The world's tundra regions can be considered as the last unexploited terrestrial biome on the earth's surface. Bryophytes contribute significantly to primary production and nutrient cycling in tundra habitats but received considerably less attention than the vascular plants during research for the Tundra Biome Project of the International Biological Programme in the 1970s. The IBP synthesis recognised this and called for more bryophyte production data and improved methodology in future studies. The synthesis also identitied the need for more information on within-site variability, energy/chlorophyll relationships and mineral nutrient studies where tundra bryophyte production patterns are concerned. Marion Island in the sub-Antarctic has an oceanic "tundra" type of vegetation, and the island offers the characteristics of an ideal "natural laboratory" for conducting fundamental ecological research particularly in the field of primary production and energy flow. Studies at Marion Island paralleled those of the IBP but also concentrated on the vascular component of the vegetation. Bryophytes contribute up to 60% of the biomass and 90% of plant cover in the mires that dominate the well-vegetated coastal plain of Marion Island. Following the termination of IBP research therefore it was decided to extend these studies during the 1980s by measuring growth and characterising the major factors influencing growth patterns in Marion Island bryophytes. In this thesis information is given on the physical and biotic environment of Marion Island. Data is presented on the cover, biomass, seasonal and annual production values, and turn-over rates (decomposition) of 15 bryophyte species found across the full range of habit at types at Marion Island. An analysis is also made of growth-associated variables viz. soils, climate, plant energy, chlorophyll. water and mineral nutrient contents. Production was found to be related broadly to moisture-related variables, overlain by nutrient factors in some instances. Higher absolute production figures were obtained than at other tundra sites and interesting phenological data are discussed. The results suggest that decomposition is controlled mainly by tissue degradability factors and that decomposition is more significant than production in controlling biomass accumulation. A model is given for production/decomposition patterns across the range of habitat conditions at Marion Island. Several growth measurement techniques were tested and recommendations are made concerning methodology for future bryophyte production studies. By reference to ecological data collected during the study.

Please read the abstract in the 07summary part of this document / Thesis (PhD (Botany))--University of Pretoria, 2007. / Plant Science / unrestricted

The plant cell wall is a vitally important interface connecting plant cells to their outside environment and neighboring cells. Acting as a hub for defense, signaling, and physiological processes, the plant cell wall was a crucial innovation in plant evolution. Current cell wall models are largely based on what has been observed in plants like Arabidopsis, Pisum sativum, Nicotiana tabacum, and Phaseolus vulgaris. These models are unable to consider the variety of polymers in a given wall, the mechanical and functional properties such polymers impart, and the complexity of interactions among polymeric cell wall constituents. This work deepened the understanding of wall composition of specialized walls that fall outside of the scope of current plant cell wall models. A detailed survey of cell wall polymer distribution in the transfer cell walls in three key bryophyte species the model moss Physcomitrium patens, hornwort Phaeoceros carolinianus, and liverwort Marchantia polymorpha was done utilizing histochemical techniques in the light and florescent microscopes coupled with immunocytochemical localization with monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) in the transmission electron microscope (TEM). This work demonstrated that the occurrence, abundance, and types of polymers differ among taxa and between the two generations, are more influenced by developmental and life history needs than the similar function of the cells in individual taxa. A notable difference between generations was seen in M. polymorpha with the LM2 and JIM13 MAbs targeting AGP epitopes. However, findings in P patens appear to lack the differential labeling observed in both M. polymorpha and P. carolinianus. Using these same techniques, the walls and matrices involved in the process of spermatogenesis were examined in the moss P. patens and noted differences in abundance and location of cell wall polymers during sperm cell differentiation. Another notable finding of this work was that high concentrations of arabinose as components of AGP and pectins are important in the walls of P. patens during the process of spermatogenesis. The final study focused on utilizing herbarium specimens to explore the application of immunogold localization on dried collections of the moss Polytrichum up to 100 years old. The studies compiled in this dissertation demonstrate that the major cell wall components, cellulose, pectins, hemicelluloses, and callose, are constituents of special walls in three bryophytes, but they are differentially expressed within cell types and across these plants. Taken together, these works contribute significant new data on the composition of plant cell walls by focusing on bryophytes and the unique cell walls vital to the life history processes of spermatogenesis and placental function. These findings also show that both field-collected and herbarium samples are successfully labeled with MAbs at the TEM level, unlocking the potential for further studies across time and taxa using plant collections.

The evolution of land plants, particularly the origin of land plants, had long been an issue of concern to biologists. Bryophytes were widely accepted as the first land plants to have emerged during the evolution of land plants (Kenrick 1997, Mishler 1994). But, the phylogeny of the groups within the bryophytes remained debatable. There were currently two popular but conflicting ideas: the liverworts-basal topology (LBT) and the hornworts-basal topology (HBT). This psbA gene study provided additional information to help resolve the debate. Bazzania, Blasia, Megaceros, and Sphagnum psbA gene sequences were generated from this research. The other 24 sequences were obtained from GenBank. The UPGMA, Neighbor-Joining, and Maximum Parsimony trees generated by molecular evolutionary genetic analysis (MEGA) supported the liverworts-basal topology.

Thèse ou mémoire avec insertion d'articles. / Dans les projets de restauration écologique, bien qu'un des buts soit communément de réintroduire des communautés végétales diversifiées, peu d'attention est généralement accordée au rétablissement de la diversité en bryophytes après la restauration. C'est notamment le cas des tourbières à sphaignes restaurées par la méthode de transfert de la couche muscinale (MTCM) après l'extraction mécanique de tourbe pour l'horticulture. Ce sont ces écosystèmes qui sont au cœur de la présente recherche, où les pools d'espèces de bryophytes et de lichens ont d'abord été comparés dans 41 paires de sites donneurs naturels - secteurs de tourbière restaurée. La proportion des espèces muscinales transférées des sites donneurs se rétablissant avec succès après la restauration (taux de transfert) a pu être établie à 69 ± 2 %, ou à en moyenne 13 des 18 espèces de bryophytes réintroduites. Seulement quatre espèces ont été identifiées comme récalcitrantes - présentes dans les sites donneurs, mais absentes des secteurs restaurés : Calypogeia neesiana, C. sphagnicola, Ptilidium ciliare et Sphagnum quinquefarium. La flore muscinale et lichénique des tourbières ayant servi de site donneur est, toutefois, moins diversifiée que celle des tourbières restaurées, où la richesse en bryophytes diminue au fil des années post-restauration. Après l'application de la MTCM, il y a expansion du tapis de sphaignes en régénération et recouvrement des substrats perturbés (e.g. tourbe à nu, soulèvement gélival, paille, litière). Cela entraîne la disparition progressive des bryophytes apparues spontanément - absentes du matériel transféré et souvent des espèces de début de succession, - permettant aux communautés muscinales des tourbières restaurées par MTCM d'évoluer vers celles typiques de leurs équivalents naturels, soit des tourbières de type « bog ouvert ». La méthode de restauration permet ainsi le rétablissement de la diversité de la bryoflore typique des tourbières à sphaignes, les bryophytes identifiées comme récalcitrantes étant surtout associées à des conditions ombragées, lesquelles peuvent ne pas être disponibles entre 6 et 26 ans post-restauration. Considérant que l'écosystème de référence ciblé par la restauration est, après tout, le « bog ouvert », aucune intervention autre que de laisser s'écouler davantage de temps depuis celle-ci n'est suggérée pour favoriser le rétablissement des quatre espèces récalcitrantes. / In ecological restoration projects, although one common goal is to reintroduce diverse plant communities, little attention is generally given to the restoration of bryophyte diversity. This is particularly the case for Sphagnum-dominated peatlands restored using the Moss Layer Transfer Technique (MLTT) after mechanical peat extraction for horticulture. These ecosystems are the focus of the present study, where the species pools of bryophytes and lichens were initially compared between 41 pairs of natural donor sites and restored peatland sectors. The proportion of transferred bryophyte species successfully re-establishing after restoration (transfer rate) was determined to be 69 ± 2% (13 out of 18 reintroduced bryophytes). Only four species were identified as recalcitrant - present in donor sites but absent in restored sectors: Calypogeia neesiana, C. sphagnicola, Ptilidium ciliare, and Sphagnum quinquefarium. However, the bryophyte and lichen flora of the donor peatlands was less diverse than that of the restored peatlands, where bryophyte richness decreased over the post-restoration years. Following MLTT application, there was expansion of regenerating Sphagnum cover and revegetation of disturbed substrates (e.g., bare peat, frost heaving, straw, litter). This led to the progressive disappearance of spontaneously established bryophytes, which are absent from the transferred material and often represent early successional species. As a result, the bryophyte communities of MLTT-restored peatlands evolved towards those typical of their natural counterparts, namely « open bog » type peatlands. The restoration method thus facilitates the recovery of typical bryophyte diversity in Sphagnum-dominated peatlands, as the recalcitrant bryophytes are mostly associated with shaded conditions that may not be available between 6 and 26 years post-restoration. Considering that the targeted reference ecosystem for restoration is ultimately the « open bog », no intervention other than allowing more time to elapse since restoration is suggested to promote the recovery of the four recalcitrant species.

published_or_final_version / abstract / toc / Ecology and Biodiversity / Doctoral / Doctor of Philosophy

Thesis (Ph. D.)--Oregon State University, 2009. / Printout. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 146-166). Also available on the World Wide Web.

Doctor of Philosophy / Department of Horticulture, Forestry, and Recreation Resources / Steven Keeley / Controlling and preventing the spread of silvery-thread moss (STM, Bryum argenteum Hedw.) in putting greens is a difficult task for superintendents. Once established, a STM infestation can quickly increase through the movement of asexual propagules, such as shoot fragments, bulbils and protonema. Many practices used by superintendents are likely aiding in the dispersal and establishment of propagules. Research is needed to help superintendents effectively control this very invasive pest. The objectives of this research were to: 1) Investigate the cumulative effect of cultivation on a STM infestation in a creeping bentgrass putting green, when used with or without light, frequent topdressing and the herbicide carfentrazone; 2) Determine if STM growth is reduced by spraying ammonium sulfate (AMS) compared to urea, and understand the effect of spray volume on STM growth; 3) Evaluate the effectiveness of a range of carfentrazone rates for postemergence STM control; and 4) Determine if altering the pH of irrigation water with sulfuric- or hydrochloric acid affects the growth of STM. Generally, cultivation and carfentrazone reduced STM cover; however, the greatest reduction in STM cover was achieved when cultivation treatments were used in conjunction with carfentrazone. Topdressing did not affect STM cover. Ammonium sulfate increased STM cover and dry weight compared to urea and an untreated control. Furthermore, spray volume did not affect STM cover at any rating date. Superintendents managing STM infestations should limit or avoid use of AMS as an N source. At 28 days after treatment (DAT) the ED[subscript]90 (dose required to cause 90% gametophyte injury) was 26.8 g ai ha[superscript]-1, and at 49 DAT ED[subscript]90 was 54.3 g ai ha[superscript]-1; both of these doses are substantially lower than the label rates for long- and short-term control, respectively. As compared with label recommendations, this research suggests lower carfentrazone rates, and longer intervals, may be effective for STM control in putting greens. Irrigation pH affected STM growth, with pH’s 5 and 6 having increased growth compared to pH’s 7 and 8. It was hypothesized a lower irrigation pH enabled STM to better withstand sodium stress.

Climate change is expected to have a large impact on northern ecosystems. Increased temperatures and altered precipitation and snow cover patterns will have a great impact on subarctic tundra. Bryophytes form an important component of tundra ecosystems because of their high abundance and their importance in many ecological processes. The effect of elevation and snow cover on freezing damage in shoots of three subarctic bryophytes: Ptilidium ciliare, Hylocomium splendens and Sphagnum fuscum, was studied in a snow manipulation field experiment at different elevations in Abisko, Sweden, during early spring. The treatments included snow addition, snow removal and control. In addition, bryophyte healthiness at the plot scale was determined by image analysis using colour selection, and soil temperature and moisture data were collected. Freezing damage differed significantly among bryophyte species with P. ciliare having the lowest freezing damage. There was a decrease in freezing damage over time due to the increase in temperature as spring progressed. Counter expectation, freezing damage was higher at low elevation although the mean daily minimum temperature was lower at higher elevation, which might be due to adaptation effects. Snow treatment had only a minor effect on freezing damage, but it did have an effect on proportion of undamaged tissue at the plot scale which increased with increasing snow cover at high elevation, but decreased with increasing snow cover at low elevation. Soil moisture content was also affected by snow treatment. The number of freeze-thaw cycles was less for S. fuscum and H. splendens compared to bare soil plots, which indicates insulating capacities of these bryophytes. Freezing damage could not be explained by the measured climate variables alone; therefore, it is likely the result of a complex set of factors, possibly including solar radiation and disturbance by herbivores.

Ecological restoration is the practice of assisting the recovery of a degraded, damaged or destroyed ecosystem. The aim of this study was to analyse the effects of two different restoration techniques on instream bryophyte abundance, species richness and diversity as well as community composition, in streams channelized for timber-floating. Instream bryophytes were collected from 10 tributaries of the Vindel River in boreal northern Sweden, from five stream reaches each of channelized reaches, which had not been restored; reaches restored in the early 2000s, using best-practice techniques; and reaches restored in the early 2000s and then re-restored in 2010 using the new “demonstration” techniques. A multitude of environmental variables were also measured at the sites. Bryophyte abundance was lower in demonstration restored sites than unrestored or best-practice restored sites but no significant difference was found in bryophyte species richness, diversity or species composition. Environmental variables correlated with bryophyte abundance, species richness, diversity and composition largely reflected effects of restoration, and probably the disturbance associated with restoration. Small sediment grain sizes also had a negative effect on species richness. Other environmental variables that influenced bryophyte species composition were the large-scale factors of latitude, longitude and elevation and reach-scale factors of potassium concentration and light absorbance. It is not yet possible to fully evaluate the effectiveness, in terms of bryophyte response, of the new demonstration restoration compared with best-practice since the recovery time between them differs and has not been sufficient. Long-term monitoring of the effects of restoration is needed in order to better evaluate success.