The thesis starts with the study of a Miao village in China, which is known as the center of the Miao culture. In Miao settlement landscape history, there is one feature that can be found in many cultures. The Fengshui Lin, also known as the Sacred Grove, protects the village. The ancient songs and tales of Miao show that the Fengshui Lin can be seen as the spirits of the ancestors (Wang, X. 2015). Since ancient times, Miao people have a tradition of respect for nature, and Fengshui Lin is the most important landscape element for them. It is not only part of the natural flexible border, but also associated with many social activities. Sacred groves are created and evolved through human acts and the long span of human history (Jackson J. B. 1980). They play an important role in many different cultures around the world. Sacred groves may reflect the culture of society as settings for specific functions, or serve as objects of worship for people to purify their souls and refresh their spirits. In burial grounds, there also are sacred groves which could be a place for praying and commemorating. Since sacred groves are seen as spirits of life, it is necessary to think about the relationship between sacred groves and burial grounds. The thesis focuses on the issue of what is sacred? How to make a grove sacred or create a sacred grove in burial grounds? What kind of scenario for the design? With the inspiration of the Fengshui Lin in Miao village, the project aims to create a sacred space with trees for people who lost their family or friends in local communities. My thesis addressed these questions through a design project for sacred groves in the local parks of Arlington, Virginia. With design criteria derived from case studies and literature review, my goal is to create neighborhood cemeteries in the local parks to bring people closer to life as well as death and to let people get the experience of mortality. / Master of Landscape Architecture / In many ancient societies, sacred groves were an essential aspect of life. In some cases, these groves encompass a large territory; in other cases they may be a few trees. These groves originated in the time following the introduction of agriculture. When societies evolving, sacred groves became not a piece of nature, but an institution that depending on custom, agriculture, and even the cycles of life. Sacred groves are a legacy for everyone. These sacred groves may reflect the culture of society, they are not merely symbols but dynamic and complex landscapes created as settings for specific functions. These sacred groves serve not only as totems of worship, but as moments or places where people purify their souls. Sacred groves surrounding or covering burial grounds have existed widely throughout the world (Tuan, Y. 1977). In many burial sites, sacred groves dominate the landscape. They serve the spiritual needs of the living as well as keep alive memories of the dead. This thesis will discuss the method to make a grove sacred and develop a landscape to provide an opportunity for people to get a sense of their life and culture. The concept is to reinstate the connection between burial grounds and neighborhoods by creating neighborhood cemeteries in the local parks of Arlington, Virginia. Through thoughtful site selection and design, sacred groves can hold precious information about the history of communities for generations.

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El modelo de negocio de Sepulturas Temporales tiene como objetivo analizar la factibilidad de implementar y ofrecer este servicio en los cementerios de Lima Metropolitana y Callao, como servicio adicional a las tradicionales sepulturas perpetuas y cremación. Este modelo permite atender la creciente demanda del servicio debido al aumento de la tasa de mortalidad sumado a las preferencias por las sepulturas perpetuas sobre la cremación, y una oferta limitada por la escasez de espacios disponibles para implementar nuevas áreas de sepulturas cuando la rentabilidad del terreno es más alta en otras áreas inmobiliarias. Se ofrecen Sepulturas Temporales por diez años siguiendo la normativa vigente; al final del plazo, se realiza una exhumación de restos para ser reducidos y trasladados a cinerarios, liberando así el espacio temporal para reutilizarlo en un nuevo servicio. La metodología de investigación aplicada fue una encuesta estructurada y estandarizada con alternativas de respuesta abierta y cerrada para analizar la aceptación o rechazo del mercado objetivo, dando como resultado que, de todo el universo encuestado entre quienes prefirieron sepulturas perpetuas, cremaciones o aún no se decidieron, el 22% tendría la intención de adquirir la Sepulturas Temporales, con esta participación se realizó la modelación financiera proyectando el flujo de ingresos y gastos a diez años: plazo para la primera reutilización de espacios e incluye el costo de oportunidad de reposición por la venta del servicio perpetuo. La demanda se consideró constante y no se ha considerado el efecto pandémico del COVID-19. / The Temporary Graves business model's objective is to analyze the feasibility of implementing and offering this service in the cemeteries of Metropolitan Lima and Callao, as additional service to the traditional perpetual graves and cremation. This model makes it possible to meet the growing demand for the service due to the increase in the mortality rate added to the preferences for perpetual graves over cremation, and a limited supply due to the scarcity of available spaces to implement new graves areas when the profitability of the land is higher in other real estate areas. Temporary Graves are offered for ten years following current regulations; at the end of the term, there is an exhumation of remains to be reduced and transferred to cineraries, thus freeing up the temporary space to reuse it in a new service. The applied research methodology was a structured and standardized survey with open and closed responses alternatives to analyze the acceptance or rejection of the target market, resulting in that, of the entire universe surveyed among those who preferred perpetual graves, cremations or still did not decide, 22% would have the intention of purchasing the Temporary Graves, with this participation the financial modeling was carried out projecting the flow of income and expenses over ten years: term for the first reuse of spaces and including the opportunity cost of replacement from the sale of perpetual service. The demand was considered constant, and the pandemic effect of COVID-19 has not been considered. / Trabajo de investigación

: The theses deals with long-distance contacts in Bylany culture in the Early Iron Age (Ha C1-Ha D1). The research is based on detailed typological and chronological analysis of exogenous material artefacts and their comparation with other analogical european finds. The invisible evidence of long-distance contacts (technology, art, burial practices, life style) is also included.

This thesis presents a number of GIS based landscape analyses that together aim to explore aspects of the social development in Iron Age Västmanland, central Sweden. From a perspective where nature and culture are seen as integrated in the landscape, differences in the relations to the physical landscape are interpreted as reflecting social organisation. Thus, hydrological modelling of watersheds is used for understanding the development of territories and regions that are recognisable in the outlay of the medieval hundare districts. Statistical modelling of burial grounds together with variables describing their situation in the landscape is used to calculate an estimated chronology for sites that have not yet been excavated. This information is used to analyse differences in how the setting in the landscape can tell of different trends in claims to land and property rights. An extensive renegotiation of property rights is suggested to have taken place after climatic catastrophe in AD 536 and the years after. This is interpreted as having caused a substantial population decline in parts of Scandinavia. The social development after this includes an increasingly stratified social hierarchy in the Late Iron Age, which is reflected in the construction of grave monuments. New GIS methods for analysing how to interpret the perception of different locations of the landscape, in terms of local topography and soil are discussed in relation to this.   How to make the best use of large datasets of archaeological information in combination with other sources of geographical information is a central theme. Geographically Weighted Regression is used to predicting the representativity of the registry of graves for the whole landscape. It is suggested that the increasing availability of archaeological information in digital format, together with new analytical techniques has the potential to introduce fruitful new research perspectives. This will make it increasingly rewarding to work with the large amount of data produced from rescue archaeology, and it is important that this information is managed in a structured manner. / Appendices see http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-111310