published_or_final_version / Chinese / Master / Master of Arts

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Bureaucracy is an inevitable phenomenon as well as an indispensable necessity in modern society regardless of a country's size and degree of development. Its importance is stressed more in developing countries where there are few effective institutions to cope with initiating, designing, evaluating and even implementing development programmes. Further, due to homogeneity in culture and ethnicity and its vulnerable geopolitical conditions, Korea has been governed by a unitary centralised government for over a millennium, with its staff recruited through tests. By virtue of the bureaucracy's leading role, Korea has achieved outstanding economic progress since the 1960s. Recent changes in Korea, represented by political democratisation and economic development, call for reform of the bureaucracy. This persists as formed in the early 1960s for development administration. Its permeating values and attitudes are still traditional and those acquired as colonial legacies. Today, the Korean bureaucracy is being required to be accountable, responsible, responsive as well as effective, efficient Two sorts of reforms are considered here. One is control in line with democratic principles and popular expectations. The other is encouragement through personnel administration based on the merit principle. Since both are complementary to the other, these reforms should be implemented at the same time. Control without encouragement generates mal- or non-administration at best reluctant, passive and reactive administration. Encouragement without control allows the ascendancy of elite groups; competent but hard to control and thus seemingly unaccountable. In controlling the Korean bureaucracy, significant stress should be on normative constraints as well as on external, institutional and technical control systems. Under the influence of Confucianism the bureaucracy in Korea is seen as an agent to implement Heaven's will. No matter how elaborate control systems may be, in the face of complexity and professionalisation of modern bureaucracy, in the end their effectiveness depends on the will of human beings to apply them neutrally. External control cannot be disregarded, but they must be complemented by morality, integrity and ethics. In Korea this means there must be understanding of and reference to the specific culture and traditions of the country. The merit principle is a comprehensive principle governing all aspects of personnel administration. Korea has a millennium-long tradition of meritocracy in which the government officials were selected through tests of merit The merit principle is taken for granted by Koreans. The contemporary Korean civil service system is also established on the basis of such belief. However, there is a gap between the formal system and the reality of its operation. Balanced personnel practices between ministries through strengthening the central personnel agency, the normalisation of performance appraisal, and strengthening of the protection of the merit principle are essential. Politicisation, representativeness, managerialism, professionalism and trade unionism have to be treated in processes of reform. Intervention of politics into administration, and poor representativeness stemming from gender, regional and educational disparities should be addressed. Managerialism and market principle, professionalism and unionism are more positive factors in Korea

The thesis, as its title suggests, works through examples: it looks at the way in which four literary works have responded to the spirit of bureaucracy. It also looks at the way in which each text, by thematizing bureaucracy, questions itself as a literary text. By working through examples the thesis also thematizes the bureaucratization of literature in that each example is an individual case, selected in order to become one of a group. In the introduction it is argued that the essence of bureaucracy is the translation of pure formal structure into the organisation of society. Bureaucratization is the attempt to create a set of rules of procedure, a value-free, machine-like process. It is further argued that the linguisitc mechanism of the metatext is crucial to this enterprise. In order to maintain impersonality it is necessary for those working within the bureaucratic structure to be aware at all stages of procedure of how the system functions rather than what it is doing. In chapter one Exempel, a short text by Thomas Bernhard is analyzed as the exemplary text amidst exemplary texts. It takes the contextual elements of the courtroom seen through the consciousness of a courtroom journalist to relate the story of a judge who shoots himself in order to set an example. The interpretation argues that the text becomes, as it were, a deterrent to itself. Chapter Two is an analysis of Der Kuss von Sentze by Adalbert Stifter which is seen as an exploration at a very early stage of the consequences and contradictions that can arise from placing human relationships in the framework of bureaucratic structures. This is particularly apparent in the prose style that attempts to eliminate emotional responses. Franz Kafka's In der Strafkolonie is discussed as a text that realizes in literary form Max Weber's image of the bureaucratic State, a machine made out of human beings, at the same time as it explores the way in which dialogue about the machine, in its concern with procedures rather than with the pain inflicted by teh machine, is a representation of the way in which perspectives are distorted by the institutionalization of the metatext. Oswald Wiener's die verbesserung von mitteleuropa, roman is an experimental novel that explores the limits of literary expression as well as bureaucratic forms of expression by creating and destroying various forms of structuring the text while discussing in theoretical terms the relationshipb etween language, society and the individual.

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Thesis (M.A.)--University of Hong Kong, 1970. / Also available in print.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Wisconsin--Madison, 1960. / Vita. eContent provider-neutral record in process. Description based on print version record. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 57-59).

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Chicago, Dept. of Economics, August 2001. / Includes bibliographical references. Also available on the Internet.

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