A la croisée des sciences économiques et de la sociologie du travail, cette thèse porte sur les conséquences sociales des récessions économiques et du chômage de masse, à travers le cas de la Grande Récession espagnole de 2008. Elle se centre sur la manière dont celle-ci a modifié les horizons temporels des ménages et conduit à des réaménagements en termes de sources de revenus, de trajectoires d’activité des chômeurs, de pratiques de consommation, ou de marché du travail informel. En raison de ce dernier, le statut même de chômeur se trouve remis en question. Pour montrer cela, la thèse met en regard une enquête de terrain approfondie avec des traitements de données issues du système de la statistique publique espagnole et européenne. L’enquête a notamment été conduite selon la méthode dite de l’ethnocomptabilité, qui consiste à faire des relevés (monétaires mais aussi temporels ou alimentaires) avec les ménages concernés pour documenter l’évaluation qu’ils portent sur leur budget. Cette démarche conduit à plusieurs résultats marquants quant aux changements sociaux qu’entraînent les récessions sur les sociétés contemporaines d’Europe occidentale, en particulier quant aux budgets de famille ou à la temporalité sur plusieurs années qu’implique ce type de choc macroéconomique. / At the crossroad between Economics and Sociology, this PhD-thesis deals with the social consequences of Recessions and mass unemployment, by focusing on the case of the 2008 Spanish Great Recession. It analyses the household time horizons to face this recessive context, in particular concerning remodelling of consumption, income sources and inequality, grassroot activities and professional trajectories of the unemployed. Such evolutions blur the formal definition of unemployment. For this, the study uses statistical analyses in view of fieldwork material. This latter has been done by using the « ethno compatibility » method, which consists in establishing precise and exhaustive household budgets, regarding their financial dimension, but also their temporal or taste aspects. Therefore this thesis is a contribution to a better understanding of the reaction of living standards in time of recession, tackling in particular its temporal and practical dimensions.

In my dissertation, I investigate the effects of budget-constraints in multi-unit auctions. This is done in three parts. First, I analyze a case where all bidders have a common budget constraint. Precisely, I analyze an auction where two units of an object are sold at two simultaneous, sealed bid, first-price auctions, to bidders who have demand for both units. Bidders differ with respect to their valuations for the units. All bidders have an identical budget constraint which binds their ability to spend in the auction. I show that if valuation distribution is atom-less, then their does not exist any symmetric equilibrium in this auction game. In the second and third parts of my thesis, I analyze the sale of licenses for the right to drill for oil and natural gas in the Outer Continental Shelf (OCS) of the United States. These sales are conducted using simultaneous sealed-bid first-price auctions for multiple licenses, each representing a specific area (called a tract). Using aspects of observed bidding-behavior, I first make a prima facie case that bidders are budget-constrained in these auctions. In order to formalize this argument, I develop a simple extension of the standard model (where bidders differ in their valuations for the objects) by incorporating (random) budgets for the bidders. The auction-game then has a two-dimensional set of types for each player. I study the theoretical properties of this auction, assuming for simplicity that two units are being sold. I show that this game has an equilibrium in pure strategies that is symmetric with respect to the players and with respect to the units. The strategies are essentially pure in the sense that each bidder-type has a unique split (up to a permutation) of his budget between the two auctions. I then characterize the equilibrium in terms of the bid-distribution and iso-bid curves in the value-budget space. I derive various qualitative features of this equilibrium, among which are: (1) under mild assumptions, there always exist bidder-types who submit unequal bids in equilibrium, (2) the equilibrium is monotonic in the sense that bidders with higher valuations prefer more unequal splits of their budgets than bidders with lower valuations and the same budget-level. With a formal theory in place, I carry out a quantitative exercise, using data from the 1970 OCS auction. I show that the model is able to match many aspects of the data. (1) In the data, the number of tracts bidders submit bids on is positively correlated with budgets (an R² of 0.84), even though this relationship is non-monotonic; my model is able to capture this non-monotonicity, while producing an R² of 0.89 (2) In the data, the average number of bids per tract is 8.21; for the model, this number is 10.09. (3) Auction revenue in the data was $1.927 billion; the model produced a mean revenue of $1.944 billion

The annual budget process is a primary financial control mechanism over community resources. However, in New Hampshire, some business school leaders do not have effective strategies for proper budget creation and execution. Using agency theory to frame this study, the purpose of this explanatory case study was to explore strategies for proper budget creation and execution in local school administrative units (SAUs) in New Hampshire. The targeted population was comprised of New Hampshire SAU business administrators who had operational responsibility for the administration of the yearly public budgets in each school district. Data were collected from SAU document review and semi structured interviews of seven SAU business administrators. Through a data extraction process, 6 themes emerged, which included appropriate accounting controls, risk management, enhancing the procedures, usefulness of fund balance information, use of governmental standards to develop more decision-making information, and improved operation procedures. The implications for positive social change may include the potential to establish accounting controls in the SAUs to complete balanced budgets. The results of the study indicate the potential impact of property tax revenue collected from the citizens of New Hampshire to balance local SAU school budgets.

Channel morphology in alluvial rivers results from the interactions among the flow of water and sediment, the grain size distribution of the material in transport, and the characteristics of the materials making up the channel boundary. Many modern river management problems depend upon the ability to predict channel behavior in response to changes in the delivery of sediment. Sediment budgets provide a framework for explicitly evaluating the links between sediment delivery to and export from a river, and changes in storage. In the work presented here I have developed sediment budgets at three different spatial and temporal scales in an effort to gain insight to channel response to a change in sediment supply. In Chapter 2, I present a bed load budget for the Snake River in Grand Teton National Park (GTNP), Wyoming. The analysis was designed to evaluate the effects of 50 years of flow regulation on net sediment flux and, thus, sediment storage for the Snake River below Jackson Lake Dam. In Chapter 3 I present a sediment mass balance constructed for a single flood on an aggrading 4-km reach of the middle Provo River, Utah. Sediment accumulation in the Provo River had driven significant point bar growth, and the sediment budget was designed to explicitly link patterns in sediment flux with morphologic change. In Chapter 4, I present the results from a physical experiment designed to further evaluate the effect of changing sediment supply on point bar morphology in a single meander bend. The experiment was conducted in a field-scale flume, the Outdoor StreamLab (OSL), at the University of Minnesota. In each of the cases I present here, the channel was subject to sediment accumulation due to either an increase in sediment supply (Provo River and OSL) or a decrease in transport capacity (Snake River). The analyses provide insight into processes governing channel response to changes in sediment supply and highlight the inherent challenges and uncertainties associated with sediment budgets, regardless of the scale of the analysis.

Köln, Universiẗat, Diss., 2007.

This paper describes the administrative powers of local jurisdictions in Georgia, emphasizing on the tax competences and the abilities to mobilize other sources of income. Having listed and explained the types of revenues and incomes, the articles continues to show their distribution among administrative levels according to the current tax code. Following a brief overview of the main laws underlying tax regulation, the existing problems of the status quo before 2007 and some perspectives for the immediate future are outlined.

The purpose of this study was to determine the challenges facing the principals in managing the school finances. The research was conducted around Bojanala West Region of the North West Province. From the total of 369 schools in Bojanala West Region, a simple random sampling of (N=75) schools was done. From each sampled school four (4) of the following were requested to participate in the study, the principal and or the deputy principal, 1 HOD, 2 educators. The education system in South Africa has changed drastically, whereby financial management has been vested upon the shoulders of the SGB's. However SASA provides the guidelines for the SGB's and the principals on their roles and responsibilities in managing finances of schools. The department of education provides training for the SGB's and the principals in relation to school finance management. Little knowledge of the contents of SASA or misinterpretation by the school finance committee may lead the school to be a victim of mismanagement or misappropriation of funds in the form of theft or fraud. / (M.Ed.) North-West University, Mafikeng Campus, 2005

It is important to the future of Melbourne that its development should take the direction of the most benefit to those who live in the city and those who may live here in the future. The current patterns of urban development, which are based on use of previously undeveloped land on the fringes of the suburban area, are now being criticised as being uneconomic in terms of cost of providing infrastructure, the use of natural resources and the waste of time for residents who must travel for long distances. (For complete abstract open document)

Thesis (M.H.A.)--University of Michigan, 1973.

Thesis (Ed. D.)--Illinois State University, 1975. / Title from title page screen, viewed Nov. 8, 2004. Dissertation Committee: Charles Edwards (chair), Gene A. Budig, Eugene Fitzpatrick, Robert McAdam, Wilbur Venerable. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 285-295) and abstract. Also available in print.