Thesis (MPA.) -- University of Limpopo, 2012 / The School Governing Body as the executive authority of every school has the role to govern the finance of the school efficiently, effectively and economically. It has to formulate financial policy and understand financial legislation framework in particular Public Finance Management Act, 1999, Procurement Policy and South African School Act, 1996. The problem in this study is to investigate the skills of the School Governing Body in the handling of school finances, its ability to formulate and implement school base financial policies and its implementation of South African Schools Act, 1996 and Public Finance Management Act, 1999.

<p>This study focused on participatory governance in the form of involvement of communities and community organisation in matters of local government in general, and citizens participation in the local budget process in particular. The study therefore aimed to assess the theoretical and policy framework for citizens participation in South Africa / and evaluated the perceptions of councillors and civics and ratepayer organisations on participation in the local budget process at the eThekwini Municipality.</p>

Thesis (Ph.D.)--Mississippi State University. Department of Political Science and Public Administration. / Title from title screen. Includes bibliographical references.

Poor service delivery in South Africa is a serious problem.The poor delivery of services by municipalities has left many communities dissatisfied and even led to service delivery protests. The delivery of services to municipalities is financed through municipal budgets and this study evaluated the quality of the municipal budgets of two municipalities with one budget being credible and the other not being credible. Selected municipal conditional grant spending as well as the findings of the Auditor General’s office against each municipality were assessed and compared with each other. The purpose of this study was to assess whether a municipality with a credible budget achieved more of its service delivery targets than one which had a budget which was not credible. The findings of this study were that the municipality with the credible budget performed better, in terms of conditional grant spending and against predetermined objectives, than the municipality with the budget which was not credible. Therefore, more concerted efforts should be made by all relevant spheres of government to improve the quality of municipal budgets as this will ultimately lead to improved service delivery.

The traditional mandate of local government is to deliver sustainable services to communities. The evolution of local government has since put more emphasis on evidence based planning in the form of IDP and sound financial management. The relationship between the IDP and Budget is that, a) the IDP contains community needs, objectives and strategies on how these will be responded or dealt with by the municipality, and b) the budget is the financial plan to execute strategies that need to be employed. The purpose of the study was to examine challenges in integrated development plan and the budget alignment of Amathole District Municipality. The study moved from the premise that municipalities are different and ADM has been in the fore front in terms of producing IDP and Budget. The study therefore is based on the assumption that the Amathole District Municipality has challenges in the IDP and Budget alignment. The study proposed to give a background of the scholarly literature of the IDP and Budget of local government. The empirical survey and research methodology used in the study is described and explained in-depths and followed by data collection in the form of the questionnaire. The research findings of the empirical survey are then analysed and reported in statistical form.

This thesis deals with two issues. At first we define rural areas through network analysis according to the commuting areas of central cities which have over 10.000 inhabitans. On such a limited space we observe the differences between the municipalities on the basis of the economic characteristics of municipalities, especially in terms of budget or funds and their effectiveness of receive and use.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-06-02T19:31:36Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 DissFEM.pdf: 2350745 bytes, checksum: c4041a3f7f82892ef0c37b2ea2b15d8d (MD5) Previous issue date: 2006-05-31 / Financiadora de Estudos e Projetos / The trophic ecology and bioenergetic aspects of most small fishes were not yet investigated, although they are important components in the ictiofauna, largely contributing to the richness of species and to the energy flow in aquatic ecosystems. The energy budgets and the food selectivity of two species of small fishes, Hyphessobrycon eques and Serrapinnus notomelas, were analysed. Natural populations were sampled from Monjolinho River, São Carlos, SP, in the period between September to December 2005, and January to April 2006. Food selectivity experiments and energy budgets experiments were performed in the laboratory using planktonic and benthic invertebrates as food items. Food selection was evaluated by Paloheimo index, by calculating the normalized forage ratio. Both species had preference and positive selection for the dipteran larvae Aedes aegypti, Chironomus xanthus and Chaoborus sp., as well as for the cladocerans Daphnia laevis and Ceriodaphnia silvestrii. They presented negative selection or absence of selection for Hyalella meinerti and Cypricercus mucronata. The positive selection of both species of fishes for the larvae of Aedes aegypti evidenced that they have potential to be used in the biological control on dengue disease epidemies. The results obtained from the energy balances revealed that S. notomelas has higher consumption and assimilation rates than H. eques, however its production efficiency is lower as a consequence of higher metabolic expenditures. On average the production efficiency was 53% for H. eques and 22% for S. notomelas. The values obtained for the instantaneous net production efficiency of both species were higher than those reported in the literature for carnivorous fishes (20%) and also higher than those reported for natural populations of small fishes in tropical regions. / A ecologia trófica e os aspectos bioenergéticos da maioria dos peixes de pequeno porte são desconhecidos, embora sejam componentes importantes da ictiofauna, contribuindo grandemente para a riqueza de espécies, e para o fluxo de energia dos ecossistemas aquáticos. Os balanços energéticos e a seletividade alimentar de duas espécies de peixes de pequeno porte, Hyphessobrycon eques e Serrapinnus notomelas, foram estudados. As populações naturais foram amostradas no rio Monjolinho, São Carlos, SP, entre setembro e dezembro de 2005, e janeiro a abril de 2006. Os experimentos de seletividade alimentar e de balanço energético foram realizados em laboratório, utilizando-se invertebrados planctônicos e bentônicos como itens alimentares. Ambas espécies apresentaram seleção positiva para: larvas de Aedes aegypti, Daphnia laevis, Ceriodaphnia silvestrii, Chironomus xanthus, Chaoborus sp, Oligochaeta e ausência de seleção ou seleção negativa para Hyalella meinerti e Cypricercus mucronata. A seleção alimentar positiva para as larvas de Aedes aegypti evidenciam estas espécies como promissoras para o controle biológico preventivo de epidemias de dengue. O balanço energético evidenciou que S. notomelas apresenta maior consumo e assimilação superior à de H. eques, contudo a sua eficiência de produção é menor, devido aos gastos mais elevados com a respiração. Ambas espécies tiveram eficiências instantâneas de produção líquida (K2i), mais elevadas do que aquelas reportadas na literatura como referência padrão para peixes com alimentação de origem animal, e também mais elevadas do que aquelas reportadas às populações naturais de peixes de pequeno porte em região tropical.

This diploma thesis is concerned with expenditure comportment of magistrate's cities. The main objective of this thesis was to examine the expenditure side of municipal budgets of cities of the Czech Republic. The thesis is divided into a theoretical and analytical part. The theoretical part describes the basic informations about municipal authorities, budget and budget's process. Next important part is about current and capital expenditure and overview of existing studies on magistrate's cities. Five cities were selected for analytical part. These cities were Olomouc, České Budějovice, Hradec Králové, Havířov and Kladno. The analytical part describes these cities and their budgets and current and cupital expenditures of these cities. The expenses were analyzed according to the sectoral classification. The expenses of these cities were also compared with the municipalities of the Czech Republic.

Responsible for one in eight tonnes of national CO₂ emissions, the passenger car sector is pivotal to delivering on UK climate change commitments to avoiding warming of more than 2°C. This thesis provides a clear and quantitative framing of emissions reduction at the sectoral level, by disaggregating global cumulative emissions budgets and pathways associated with a range of probabilities of exceeding 2°C. The relatively low level of abatement currently planned for the UK car sector, it is argued, needs to be significantly increased for the following reasons: (i) a scientific basis in cumulative emissions for sectoral mitigation makes carbon budgets, rather than end point targets (e.g. 2050), of the first importance; (ii) the currently high probability (63%) of exceeding 2°C underpinning the current UK carbon budgets is inconsistent with the UK government’s commitment to avoiding ‘dangerous climate change’; (iii) short-term emissions growth in industrialising countries considerably reduces remaining emissions space for industrialised countries; (iv) very limited scope exists for any large sector to cut emissions by less than the national mean rate of decarbonisation at higher rates of mitigation (around 10% p.a. by the 2020s). The consequences for emissions space in other sectors if international aviation and shipping mitigate less than the mean are quantified. For UK car sector emissions to remain consistent with a low probability of exceeding 2°C while observing these limitations, this analysis finds that planned sectoral mitigation over the coming decade needs to be increased fourfold. Means to address this expected abatement shortfall using readily available technology are investigated using a fleet emissions model to compare the effect on cumulative emissions of changes in a range of fleet parameters (including mean new car bulk emissions factors, vehicle age-proportionate annual distance travelled, and rates of fleet growth and turnover). Pushing existing car technology to the limit of expected short term efficiency gains is found to be insufficient to deliver a pathway with better than 56% probability of exceeding 2°C. Without reduction in aggregate demand for vehicle kilometres in the short term, lower probabilities of 2°C are placed beyond reach. The possibility of rapid step changes in levels of per capita car use is explored in qualitative interviews using narrative storyline scenarios. A range of coercive and voluntary interventions is considered in relation to their potential to overcome the structural and behavioural constraints to rapid transformation of personal travel.

The objective of the diploma thesis is to analyze the current and accumulated public debt of Italy during period of financial and economic crisis between 2008 and 2012 with emphasis on problems and status of their solution. The paper is divided into four chapters. The first chapter is dedicated to the theoretical introduction of the issue of public budgets. The second chapter describes the developement of the italian economy and the main macroeconomic indicators by 2007. The third chapter deals with the development of macroeconomic indicators between 2007 and 2012 with emphasis on the development of the balance of public budgets and on the accumulated public debt. Last chapter is focused on the measures approved by italian government as a result of a fight against high indebtedness. The next section describes scenarios for the development and proposed solutions.