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ABSTRACT Although extensive research has been conducted on bullying, few studies have explored factors that elicit, impact, and maintain the dynamics of bullying from the perspectives of teachers and principals. The purpose of this study was to understand the complex nature of bullying through exploring the ecological risk factors that allow this alarming phenomenon to flourish. The influence of factors at the microsystem, mesosystem, exosystem, and macrosystem on the dynamic interaction between the bully and the victim is explained. Another goal of this research was to capture the complexity and multidimensionality of the teacher’s role in bullying prevention and intervention. The study offers the first comprehensive analysis of the ecological and contextual variables that interact to provide fertile grounds for bullying. Detailed information about principals’ and teachers’ perceptions of bullying experiences was gathered through 8 in-depth focus groups for teachers and 10 interviews with principals. Qualitative analyses of the data led to the emergence of overarching themes and related subthemes. Bronfenbrenner’s ecological model (1979 ) was used to provide a conceptual and comprehensive framework that addressed the multifaceted variables. The finding indicated that a complex interrelation of variables was found to be central to victimization. The incidence of bullying was found to be directly influenced by individual traits as well as all the other ecological systems. Among the most salient findings was the influence of the peer ecology on bullying as a group phenomenon. The etiology of bullying as a manifestation of much deeper problems at the bully level was among the new findings. The impact of video games and television reality shows on bullying behaviour was also identified. The findings emphasized the significance of the teacher personality, positive teacher-student relationship, empathy, and training in classroom management for efficacy in addressing bullying prevention and intervention. Finally, the study offers recommendations for teacher training institutions.

There are evidently high incidences of bullying among learners in schools. The problem is that victims and perpetrators, as well as teachers do not understand what constitutes bullying and are unable to take appropriate action when it occurs. Because of the poor understanding of bullying, incidences remain unreported, and if they are, teachers are unable to deal with them effectively. This study aimed to examine the teacher's and learner' s understanding of bullying and its prevalence in a Durban Primary School, and how they cope with bullying incidents. It investigated the different forms that are commonly found among the boys and girls. Because victims of bullying tend to be boys more than girls and the perpetrators boys, gender socialization theories (Connell, 1996; Fitzclarence 1995) were used to analyse the ways in which the boys and girls understand and cope with bullying. Particular attention was given to the experiences of the grade 7 learners. The study utilised a descriptive survey design, in which qualitative methodologies were used to address the identified research questions. Data was collected through observations, questionnaires, unstructured interviews and conversations. The major findings confirmed that bullying is a problem at the Durban primary school. Firstly boys and girls experience different forms of bullying. Girls experience more indirect forms of bullying, whilst boys experience more direct forms. Secondly, bullying has affected some of the learners to an extent where they stay away from school. The learners are more comfortable speaking to their peers about bullying than their parents and teachers. However, the teachers seem to be largely unaware of the extent and consequences of bullying. One of the major implications of this study is that policies that specifically address bullying in the school need to be developed to curb the problem. In addition, initiatives should be taken to raise the teachers, parents and learners awareness of the phenomenon of bullying and appropriate strategies developed and implemented to curb it. / Thesis (M.Ed.) - University of Natal, Durban, 2002.

This study identified research-based components for an effective anti-bullying policy and arranged them according to Bronfenbrenner's (1989) ecosystemic framework. It was hypothesized that the prevalence of different types of bullying was lower in elementary schools with a greater comprehensiveness of anti-bullying policies. Independent variables included the rated presence of anti-bullying components in school policies at four ecosystemic levels: microsystemic, mesosystemic, exosystemic, and macrosystemic. Dependent variables consisted of students' self-report of the occurrence of four types of bullying: attacks on property, and physical, verbal, and social bullying.Two hundred and thirty-one students from six elementary schools completed the Multidimensional Peer-Victimization Scale (Mynard & Joseph, 2000). The majority of students were African American. Three focus groups (students, parents, and school personnel) were also conducted in each school to gather information about anti-bullying policies. Independent raters blind to the hypothesis rated the information from the focus groups using the Comprehensiveness of Anti-bullying Policies Scale; a reliable measure designed for this study. Further, this information was evaluated through content analysis.Results of a One-Way (Comprehensiveness of Policies and Programs) Between Subjects MANOVA revealed a greater prevalence of verbal and physical victimization associated with schools having a lower comprehensiveness of anti-bullying policies and programs. Social victimization and attacks on property did not vary, however, as a function of the comprehensiveness of a school's policies.A supplementary 2 (Gender) x 2 (Comprehensiveness of Policies and Programs) Between Subjects MANOVA yielded no significant interaction between gender and the comprehensiveness of anti-bullying policies. A main effect for gender was found to be significant, however. Boys reported a higher level of physical bullying than girls.Content analyses showed focus group participants perceived physical bullying as more severe than the other types. Participants also reported harsher consequences to address such bullying. It is possible schools convey greater intolerance for physical bullying, hence its lower prevalence.It is concluded that schools' anti-bullying efforts should involve all ecosystemic levels. In addition, policies must include all types of bullying and communicate equal intolerance for each. Implications for theory, counseling, research, and anti-bullying policies are discussed. / Department of Counseling Psychology and Guidance Services

ABSTRACT Although extensive research has been conducted on bullying, few studies have explored factors that elicit, impact, and maintain the dynamics of bullying from the perspectives of teachers and principals. The purpose of this study was to understand the complex nature of bullying through exploring the ecological risk factors that allow this alarming phenomenon to flourish. The influence of factors at the microsystem, mesosystem, exosystem, and macrosystem on the dynamic interaction between the bully and the victim is explained. Another goal of this research was to capture the complexity and multidimensionality of the teacher’s role in bullying prevention and intervention. The study offers the first comprehensive analysis of the ecological and contextual variables that interact to provide fertile grounds for bullying. Detailed information about principals’ and teachers’ perceptions of bullying experiences was gathered through 8 in-depth focus groups for teachers and 10 interviews with principals. Qualitative analyses of the data led to the emergence of overarching themes and related subthemes. Bronfenbrenner’s ecological model (1979 ) was used to provide a conceptual and comprehensive framework that addressed the multifaceted variables. The finding indicated that a complex interrelation of variables was found to be central to victimization. The incidence of bullying was found to be directly influenced by individual traits as well as all the other ecological systems. Among the most salient findings was the influence of the peer ecology on bullying as a group phenomenon. The etiology of bullying as a manifestation of much deeper problems at the bully level was among the new findings. The impact of video games and television reality shows on bullying behaviour was also identified. The findings emphasized the significance of the teacher personality, positive teacher-student relationship, empathy, and training in classroom management for efficacy in addressing bullying prevention and intervention. Finally, the study offers recommendations for teacher training institutions.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Hawaii at Manoa, 2004. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 80-93).

Thesis--Auburn University, 2009. / Abstract. Vita. Includes bibliographical references (p. 59-75).

Thesis (Ph. D.)--Oregon State University, 2008. / Printout. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 163-175). Also available on the World Wide Web.

O bullying pode ser considerado um tipo de violência cujas ações podem causar danos graves aos envolvidos, seja enquanto vítimas ou agressores, ou mesmo de maneira indireta, como espectadores/testemunha. Porém, a fim de mediar os conflitos existentes, pode-se construir um processo emancipatório, no qual o sujeito se torne capaz de gerir suas decisões, em se envolver ou não com o esse tipo de violência na escola, apoiado no conhecimento de sua realidade. Buscando ações de redução e de prevenção do bullying, o Programa de Intervenção Educação em Saúde Antibullying (PIESA) foi executado em uma escola estadual do interior paulista com o objetivo de avaliar os efeitos de sua implementação realizada por uma enfermeira. Método: estudo quase-experimento (antes e depois), utilizando como sujeito 260 estudantes na faixa etária dos 10 aos 17 anos de idade, do 6º ao 9º ano do ensino médio de uma escola pública do interior paulista. A coleta de dados ocorreu no período de abril de 2012 a setembro de 2013. Os dados foram submetidos à análise estatística, obtendo-se a razão de prevalência com o intervalo de confiança (IC) de 95% e comparação dos períodos pré e pós intervenção. Os programas utilizados nas análises foram SPSS 22 e R 3.0.2. Em todos os testes adotados, foi utilizado o nível de significância de 5%. Resultados: Constatou-se que houve mudança de comportamento entre os estudantes envolvidos direta ou indiretamente com o bullying após a execução do PIESA (p=0,001), e, os dados apontaram um decréscimo da prevalência de vítimas e de agressores após a intervenção, bem como das situações que permeavam o fenômeno. \"Pôr apelido\" e ser \"zoado\" foram as manifestações mais relatadas, tanto por vítimas, quanto por agressores e, de igual forma, a frequência dessas perpetrações diminuíram na segunda etapa da investigação. Observou-se ainda a prevalência maior de vítimas do sexo feminino (55,6%) e, quanto ao sexo dos agressores, os percentuais foram semelhantes: 49,0% eram meninas e 51,0% eram meninos. Conclusão: Os resultados dessa investigação apontaram que o programa de intervenção pode ser implementado por um enfermeiro. Para tanto, deve-se reavaliá-lo periodicamente para que, caso surjam novas possibilidades de conflitos e, até mesmo, novas formas de manifestação, a comunidade escolar seja capaz de detectar e intervir rapidamente, evitando que um novo ciclo de violência se inicie / Bullying can be considered a kind of violence whose actions can cause serious damage to those involved, either as victims or perpetrators, or even indirectly, as spectators / witness. However, in order to mediate existing conflicts, it can construct an emancipatory process, in which the subject becomes able to manage their decisions, to engage or not with this kind of violence at school, supported by the knowledge of his reality. Seeking actions to reduce and prevent bullying, the Education Program Intervention in Health Antibullying (PIESA) was executed in a public school in São Paulo State, Brazil, in order to assess the effects of its implementation carried out by a nurse. Method: quasi-experimental study (before and after) using as subjects 260 students aged from 10 to 17 years old, from 6th to 9th year of high school from a public school in São Paulo State, Brazil,. Data collection occurred from April 2012 to September 2013. Data were analyzed statistically, yielding a prevalence ratio with confidence interval (CI) of 95% and comparison of pre- and post-intervention. The programs used in the analysis were SPSS 22 and R 3.0.2. In all tests adopted, we used the 5% significance level. Results: It was found that there was a change of behavior among students involved directly or indirectly with bullying after running the PIESA (p = 0.001), and the data showed a decrease in the prevalence of victims and aggressors after the intervention, as well as of the situations which permeated the phenomenon. \"Putting nickname\" and being \"mocked\" were the most frequently reported events, both by victims and by aggressors and, equally, the frequency of these perpetration decreased in the second stage of the investigation. It was also observed a higher prevalence of female victims. Conclusion: The results of this research show that the intervention program can be implemented by a nurse. For this, one must reevaluate it periodically so that, in case of new potential for conflicts and even new forms of manifestation, the school community is able to detect and intervene quickly, preventing a new cycle of violence begins

Made available in DSpace on 2014-07-29T15:27:27Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertacao_Malmann 2012.pdf: 691900 bytes, checksum: a118d6841125018ec8f943f119af0ebb (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-08-17 / The bullying s phenomenon began to be studed and discussed among in the mid of 1980. These studies indicate their demonstrations in schools around the world, regardless of socio-cultural differences. We consulted the publications available in Scientific Eletronic Library Online (SciELO), were sought, in the articles, information books by brazilian authors or translations into portuguese in order to observe this literature: aspects that involve the use of the term bullying, as it appears the concept of the phenomenon among these authors and the process of trivializing the phenomenon in Brazil. It was observed that the use of the term to common stock in personal relationships and conflicts present in different fields causes problems in their identification and admitted an omnipresent phenomenon, because there is a tendency to consider bullying aggression occurred beyond the school walls, as in homes, streets, military barracks, prisons or the workplace. From these data we seek to start a new discussion among brazilian authors in order to promote further discussion about the use of the term bullying and its definition in Brazil, since it indicates a consensus for the maintenance of English at the expense of a search for another word in Portuguese. We believe that targeting the use of this concept conflicts between students and school environments in Brazil, presented with its own characteristics that differentiate it from other forms of violence at school is an alternative to avoid its trivialization. You must define the boundaries of this phenomenon, knowing its structure and everything that surrounds the consequences for those involved and policies to combat. The specification of what we mean by bullying in Brazil is sine qua non condition for knowledge, diagnosis, prevention, punishment, treatment and trivialization of the term of reproach. / O fenômeno bullying começou a ser estudado e discutido em meados dos anos de 1980. Esses estudos indicam suas manifestações em escolas de todo o mundo, independente das diferenças socioculturais. Ao consultarmos as publicações disponíveis na Scientific Eletronic Library Online (SciELO), buscamos, nos artigos, indicações de livros de autores brasileiros ou traduções para a língua portuguesa, afim de observarmos nessa literatura: os aspectos que envolvem o uso do termo bullying, como é apresentado o conceito do fenômeno entre estes autores e o processo de banalização do fenômeno no Brasil. Observa-se que o uso do termo para ações comuns nas relações pessoais e de conflitos presente em diversos campos provoca problemas em sua identificação e admite uma onipresença do fenômeno, pois há uma tendência a se considerar bullying as agressões ocorridas para além dos muros da escola, como em casas, ruas, quartéis militares, presídios ou no local de trabalho. A partir destes dados buscamos iniciar uma reflexão nova entre os autores brasileiros, a fim de promover um aprofundamento da discussão a cerca do uso do termo bullying e de sua definição no Brasil, uma vez que se aponta um consenso para a manutenção do inglês em detrimento de uma busca por outro termo em português. Entendemos que o direcionamento do uso do conceito para conflitos existentes entre alunos e no ambiente escolar no Brasil, apresentado com suas próprias características que o diferencia de outras formas de violência na escola, seja uma alternativa para evitar sua banalização. É preciso delimitar as fronteiras desse fenômeno, conhecendo sua estrutura e tudo que circunda as consequências para os envolvidos e as políticas de combate. A especificação do que entendemos por bullying no Brasil, é condição sine qua non para o conhecimento, diagnóstico, prevenção, punição, tratamento e repreensão da banalização desse termo.