Thesis (M.S.)--Brigham Young University. Dept. of Chemical Engineering, 2007. / Includes bibliographical references (p. 89-97).

Thesis (M.S.)--Brigham Young University. Dept. of Mechanical Engineering, 2007. / Includes bibliographical references (p. 67-69).

Thesis (Ph.D.)--McMaster University, 2003. / Advisor: R. L. Judd. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 253-256). Also available via World Wide Web.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--Ohio State University, 2005. / Title from first page of PDF file. Includes bibliographical references (p. 126-132).

Bubbles are ubiquitous influencing a multitude of biological processes in natural and industrial environments; this influence is especially relevant during and after bubble rupture. Indeed, the influence of a bubble can extend well beyond its lifetime via the droplets produced when it ruptures. These droplets are known to effectively transport nearby particulates including bacteria and viruses into the surroundings, which in addition to affecting human health can influence global climate by acting as cloud condensation nuclei. Further, the bubble's rupture is a violent event that has been linked to decreased cell viability in bioreactors. However, in all these applications many of the studies have taken an empirical approach, making the results difficult to generalize. Here we combine theory and experiment to investigate the static and dynamic interactions between bubbles and the surrounding microorganisms at a free interface. Our first study focuses on the equilibrium shape a bubble forms after reaching the surface of a liquid. Existing literature is limited to a bubble resting on a flat interface; for example, the surface of a pool or calm lake. However, there are instances where this assumption no longer applies -- a bubble bursting on a raindrop, for example. By relaxing this assumption, we show how a curved boundary alters the final shape of the bubble. Our next study focuses on the enrichment of particulates in the cap of a bursting bubble. As a bubble rises to a free surface, particulates in the bulk liquid are frequently transported to the surface by attaching to the bubble's interface. When the bubble ruptures, a fraction of these particulates are often ejected into the surroundings in film droplets with particulate concentrations higher than the liquid from which originate. However, the precise mechanisms responsible for this enrichment are unclear. By simultaneously recording the drainage and rupture events with high-speed and standard photography, we directly measure the concentrations in a thin bubble film. Based on our results, we develop a physical model and provide evidence that the enrichment is due to a combination of scavenging and film drainage. Our next study focuses on the conditions necessary for a jet droplet to be produced. Past research shows that droplet production is halted when either gravitational or viscous effects are significant. Through systematic experimentation we uncover an intermediate region where both effects are significant, leading to an early end of droplet production. By numerically decoupling the gravitational effects into before and after rupture, we find that the equilibrium shape is responsible for the existence of this intermediate region. Our last study focuses on quantifying the localized stresses produced during spontaneous bubble bursting. Directly simulating each bubble and its effect on the suspended cells in a bioreactor is currently infeasible. Here we illustrate how the results of past works, which disagree by several orders of magnitude for similarly sized bubbles, are primarily a result of the chosen numerical mesh, not the underlying physics. By implementing a particle tracking method, we eliminate this mesh dependence and quantify the extent or volume effected by a single bubble bursting event. Based on our results, we develop a generalizable framework that could be integrated into existing models as a parameterization, removing the need to simulate both phases. / 2019-07-09T00:00:00Z

Nous avons étudié expérimentalement la mise en suspension de particules lorsque l’on injecte du gaz à la base d’une couche de grains immergée dans un liquide, en géométrie confinée (cellule de Hele-Shaw). En configuration verticale, le système atteint toujours un régime stationnaire résultant de la compétition entre l’entraînement des grains par la remontée des bulles, et leur sédimentation. Un modèle phénoménologique permet d’expliquer les propriétés de la suspension ainsi formée, et du lit granulaire non affecté par la remontée de gaz. L’effet de la gravité effective dans le système est ensuite considérée. Lorsqu’un état stationnaire existe, la taille du lit granulaire présente un maximum pour un angle d’inclinaison de la cellule de 30-40 degrés environ. Cette observation s’explique par un phénomène particulier de sédimentation, l’effet Boycott. Les propriétés statistiques de la suspension (densité, homogénéité) et des bulles (taille, forme, orientation) ont été caractérisées. On montre en particulier que l’on atteint un plateau pour l’aire de contact entre les trois phases (gaz/liquide/solide) en fonction du débit, indépendamment de la gravité effective – résultat important dans le cadre d’applications à des réactions catalytiques. Enfin, une large exploration de la gamme des paramètres montre, pour des cellules inclinées et certaines valeurs de débit de gaz, l’existence d’un régime oscillant : la taille du lit granulaire varie entre un état « creusé » (suspension très dense) et un état « comblé » (suspension peu concentrée). Une explication est proposée pour les temps de montée et de descente de ces oscillations. / We have studied experimentally particle suspension when injecting a gas at the bottom of an immersed granular layer, in confined geometry (Hele-Shaw cell). In a vertical setup, the system always reaches a stationary state resulting from the competition between grains entrainment by bubble rise, and sedimentation. A phenomenological model makes it possible to explain the properties of the suspension thus formed, and of the granular bed not affected by the gas rise. The influence of the effective gravity in the system is then considered. When a stationary state is reached, the size of the granular bed displays a maximum for a cell inclination angle of about 30-40 degrees. This observation can be explained by referring to a peculiar sedimentation process, the Boycott effect. Statistical properties of the suspension (density, homogeneity) and bubbles (size, shape, orientation) have been characterized. In particular, we show that the contact surface between the three phases (gas/liquid/solid) reaches a plateau when increasing the gas flow-rate, independent of the effective gravity. This result is important in the frame of possible applications to catalytic reactors. Finally, exploring a large range of parameters, we point out the existence of an oscillatory regime for inclined cells in a given range of gas flow-rates: the granular bed size oscillates between an "excavated" state (dense suspension) and a "filled" state: (dilute suspension). An explanation for the rising and falling time of these oscillations is proposed.

Orientadores: Ana Maria Frattini Fileti, João Alexandre F. R. Pereira / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Quimica / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-04T07:22:16Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Delatore_Fabio_M.pdf: 5286633 bytes, checksum: fbfd34a4b52a79d151598a14f43c669f (MD5) Previous issue date: 2005 / Resumo: O presente trabalho descreve o desenvolvimento de um sistema óptico de detecção de bolhas em tubulações. Esta montagem foi realizado no Laboratório de Controle e Automação de processos de DESQ/FEQ/UNICAMP. As bolhas podem representar um problema em certos processos químicos, por exemplo, no caso de uma tubulação que alimenta uma bomba. Deseja-se exista somente líquido passando, pois bolhas geraria cavitação e também desgaste do rotor devido ao choque dessas bolhas de ar com o rotor e com as paredes internas da bomba, inutilizando-a em pouco tempo de uso. Um outro exemplo, em tubulações com líquidos quentes que alimentam um trocador de calor, a presença de bolhas faz com que a eficiência da troca térmica do equipamento diminua. O sistema óptico desenvolvido utilizou como emissor de luz, o laser e como receptor, um componente eletrônico chamado de fototransistor. Dois tipos de sensores ópticos foram desenvolvidos. O primeiro deles, o sensor pontual, utiliza apenas um emissor laser e um fototransistor. Já o segundo, chamado de sensor multiponto, utiliza quatro emissores laser e quatro fototransistores. Duas interfaces eletrônicas foram desenvolvidas. A interface do sensor pontual funciona com retenção do sinal de saída, ou seja, a saída não se altera até a passagem de uma nova bolha... Observação: O resumo, na íntegra, poderá ser visualizado no texto completo da tese digital / Abstract: This work describes the development of an optical system to detect bubbles on chemical industries pipelines. The experimental apparatus was assembled in the Processes Control and Automation Laboratory of DESQ/FEQ/UNICAMP. Bubbles may represent a problem in some processes. For example, the presence of bubbles in the liquid that feeds a centrifugal pump can cause a decrease in the pump efficiency and the rotor wearing down due to the friction forces. Another example can be found in pipes with hot fluid that feeds a heat exchanger. Bubble appearance will also decrease the heat transfer efficiency. The developed optical system employs the laser pointer pen as a light source (emitter) and an electronic component, called phototransistor, as a receiver. Two optical sensors were developed. The first one was assembled using just one emitter and one-receiver devices. The second one, called multipoint sensor, was developed using four emitters and four receivers. An electronic interface was successfully developed to connect the optical sensor on the Fieldbus network. For the one-emitter-sensor, the interface uses the latch feature so that the transmitter state does no change until a new event happens. On the multipoint sensor, the interface works as an asynchronous counter: for every bubble event, the counter in the software is increased by one... Note: The complete abstract is available with the full electronic digital thesis or dissertations / Mestrado / Sistemas de Processos Quimicos e Informatica / Mestre em Engenharia Química

Nous avons étudié expérimentalement la dynamique de remontée de bulles dans des fluides complexes, allant de solutions de polymère à des milieux granulaires immergés, dans le cas d'une géométrie confinée (cellule de Hele-Shaw). Dans un premier temps, nous avons considéré la remontée d'une bulle unique dans une solution de polymère confinée. Le fluide choisi (PEO) est viscoélastique et rhéofluidifiant. Au-delà d'un volume critique, nous avons mis en évidence et caractérisé deux types d'instabilités : la bulle est défléchie de sa trajectoire verticale, ou se fragmente. L'extension de cette expérience au cas de l'injection continue d'air en base de la cellule a permis de quantifier la dynamique couplée entre les bulles et en particulier leur coalescence, qui dépend fortement du débit d'injection. Dans un deuxième temps, nous avons considéré le cas d'un milieu granulaire immergé : un lit de grains à surface libre, dans lequel de l'air est injecté à débit constant par un unique point d'injection en base de la cellule. En régime stationnaire, la mise en mouvement des grains par le passage répété de l'air conduit à la formation d'une zone fluide. Nous avons quantifié la dynamique des bulles dans cette zone et montré que même en variant la taille des grains et le débit de gaz, la fraction de gaz piégée dans la zone fluide reste constante. Enfin, nous avons considéré l'influence d'un obstacle fixe sur la dynamique du canal d'air central. Un diagramme des régimes est établi en fonction de la taille et de la hauteur de l'obstacle : soit le canal est stabilisé par l'obstacle, soit il est instable et explore de manière intermittente l'un ou l'autre côté de l'obstacle. / We have studied experimentally the dynamics of bubbles rising in complex fluids, from polymer solutions to immersed granular media, in a confined geometry (Hele-Shaw cell). In a first part, we considered the rise of a single bubble in a confined polymer solution. The fluid (PEO) is viscoelastic and shear-thinning. Above a critical volume, we have observed and characterized two types of instabilities : the bubble is deflected from its vertical trajectory, or fragments. The extension of this experiment to continuous air injection at of the cell bottom made it possible to quantify the coupled dynamics between bubbles and in particular their coalescence, which is highly dependent on the injection rate. In a second part, we considered the case of a immersed granular medium, in which air is injected at constant flow rate through a single nozzle at the cell bottom. In the steady state, the movement of the grains generated by the successive air pathways leads to the formation of a fluidized zone. We quantified the bubble dynamics in this zone and showed that even when varying the grains size and gas flow rate, the fraction of gas trapped in the fluidized zone remains constant. Finally, we considered the influence of a fixed obstacle on the dynamics of the central air channel. A phase diagram is established depending on the size and height of the obstacle: either the channel is stabilized by the obstacle, or it is unstable and intermittently explores each side of the obstacle.

This dissertation evaluates the effectiveness of public interventions in tax policy (such as a tax compliance campaign in Greece), the performance of public institutions that dictate land zoning (corruption of zoning officials in Greece and Spain) and public health (publicly-provided health insurance; namely, Medicaid). The common underlying theme of the dissertation is the public nature of the policies examines with an empirical emphasis. The ultimate goal of this research body is to provide credible policy solutions for the improvement of public administration.

京都大学 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(経済学) / 甲第22950号 / 経博第625号 / 新制||経||294(附属図書館) / 京都大学大学院経済学研究科経済学専攻 / (主査)教授 柴田 章久, 准教授 高橋 修平, 教授 宇南山 卓 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Economics / Kyoto University / DGAM