorithm needs to be calculated by a fast special digital signal processor. In this thesis I have tested if the algorithm can be transferred to an FPGA and still manage the time and safety demands. This was done by transferring an already working algorithm from the digital signal processor to an FPGA. The idea was to put the algorithm in an embedded NIOS II microprocessor and speed up the bottlenecks with Altera’s C to hardware program. The study shows that the C-code needs to be optimized for C to hardware to manage the up speeding part, as the tests showed that the calculation time for the algorithm actually became longer with C to hardware. This thesis also shows that it is highly probable to use an FPGA equipped with Altera’s NIOS II safety critical microprocessor instead of a digital signal processor to control the electrical high lift motors in the Boeing 787 aircraft.