Este trabalho trata da obtenção e caracterização de cerâmicas do sistema supercondutor Bi:Pb:Sr:Ca:Cu:O. O pó cerâmico foi feito por dois processos, mistura de óxidos/carbonatos e co-precipitação de oxalatos, com o objetivo de se estabelecer o procedimento mais favorável ao aparecimento da fase de temperatura critica de 110K. A caracterização do pó precursor foi feita através das técnicas de Plasma Indutivamente Acoplado (ICP), Picnometria, Sedigrafia, Difração de Raios X e Microscopia Eletrônica de Varredura. Na etapa de sinterização do pó estudamos, paralelamente a sinterização convencional, uma técnica alternativa de aplicação de corrente elétrica simultaneamente à ação da temperatura com o objetivo de acelerar a reação de formação e promover, possivelmente, uma maior fração da fase de mais alta temperatura critica. Ao final do processamento as amostras foram caracterizadas estruturalmente, por difração de raios X, e quanto às propriedades elétrica (resistividade elétrica) e magnética (susceptibilidade magnética). Na análise comparativa das características elétricas e estruturais das pastilhas obtidas convencional e quimicamente não observamos diferenças significativas entre elas. No entanto as medidas de susceptibilidade magnética mostraram uma grande diversificação de fases com temperaturas criticas abaixo de 110K, para a pastilha obtida por co-precipitação de oxalatos. Também verificamos que a fase 2223 encontra-se, nessa amostra, em maior proporção do que na pastilha proveniente de pó convencional. O processo alternativo de sinterização promoveu algumas alterações no comportamento da resistividade elétrica do material / This work is about the obtaining and characterizing pellets of the Bi:Pb:Sr:Ca:Cu:O system. The powder was prepared by two processes: oxide/carbonate mixture and oxalate co-precipitation. These two processes were used in order to establish the most favorable process to the 110 K phase formation. The characterization techniques were Inductively Coupled Plasma, Picnometry, Sedigraphy, X Ray Diffraction and SEM. The sinterization was made by conventional and an alternative techniques. The alternative one consists in applying electrical current simultaneously to the temperature action. The expectation was that this technique would accelerate the reactions and consequently, to promote higher volume fraction of the 110K phase. The pellets were structural, electrical and magnetically characterized by X Ray Diffraction, SEM, electrical resistivity and magnetic susceptibility. In the analysis of the electrical and structural characterization of the pellets made by both processing methods, we could not find any difference between them. But, the magnetization measurements indicated that there are numerous phases with critical temperature below 110 K, in addition a higher fraction of 2223 phase, in the pellet made by co-precipitation of oxalates. The alternative sintering process promoted a few alterations in the behavior of the electrical resistivity as a function of the applied temperature

L'apparition des supraconducteurs à hautes températures (HTc) a permis un développement continu des moteurs supraconducteurs. Ces dispositifs supraconducteurs permettent d'obtenir des puissances et des couples massiques et volumiques très élevés, et sont des alternatives intéressantes aux machines conventionnelles. Le dimensionnement des ces moteurs nécessite une bonne connaissance des caractéristiques électromagnétiques, thermiques et mécaniques des supraconducteurs HTc. Ainsi, le travail présenté ici traite du dimensionnement de machines HTc avec la prise en compte des contraintes liées aux fils supraconducteurs. Le manuscrit débute par une étude bibliographique approfondie dans laquelle trois points sont abordés : les fils supraconducteurs, description des réalisations remarquables de machines HTc de fortes puissances et une analyse statistique sur ces réalisations. Ensuite, la caractérisation DC des fils supraconducteurs HTc et la détermination de leurs pertes AC sous champ variable sont abordées. Des méthodes numériques sont utilisées pour la modélisation et les résultats obtenus sont comparés à ceux de l'expérience. La dernière partie aborde le dimensionnement électromagnétique de moteurs supraconducteurs HTc par des méthodes analytiques et numériques, avec la prise en compte des contraintes liées aux courants critiques dans les bobinages. Les premiers résultats concernant le dimensionnement électromagnétique et thermique d'une structure de machine synchrone supraconductrice à pôles saillants sont donnés. Les solutions techniques envisagées sont largement commentées / The appearance of high-temperature superconductors (HTS) has led to a continuous development of superconducting motors. These superconducting devices allow high power and torque densities, so they constitute and novel alternative to conventional motors. The design of such motors requires a deep knowledge of the electromagnetic, thermal and mechanical characteristics of the HTS materials. Hence, the work presented here is related to the design of HTS motors which includes the constraints due to the HTS conductors. The manuscript begins with an extensive literature review where three main points are discussed, viz. HTS conductors, already constructed HTS motors and statistical analysis on these achievements. The dc characterization of HTS superconductors as well as their ac losses under time varying magnetic fields are theoretically and experimentally studied. In so doing, numerical techniques are used and the obtained results are compared the measurements. The last part deals with the design of HTS motors by analytical and finite element methods. A particular attention is given to the constraints introduced by the use of HTS materials. The first results of the electromagnetic and thermal design of a salient pole HTS synchronous machine are provided with the emphasis of the adopted technical solutions

Glassy Bi-Sr-Ca-Cu-O (BSCCO) precursors were prepared by different melt-quenching methods to investigate the melt properties of the BSCCO system before the crystallization investigations were started. In order to fabricate superconductors having high critical temperature and current density using the glass-ceramic route, it is necessary to clarify the total chemical composition of the quenched precursor. For the first time the total chemical composition of such precursors has been directly measured by the direct element analysis and correlated with the taken process steps. The results from the element analysis demonstrated significant chemical deviations in composition with respect to the starting composition and strong chemical inhomogeneities of the sample. The crystallization dependence was investigated on numerous parameters for the BSCCO system such as initial composition, atmosphere, Sr:Ca ratio, average valence state of the glassy precursor and the dependence of Bi substitution by Pb. It could be demonstrated that the copper valence dependence on the phase formation and crystallization of the high-TC phase plays an important role in the BSCCO system. It could also be demonstrated that the smallest chemical deviation could strongly influence the phase formation in dependence of melt temperature, influencing not only the average copper valence but also the different cation concentrations. From literature there are barely any results or conclusions drawn of the chemical composition of the quenched glassy precursors that however is critical to control the crystallization behavior and understanding the influences on the superconductive properties as demonstrated in this work. / Amorphe Precursoren von dem Bi-Sr-Ca-Cu-O (BSCCO) System wurden durch verschiedene Methoden des Rascherstarrens hergestellt, um deren Schmelzeigenschaften vor dem Prozess der Kristallisation zu untersuchen. Um Supraleiter mit hoher kritischer Temperatur und Stromdichte mit der glas-keramischen Route anfertigen zu können, ist es notwendig, die chemische Zusammensetzung dieser amorphen Precursoren zu kennen. Erstmalig wurde die totale chemische Zusammensetzung der Precursoren durch die direkte Elementanalytik im Zusammenhang mit den jeweiligen Prozessschritten gemessen. Bei den Probeuntersuchungen zeigten sich wesentliche chemische Abweichungen von der nominalen Zusammensetzung und starke chemische Inhomogenitäten. In Abhängigkeit der Parameter nominale Zusammensetzung, Atmosphäre, Sr:Ca-Verhältnis, mittlerer Kupfervalenzzustand (für die Percursoren) und Bi Substitution mit Pb, ist die Kristallation ermittelt wurden. Es konnte gezeigt werden, dass der Kupfervalenzzustand eine wichtige Rolle in dem BSCCO System bei der Kristallisation von der Hoch-TC Phase spielt. Es hat sich auch herausgestellt, dass die kleinste chemische Abweichung stark die Phasenbildung beeinflussen kann. Diese Abweichung ist abhängig von der Schmelztemperatur, welche nicht nur den Kupfervalenzzustand sondern auch die Kationenkonzentrationen beeinflusst. In der Literatur finden sich wenig Veröffentlichungen oder Schlussfolgerungen zu dieser Thematik obwohl es die Kristallisationseigenschaften der Precursoren stark beeinflussen wird, wie es durch die vorliegende Arbeit bestätigt wurde.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:25:33Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2011-03-11Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T18:28:58Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 rodrigues_vd_me_ilha.pdf: 878464 bytes, checksum: d4777ee537da76b7fbdd91cfdcae18f6 (MD5) / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / Com a descoberta dos supercondutores de alta temperatura crítica na década de 80, as propriedades elétricas desses materiais passaram a ser intensamente estudadas, principalmente por meio do processo de dopagem. Desta forma, este trabalho teve por objetivo estudar os efeitos da dopagem nas propriedades elétricas do sistema supercondutor BSCCO com fórmula estequiométrica Bi1,6Pb0,4Sr2-xRExCa2Cu3O10+δ, por meio da substituição do elemento terra rara (RE), lantânio (La), em sítios de Sr, onde 0≤x≤2,0, em intervalos de 0,5. As soluções precursoras foram preparadas baseadas no método de Pechini, obtendo-se uma resina polimérica submetida a tratamento térmico de 200oC/10h, resultando em um material na forma de pó, o qual foi levado novamente a tratamento térmico entre 400oC a 810oC. Com o pó, foram preparadas pastilhas, submetendo-as a um novo tratamento térmico de 810oC/+31h. Para se conhecer as principais características das amostras, foram feitas a caracterização estrutural por meio da técnica de Difratometria de Raios X (DRX) para todos os tratamentos térmicos realizados; a caracterização elétrica, pelo método de quatro pontas dc; para a caracterização morfológica e química, a técnica de microscopia eletrônica de varredura (MEV), juntamente com a técnica de Espectroscopia por Energia Dispersiva de Raios X (EDX); e medidas magnéticas ac e dc para a caracterização magnética das amostras. Os resultados apontaram uma degradação das propriedades de supercondução, além de mudanças estruturais, morfológicas e magnéticas com o aumento da concentração de dopante / With the discovery of high critical temperature superconductors in the 80, the electrical properties of these materials became intensively studied, mainly through the doping process. Thus, the objective of this work was the study of the effects of doping on the electrical properties of BSCCO superconducting system with stoichiometric formula Bi1,6Pb0,4Sr2-xRExCa2Cu3O10+δ, by the substitution of rare earth element (RE), lanthanum (La) in the sites of Sr, where 0 ≤ x ≤ 2.0, in interval of 0.5. The precursor solutions were prepared based by Pechini method, obtaining a polymer resin subjected to heat treatment at 200° 10h, which results in a material in C/ a powder. In sequence, futher heat treatments between 400oC to 810oC were made. With the powder were prepared bulks by subjecting them to a new heat treatment at 810° C/+31h. To know the main characteristics of the samples, structural characterization were made by the technique of X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) for all heat treated samples; the electrical characterization was made by the dc four probe method; for the morphological and chemical characterization by the technique of Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), together with the technique of Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy (EDX); and ac and dc magnetic measurements to magnetic characterization of the sample. The results shown a degradation of superconducting properties, as a consequence of structural, morphology and magnetic changes with the dopant concentration increase

Este trabalho trata da obtenção e caracterização de cerâmicas do sistema supercondutor Bi:Pb:Sr:Ca:Cu:O. O pó cerâmico foi feito por dois processos, mistura de óxidos/carbonatos e co-precipitação de oxalatos, com o objetivo de se estabelecer o procedimento mais favorável ao aparecimento da fase de temperatura critica de 110K. A caracterização do pó precursor foi feita através das técnicas de Plasma Indutivamente Acoplado (ICP), Picnometria, Sedigrafia, Difração de Raios X e Microscopia Eletrônica de Varredura. Na etapa de sinterização do pó estudamos, paralelamente a sinterização convencional, uma técnica alternativa de aplicação de corrente elétrica simultaneamente à ação da temperatura com o objetivo de acelerar a reação de formação e promover, possivelmente, uma maior fração da fase de mais alta temperatura critica. Ao final do processamento as amostras foram caracterizadas estruturalmente, por difração de raios X, e quanto às propriedades elétrica (resistividade elétrica) e magnética (susceptibilidade magnética). Na análise comparativa das características elétricas e estruturais das pastilhas obtidas convencional e quimicamente não observamos diferenças significativas entre elas. No entanto as medidas de susceptibilidade magnética mostraram uma grande diversificação de fases com temperaturas criticas abaixo de 110K, para a pastilha obtida por co-precipitação de oxalatos. Também verificamos que a fase 2223 encontra-se, nessa amostra, em maior proporção do que na pastilha proveniente de pó convencional. O processo alternativo de sinterização promoveu algumas alterações no comportamento da resistividade elétrica do material / This work is about the obtaining and characterizing pellets of the Bi:Pb:Sr:Ca:Cu:O system. The powder was prepared by two processes: oxide/carbonate mixture and oxalate co-precipitation. These two processes were used in order to establish the most favorable process to the 110 K phase formation. The characterization techniques were Inductively Coupled Plasma, Picnometry, Sedigraphy, X Ray Diffraction and SEM. The sinterization was made by conventional and an alternative techniques. The alternative one consists in applying electrical current simultaneously to the temperature action. The expectation was that this technique would accelerate the reactions and consequently, to promote higher volume fraction of the 110K phase. The pellets were structural, electrical and magnetically characterized by X Ray Diffraction, SEM, electrical resistivity and magnetic susceptibility. In the analysis of the electrical and structural characterization of the pellets made by both processing methods, we could not find any difference between them. But, the magnetization measurements indicated that there are numerous phases with critical temperature below 110 K, in addition a higher fraction of 2223 phase, in the pellet made by co-precipitation of oxalates. The alternative sintering process promoted a few alterations in the behavior of the electrical resistivity as a function of the applied temperature

Glassy Bi-Sr-Ca-Cu-O (BSCCO) precursors were prepared by different melt-quenching methods to investigate the melt properties of the BSCCO system before the crystallization investigations were started. In order to fabricate superconductors having high critical temperature and current density using the glass-ceramic route, it is necessary to clarify the total chemical composition of the quenched precursor. For the first time the total chemical composition of such precursors has been directly measured by the direct element analysis and correlated with the taken process steps. The results from the element analysis demonstrated significant chemical deviations in composition with respect to the starting composition and strong chemical inhomogeneities of the sample. The crystallization dependence was investigated on numerous parameters for the BSCCO system such as initial composition, atmosphere, Sr:Ca ratio, average valence state of the glassy precursor and the dependence of Bi substitution by Pb. It could be demonstrated that the copper valence dependence on the phase formation and crystallization of the high-TC phase plays an important role in the BSCCO system. It could also be demonstrated that the smallest chemical deviation could strongly influence the phase formation in dependence of melt temperature, influencing not only the average copper valence but also the different cation concentrations. From literature there are barely any results or conclusions drawn of the chemical composition of the quenched glassy precursors that however is critical to control the crystallization behavior and understanding the influences on the superconductive properties as demonstrated in this work. / Amorphe Precursoren von dem Bi-Sr-Ca-Cu-O (BSCCO) System wurden durch verschiedene Methoden des Rascherstarrens hergestellt, um deren Schmelzeigenschaften vor dem Prozess der Kristallisation zu untersuchen. Um Supraleiter mit hoher kritischer Temperatur und Stromdichte mit der glas-keramischen Route anfertigen zu können, ist es notwendig, die chemische Zusammensetzung dieser amorphen Precursoren zu kennen. Erstmalig wurde die totale chemische Zusammensetzung der Precursoren durch die direkte Elementanalytik im Zusammenhang mit den jeweiligen Prozessschritten gemessen. Bei den Probeuntersuchungen zeigten sich wesentliche chemische Abweichungen von der nominalen Zusammensetzung und starke chemische Inhomogenitäten. In Abhängigkeit der Parameter nominale Zusammensetzung, Atmosphäre, Sr:Ca-Verhältnis, mittlerer Kupfervalenzzustand (für die Percursoren) und Bi Substitution mit Pb, ist die Kristallation ermittelt wurden. Es konnte gezeigt werden, dass der Kupfervalenzzustand eine wichtige Rolle in dem BSCCO System bei der Kristallisation von der Hoch-TC Phase spielt. Es hat sich auch herausgestellt, dass die kleinste chemische Abweichung stark die Phasenbildung beeinflussen kann. Diese Abweichung ist abhängig von der Schmelztemperatur, welche nicht nur den Kupfervalenzzustand sondern auch die Kationenkonzentrationen beeinflusst. In der Literatur finden sich wenig Veröffentlichungen oder Schlussfolgerungen zu dieser Thematik obwohl es die Kristallisationseigenschaften der Precursoren stark beeinflussen wird, wie es durch die vorliegende Arbeit bestätigt wurde.

Limitadores de corrente supercondutores resistivos (LCSR) são dispositivos com características elétricas próximas ao ideal quando ocorre a transição do estado supercondutor para o estado normal, limitando a corrente de falta através da inserção rápida de uma resistência na rede. A viabilidade técnica e econômica destes limitadores aumentou após o desenvolvimento dos supercondutores de alta temperatura crítica HTS. A primeira geração de fitas HTS (BSCCO) consiste em multifilamentos de material supercondutor embutidos em uma matriz de prata. A densidade de corrente crítica típica é de aproximadamente 140 A/mm2. Contudo, a resistência alcançada pelo LCSR quando atinge o estado normal não é suficiente para limitar a corrente de falta, sendo necessários longos comprimentos de fitas (~5 km) para que a corrente seja limitada. O recente desenvolvimento de fitas supercondutoras de YBCO com filmes finos texturizados e com substrato de alta resistividade superou o desempenho das fitas de BSCCO para esta aplicação. Com uma densidade de corrente crítica de 136 A/mm2, as fitas de YBCO são bem conhecidas pelo seu alto valor de índice n (aproximadamente 30), rápida resposta de transição após falta e alta resistência elétrica no estado normal. Neste trabalho foram analisados o comportamento elétrico e magnético das fitas de BSCCO e YBCO (em amostras curtas de 0,2 m) utilizando diferentes técnicas de caracterização das propriedades das fitas HTS. A partir destes resultados, medidas com pulsos de corrente DC e AC com intensidades de 3 a 7 vezes a corrente crítica do sistema (I=720 A a 1700 A) com duração de 1 a 5 ciclos da rede em 60 Hz (16 a 80 ms) foram realizados de forma a obter as características do tempo de recuperação em um elemento contendo 4 fitas em paralelo (0,4 m). Os resultados permitiram o projeto, construção e medidas em corrente AC de um protótipo LCSR (Ipico = 2 kA) contendo 16 elementos sob condições normais de operação da rede (220 V - 60 Hz). / Resistive Superconducting fault current limiter (SFCL) are devices with electrical behavior near the ideal when it changes its state from the superconducting to the normal state, limiting the fault current by the insertion of a fast transition resistance in the grid. The technical and economical feasibility of these limiters arose after the development of the high critical temperature superconductors HTS. First generation HTS tapes (BSCCO) consist of multifilamentary composite tapes embedded in a silver matrix. The typical critical current density is approximately 14 kA/cm2. However, the resistance reached by the SFCL when normal state occurs is not high enough to limit the fault current, making necessary long lengths of tapes (~5 km) for limiting purposes. The recently development of coated conductors composites with high resistivity metal substrate have succeeded the BSCCO tapes which are based on YBCO textured film. Upon carrying a critical current density of 13.6 kA/cm2, YBCO tapes are well known for their high n-index value (approximately 30), fast transition response after fault, and high electrical resistance in the normal state. In this work, we will present the electrical and magnetic performance of BSCCO and YBCO tapes (short samples of 0.2 m) using several techniques to characterize the properties of the HTS tapes. It was also performed analysis with DC and AC currents peaks with strength of 3 to 7 times the critical current (I=720 A to 1700 A) lasting 1 to 5 cycles (16 to 80 ms) in order to verify the recovery characteristics in an element with 4 tapes in a parallel connection. And with those characteristics we designed and constructed and measured in AC current a SFCL prototype (Ipeak = 2 kA) consisting in 16 elements to use in the grid (220 V - 60 Hz) under operational conditions.

Limitadores de corrente supercondutores resistivos (LCSR) são dispositivos com características elétricas próximas ao ideal quando ocorre a transição do estado supercondutor para o estado normal, limitando a corrente de falta através da inserção rápida de uma resistência na rede. A viabilidade técnica e econômica destes limitadores aumentou após o desenvolvimento dos supercondutores de alta temperatura crítica HTS. A primeira geração de fitas HTS (BSCCO) consiste em multifilamentos de material supercondutor embutidos em uma matriz de prata. A densidade de corrente crítica típica é de aproximadamente 140 A/mm2. Contudo, a resistência alcançada pelo LCSR quando atinge o estado normal não é suficiente para limitar a corrente de falta, sendo necessários longos comprimentos de fitas (~5 km) para que a corrente seja limitada. O recente desenvolvimento de fitas supercondutoras de YBCO com filmes finos texturizados e com substrato de alta resistividade superou o desempenho das fitas de BSCCO para esta aplicação. Com uma densidade de corrente crítica de 136 A/mm2, as fitas de YBCO são bem conhecidas pelo seu alto valor de índice n (aproximadamente 30), rápida resposta de transição após falta e alta resistência elétrica no estado normal. Neste trabalho foram analisados o comportamento elétrico e magnético das fitas de BSCCO e YBCO (em amostras curtas de 0,2 m) utilizando diferentes técnicas de caracterização das propriedades das fitas HTS. A partir destes resultados, medidas com pulsos de corrente DC e AC com intensidades de 3 a 7 vezes a corrente crítica do sistema (I=720 A a 1700 A) com duração de 1 a 5 ciclos da rede em 60 Hz (16 a 80 ms) foram realizados de forma a obter as características do tempo de recuperação em um elemento contendo 4 fitas em paralelo (0,4 m). Os resultados permitiram o projeto, construção e medidas em corrente AC de um protótipo LCSR (Ipico = 2 kA) contendo 16 elementos sob condições normais de operação da rede (220 V - 60 Hz). / Resistive Superconducting fault current limiter (SFCL) are devices with electrical behavior near the ideal when it changes its state from the superconducting to the normal state, limiting the fault current by the insertion of a fast transition resistance in the grid. The technical and economical feasibility of these limiters arose after the development of the high critical temperature superconductors HTS. First generation HTS tapes (BSCCO) consist of multifilamentary composite tapes embedded in a silver matrix. The typical critical current density is approximately 14 kA/cm2. However, the resistance reached by the SFCL when normal state occurs is not high enough to limit the fault current, making necessary long lengths of tapes (~5 km) for limiting purposes. The recently development of coated conductors composites with high resistivity metal substrate have succeeded the BSCCO tapes which are based on YBCO textured film. Upon carrying a critical current density of 13.6 kA/cm2, YBCO tapes are well known for their high n-index value (approximately 30), fast transition response after fault, and high electrical resistance in the normal state. In this work, we will present the electrical and magnetic performance of BSCCO and YBCO tapes (short samples of 0.2 m) using several techniques to characterize the properties of the HTS tapes. It was also performed analysis with DC and AC currents peaks with strength of 3 to 7 times the critical current (I=720 A to 1700 A) lasting 1 to 5 cycles (16 to 80 ms) in order to verify the recovery characteristics in an element with 4 tapes in a parallel connection. And with those characteristics we designed and constructed and measured in AC current a SFCL prototype (Ipeak = 2 kA) consisting in 16 elements to use in the grid (220 V - 60 Hz) under operational conditions.

While in conventional superconductors coupling between electrons and phonons is known to be responsible for the electron pairing, for the high temperature superconductors the pairing media remains under debates. Since the interactions of electrons with other degrees of freedom (phonons, magnetic excitations, etc) manifest themselves by an additional renormalization in the electronic dispersion, they can be investigated by means of Angle Resolved Photoelectron Spectroscopy. In the work renormalization in two families of high Tc cuprates have been studied. Along the diagonal of the two-dimensional BZ, the renormalization effects are represented by an unusual band dispersion that develops a so-called ‘‘kink’’. In the vicinity of the (pi, 0) point of the BZ, where the order parameter reaches its maximum, the renormalization is noticeably stronger and makes itself evident even in the shape of a single spectral line measured for a fixed momentum. It was shown that for the Bi-2212 samples substitution of Cu atoms in Cu-O plane changes renormalization features in ARPES spectra both in nodal and antinodal parts of the Brillouin zone. The smearing of the dip in the in the spectral line shape measured at (pi; 0) point can be well explained by coupling of electrons to the magnetic resonance mode. The effect of Zn and Ni substitution on the antinodal ARPES spectra was shown to be in good agreement with the influence of these impurities on magnetic resonance mode seen in inelastic neutron scattering experiments. This, in addition to the previous ARPES studies of temperature and doping dependence of peak-dip-hump structure, mass renormalization near antinodal region and a kink in the nodal part of Brillouin zone, provides further evidence that the coupling to magnetic excitations, rather than to phonons, is responsible for the observed unusual renormalization. Unlike the well studied Bi-2212 family of cuprates, photoemission on YBCO-123 turns out to be much more complicated. The observed spectra have a strong contribution from a heavily overdoped surface component with the hole doping level of about x~0.30, which is weakly dependent on the sample stochiometry. Absence of any signs of superconductivity in the spectra of the overdoped component was argued to result from the unusually high doping level. This conclusion is supported by the fact that the overdoped bands give rise to the Fermi surface and band structure consistent with the predictions of the LDA calculations, as well as, by the dependence of the photoemission matrix element on the excitation energy, which closely follows that of the superconducting bulk component. Specific experimental geometry was used to enhance the signal coming from the superconducting component. In particular, experiments with circularly polarized light bundled with simple theoretical considerations enabled better separation of the surface and the bulk components. This type of experiments also suggests that the overdoped component is mainly localized in the topmost CuO2 bilayer, while the next bilayers in the YBCO-123 structure already represent bulk properties and retain superconductivity. Using partially Ca substituted samples it was possible to obtain spectra with a suppressed overdoped component. The likely reason for the suppression is a shift of the most probable cleavage plane from the Ba–O interface to the Y layer. Spectra from the Ca substituted sample clearly reveal a sizable superconducting gap, and strong renormalization effects in the vicinity of the antinodal point. The fact that the renormalization vanishes above Tc and has strong momentum dependence, diminishing away from the (pi; 0)/(0; pi) point, strongly suggests that the reason for this renormalization in YBCO-123 is coupling of the electronic subsystem to spin resonance, similar to the case of Bi-2212.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-03-15T19:36:40Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Isac Almeida da Silva.pdf: 4184474 bytes, checksum: 7cd309b008fc6810e46b803fd11e6463 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-02-05 / The so-called low-temperature physics had its development from studies of the dutch physicist Karmelingh Onnes, in the early twentieth century (1908), when he first got the liquefaction of helium. Studying thereafter the behavior of chemicals at low temperatures, three years after he found that resistance to the passage of electric current of mercury fell to zero for temperature equal to 4,2 K or -269ºC. This phenomenon came to be called superconductivity. In the following years many metallic superconductors were found, all, however, with a very low critical temperature. Intending to raising this temperature, doping in composite superconductors, such as BSCCO BiSrCaCuO have been made. In this research, physical and chemical properties of BSCCO composite were studied and discussed. This was done after different sintering routes. The precursor solutions were prepared by M. Pechini method, obtaining a material in powder form that was milled, calcinated, pressed, sintered, and then the characterization of samples was carried out using X-ray diffraction (XRD), electron microscopy (SEM) and energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS). The crystal structure of the material was refined by Rietveld method, by factors of disagreement Rwp = 5,43% e RBragg = 2,54%, checking 91,3% of phase 2234 BSCCO composite, which it is highly superconducting and rarely obtained together with 8,7% of other phases. / A denominada física de baixas temperaturas teve o seu desenvolvimento a partir dos estudos do físico holandês Karmelingh Onnes, no início do século XX (1908), quando pela primeira vez obteve a liquefação do hélio. Estudando a partir de então o comportamento de elementos químicos a baixas temperaturas, ele constatou três anos depois que a resistência à passagem da corrente elétrica do mercúrio sofreu uma queda a zero, quando à temperatura de 4,2 K, - 269 °C. Este fenômeno passou a ser chamado de supercondutividade. Nos anos seguintes muitos materiais metálicos supercondutores foram encontrados, todos, porém, com uma temperatura crítica baixíssima. Com a intenção de elevar esta temperatura, dopagens em compósitos supercondutores, tais como o BSCCO BiSrCaCuO vêm sendo efetuadas. Neste trabalho foram estudadas, discutidas e comparadas as propriedades físicas e químicas do compósito BSCCO após rotas distintas de sinterização. As soluções precursoras foram preparadas pelo método de M. Pechini, obtendo-se um material em forma de pó que, após moagem, calcinação, prensagem e sinterização, foram caracterizados, utilizando-se difração de raios X (DRX), microscopia eletrônica (MEV) e espectroscopia de energia dispersiva (EDS).. A estrutura cristalina do material obtido foi refinada até fatores de discordância Rwp = 5,43% e RBragg = 2,54%, verificando-se a presença de 91,3% da fase 2234 do compósito BSCCO, altamente supercondutora e de rara obtenção e 8,7% de outras fases.