Magistro baigiamajame darbe analizuojama 2007-2013 metų Alytaus miesto savivaldybės biudžeto vykdymas. Pirmoje darbo dalyje apžvelgiama nacionalinio biudžeto struktūra, pateikiama intergruoto planavimo ir biudžeto sudarymo schema, nacionalinio biudžeto sudarymo daugiapakopė teisinio reglamentavimo struktūra, savivaldybės vykdomų funkcijų klasifikacija, vietos savivaldos samprata. Teoriniu aspektu aptariamas fiskalinės decentarlizacijos principas kaip ryšys tarp valstyvės biudžeto ir savivaldybių biudžeų pagrindas, savivaldybių savarankiškumo ir įtakos ribotumo biudžeto pajamoms klausimas, bei sudaromas konceptualus modelis. Antroje darbo dalyje apibrėžiama kas yra savivaldybių biudžetų išlaidos ir savivaldybių pajamas, pateikiama pajamų sudėtis bei asignavimai pagal ekonominę ir funkcinę klasifikaciją. Atliekama Alytaus miesto savivaldybės biudžeto pajamų ir išlaidų dinaminė ir struktūros analizė. Trečioje darbo dalyje atliekama Alytaus miesto savivaldybės 2007-2013 metų biudžeto pajamų ir išlaidų planų įvykdymo analizė, nurodoma priežastys ir pasekmės. Ketvirtoje darbo dalyje palyginami Alytaus, Kauno ir Vilniaus miestų savivaldybių biudžetai. Baigiamojo darbo pabaigoje pateikiamos išvados, paremtos atlikto tyrimo rezultatais. / In this master‘s work it is analysed 2007-2013 years budget revenue and expenditure plans implementation of municipality of Alytus city. In the first part of work, it is looked at structure of National budget, submitted the integral planning and and the drawing up principles of National and municipality budget, it is showed a classification of municipality functions, adduced in the conception of local government. It is adduced in theoretical aspect the principle of fiscal decentralization as an important connection between state budget and municipality budget, reviewed a question of municipality autonomy and limitation of influence to affect municipality incomes, developed a constructive model. In the second part of work, it is defined what is the budgetary expenditure of municipalities and revenue. Also reviewed what composes the income of municipalities and reviewed expenditure partition of government functions. It is analysed the structure and dynamic of budget income and expenditure of municipality of the city of Alytus 2007-2011 years. In the third part of work, it is fulfilled the analysis of budget revenue and expenditure plans implementation of Alytus city municipality 2007-2011 years. It is indicated the reasons and consequences. In the fourth part, three budgets are compared with: the Kaunas, Vilnius and the Alytus city budgets. In the final part there are given conclusions based on the results of accomplished research.

Nudging has received a lot of attention since the concept was introduced in 2008. A nudge is an element in the environment that attracts people's attention and changes their behavior but does so in a way that is not coercive. It is used as a tool to help people make decisions that benefit themselves but also society at large. In Lambohov, an area in Linköping, Sweden, a project called “Hållbara kvarteren i Lambohov” was created with the aim of influencing people to more sustainable choices. In this thesis, a case study of the project is conducted where we examine factors that lead to failed nudges. We analyze why nudging does not work as a tool to influence consumers to more sustainable choices.    We identify three main factors why nudging tools do not give the desired effect. Firstly, the design of the nudge is not well made. Secondly, the incentives are not strong enough to change behavior. Lastly, it is difficult to determine whether a nudging tool has failed or not depending on whether the effects are measured in the short or long term. In addition, we conclude that a so-called pro-self nudge (where the goal is to influence the individual's choice for their own gain) was a strength in the project and works better than the pro-social nudge (intended to benefit society at large). A weakness the study identifies is that the environment in which some of the nudges were placed does not support the behavioral change. Furthermore, no follow-up of the project was done, which makes it difficult to determine whether a behavioral change will be lasting.    Finally, we can state that one factor in the failure of nudging tools is its limitation as a policy tool. All individuals control their own choice and decision-making process. Nudging can function as a complement rather than a substitute for traditional policy instruments, such as regulations and taxes. Based on the results of this study, more regulatory tools may be required to achieve Agenda 2030 and get a carbon-neutral Linköping 2025.

Submitted by Renata Lopes (renatasil82@gmail.com) on 2017-08-17T15:37:45Z No. of bitstreams: 1 annaceciliaassismendonca.pdf: 1009572 bytes, checksum: e3decc4da755d0f1c1b84ffb44806d74 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Adriana Oliveira (adriana.oliveira@ufjf.edu.br) on 2017-08-17T15:55:11Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 annaceciliaassismendonca.pdf: 1009572 bytes, checksum: e3decc4da755d0f1c1b84ffb44806d74 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-08-17T15:55:11Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 annaceciliaassismendonca.pdf: 1009572 bytes, checksum: e3decc4da755d0f1c1b84ffb44806d74 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-12-21 / A presente dissertação foi desenvolvida no âmbito do Mestrado Profissional em Gestão e Avaliação da Educação (PPGP) do Centro de Políticas Públicas e Avaliação da Educação da Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora (CAEd/UFJF). O caso de gestão estudado discutiu a distribuição interna, na Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora (UFJF), dos recursos recebidos através de descentralização orçamentária do Ministério da Educação. Os objetivos definidos para esta pesquisa foram descrever o modelo de distribuição orçamentária aplicado atualmente na UFJF, analisá-lo de forma a aferir como os critérios utilizados têm impactado efetivamente na distribuição e avaliar e comparar o modelo de descentralização orçamentária interno adotado em outras cinco Instituições Federais de Ensino Superior. Após essas reflexões, foi proposto um plano de ação a fim de tornar o modelo de distribuição orçamentária na UFJF mais atual e aperfeiçoado, de acordo com a expansão física e de pessoal ocorridas em decorrência da adesão ao Programa de Reestruturação e Expansão das Universidades Federais (REUNI). O Plano de Ação Educacional sugeriu a adoção de um modelo para a distribuição interna dos recursos oriundos do MEC através de descentralização de forma mais equânime. A metodologia desta pesquisa se caracteriza como qualitativa, uma vez que foi utilizada a análise comparativa entre alguns modelos de distribuição, a partir do emprego da pesquisa documental e bibliográfica. / This dissertation wass developed under the Professional Master in Managent and Evaluation of Public Education (PPGP) of the Center for Public Policy and Evaluation of Education of the Federal University of Juiz de Fora (CAEd/UFJF). The management case studied discussed the internal distribution, of the Federal University of Juiz de for a (UFJF), of the funds received through budgetary decentralization of the Education Ministry. The aims defined for this research were to describe the budget distribution model currently applied in the UFJF, analyze it in order to certify how the criteria used have effectively impacted the distribution, evaluate and compare the internal budget decentralization model adopted in five other Federal Institutions of Higher Education. After these reflections, it will be proposed a plan of action to make the budget distribution model uptodated and improved in UFJF, according to the physical and personnel expansion that occurred as a result of taking part of the Program of Restructuring and Expansion of the Federal Universities (REUNI). The Educacional Action Plan suggested the adoption of a model for the internal distribution of resources from MEC through decentralization in a more equitable way. The methodology of this research is characterized as qualitative, since we used the comparative analysis of some distribution models, from the use of documentary and literature research.

Submitted by Biblioteca de Pós-Graduação em Geoquímica BGQ (bgq@ndc.uff.br) on 2017-07-03T17:14:01Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação Rodrigo Sobrinho.pdf: 3591957 bytes, checksum: 2927de76042f83d833c2294256be9c4a (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-07-03T17:14:01Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação Rodrigo Sobrinho.pdf: 3591957 bytes, checksum: 2927de76042f83d833c2294256be9c4a (MD5) / Fundação de Amparo a Pesquisa do Rio de Janeiro / Universidade Federal Fluminense. Instituto de Química. Programa de Pós-Graduação em Geoquímica, Niterói, RJ / Candidatus Magnetoglobus Multicelularis são organizações multi celulares, classificada como pertencentes ao grupo de sulfato redutoras e que possuem em seu citoplasma cristais de greigita, que dá a eles a característica magnetotática. São encontrados em ambientes aquáticos na região de tra nsição oxica-anóxica onde há uma estratificação química vertical. Entretanto, po uco conhecimento se tem sobre as características ambientais que favorecem seu cresci mento e sua sobrevivência, o que impede seu cultivo em laboratório e a compreens ão sobre sua influência nos ciclos biogeoquímicos dos ambientes onde são encont rados. O presente trabalho tem, neste sentido, o objetivo de caracterizar as c ondições geoquímicas que exercem influência sobre a população de Candidatus Magnetoglobus Multicelularis através de uma avaliação das variáveis mais relevan tes para seu metabolismo. Foram realizadas, para isso, duas coletas nos meses de março e junho de 2007 em três pontos da Lagoa de Araruama, quantificando a d istribuição vertical da população de Ca . M. multicellularis em extratos de sedimento e as variáveis abióticas nos mesmos extratos. Os resultados mostra ram que o ferro exerce influência sobre o crescimento populacional na maio ria dos pontos. Entretanto, no ponto da Praia da baleia, onde foram encontrados 89 % de todos os indivíduos quantificados, o ferro encontra-se em concentrações maiores e outros fatores exercem maior influência sobre o crescimento popula cional, como a disponibilidade de enxofre e nitrogênio. O trabalho conclui que Ca . M. multicellularis são encontrados em maior abundância em sedimentos que f avorecem a formação de sulfetos de ferro e a população concentra-se em ext ratos onde as condições ambientais favorecem a formação e a manutenção dos cristais encontrados no citoplasma ou onde há maior disponibilidade de nutr ientes, de acordo com a necessidade metabólica das células. / andidatus Magnetoglobus Multicelularis consist of multicellul ar aggregate that are classified as sulfate reductors, with grei gite crystals in their cytoplasm, which give them magnetotactic characteristics. They are f ound in aquatic environments, on the oxi-anoxi transition zone, where a vertical che mical stratification. However, little is known about the environmental characteristics that favor their survival and growth. This fact prevents their controlled breed and cultu re in a laboratorial environment and also impairs the understanding of their influence o n biogeochemical cycles of the environments where they are found. Therefore, the o bjective of the present work is to characterize the environmental conditions that favo r the Ca . M. multicellularis survival through an in situ evaluation of the variables that are more importan t to the cellular metabolism. In order to obtain this data, two sampl e collections were conducted in three spots of the Araruama lagoon, in the months m arch and in june of 2007 quantifying the vertical distribution of the Ca . M. multicellularis population in sediment extracts and their abiotic variables. The results s howed that the quantified iron acts as a limiting factor in most of the collection spot s. However, in Praia da Baleia, where 89% of the total quantified individuals were found, a higher concentration of iron was also found and it does not act as a limiting factor . At the latter collection spot, other factors such as sulfur and nitrogen availability re gulate the population growth. As a conclusion, this work demonstrates that Ca . M. multicellularis are found in more abundance in sediments that enable iron sulfide for mations. Moreover, they use their magnetotactic characteristics to adapt themselves t o environmental variations that occur frequently in the referred sediment region an d they try to find a region where the environmental conditions may allow the formatio n and maintenance of the crystals found in the cytoplasm or where there are more nutrients available.

Les systèmes côtiers, où le transport sédimentaire est perturbé par les aménagements côtiers sur la côte et l’avant côte, fournissent généralement d'excellents exemples permettant de mettre en lumière ces liens. Cela est faisable lorsque l’ensemble des données bathymétriques d’avant-côte, qui ne sont pas toujours disponibles, sont recueillies au fil du temps. La baie et la ville d'Agadir forment ensemble un des pôles de développement économique le plus important de la côte atlantique du Maroc. En utilisant une approche méthodologique basée sur la modélisation de la houle et des courants, le différentiel de levées topo-bathymétriques, la détermination de l’évolution du trait de côte et le suivi topographique de la zone intertidale, nous mettons en évidence les liens étroits entre les variations des petits fonds et la ligne du trait de côte. Ces liens impliquent à la fois les voies de transport cross-shore et longshore, les variations du budget sédimentaire et la détermination de cellules sédimentaires. Nous avons également suivi l’évolution morphologique de la zone intertidale de la baie en réponse à huit tempêtes qui ont lieu entre Janvier 2014 et Mars 2014. Les résultats obtenus par les simulations numériques montrent que les deux premières tempêtes sont responsables des changements morphologiques majeurs au niveau de la zone intertidale. / Coastal systems where sediment transport is perturbed by engineering interventions on the shoreline and shoreface commonly provide fine examples liable to throw light on these links. This is especially so where shoreface bathymetric datasets, which are generally lacking, are collected over time, enabling more or less fine resolution of the meso-scale coastal sediment budget. Agadir Bay and the city of Agadir together form one of the two most important economic development poles on the Atlantic coast of Morocco. Using a combined methodological approach based on wave–current modelling, bathymetric chart-differencing, determination of shoreline fluctuations, and beach topographic surveying, we highlight the close links between variations in the bed of the inner shoreface and the bay shoreline involving both cross-shore and longshore sand transport pathways, sediment budget variations and new sediment cell patterns. This work discusses also the morphological changes and evolution of Agadir Bay beach (Morocco) in response to eight storms between January 2014 and March 2014. A comparison is carried out of the evolution and variability of the beach in a sector of the bay protected by the commercial harbour of Agadir relative to a sector down drift of the harbour that is more exposed to waves, and changes affecting the beach following these storms are examined. Wave influence is evaluated using numerical simulations. The results show that despite being of relatively low intensity, the two first storm events, and especially storm 1, are responsible for major beach morphological changes.