This thesis engages literature in the field of nationalism in order to explore the discursive construction of a Self-Other relationship in American foreign policy as it has been projected by President George W. Bush between September 11, 2001 and March 19, 2003. Political theorists advance numerous definitions of both the nation and nationalism that offer insight into the Self-Other dichotomy. Despite substantive differences, there is consensus among them that the 'national Self' must be accompanied by the presence and identification of Others who fall beyond political, cultural, and territorial boundaries. Without their presence, there would exist either one nation or none at all. / Master of Arts

O objetivo dessa tese é realizar uma análise geopolítica das operações militares empreendidas no primeiro mandato do Governo George Walker Bush, posterior aos ataques terroristas do Onze de Setembro em 2001. Entendemos que as estratégias adotadas nestes eventos foram resultantes do documento Orientação de Planejamento de Defesa produzido pelo Pentágono em 1992, logo após o fim da Guerra Fria. A hipótese que procuramos defender é de que as formulações geopolíticas que orientaram a Doutrina Truman durante a Guerra Fria estão presentes neste documento e foram mantidas como guias para planos de ação ao longo de toda a década de 90 e utilizadas como ferramentas analíticas na grande estratégia do Governo George Walker Bush. Para demonstrar esta hipótese realizamos primeiramente o resgate do pensamento geopolítico de Halford J. Mackinder e Nicholas J. Spykman, em seguida fizemos as conexões das idéias estratégicas existentes em vários documentos que estavam vigentes na década de 90; e por fim, verificamos como estas idéias puderam ser implementadas nas Operações Liberdade Infinita, na Guerra do Afeganistão, em 2001; e Operação Iraque Livre, na Guerra do Iraque, em 2003. A metodologia utilizada foi a pesquisa em fontes primárias apoiadas em documentos originais do Governo dos Estados Unidos e na literatura bibliográfica das obras basilares de Halford. J. Mackinder, Nicholas J. Spykman e Zbigniew Brzezinski para uma análise crítica dos modelos teóricos geopolíticos. / The objective of this thesis is to achieve a geopolitical analysis of the military operations undertaken in the first mandate of George Walker Bush government immediately after the terrorist attacks on september 11th, 2001. It is understood that the strategies adopted in those events were a result of the document Defense Planning Guidance by Pentagon in 1992, right after the end of the cold war. The hypothesis we intend to defend is that the geopolitical formulations that orientate the Truman Doctrine. In the period of the cold war are present in this document and were maintained as guides for action plans during all the decade of 90 and used as analytical tools in the great strategy of George Walker Bush government. In order to demonstrate this hypothesis, first of all we performed the redemption of the geopolitical thought of Halford J. Mackinder and Nicholas J. Spykman, followed by connections of the strategical existing ideas in several documents which were in effect in the decade of 90 and we finally verified how those ideas could be implemented in Operation Enduring Freedom in the Afghanistan war in 2001; and Operation Iraq Freedom in the war of Iraq in 2003. The used methodology was a research in primary sources sustained by original documents of The United States of America government and in the bibliografic literature of the basiliary work by Halford J. Mackinder, Nicholas J. Spykman and Zbigniew Brzezinski for a critical analysis of the theoretical geopolitical models.

The use of unilateral force under George W. Bush is not a new phenomenon in US foreign policy. As the author argues, it is merely a continuation of Bill Clinton’s foreign policy and is deeply rooted in both the foreign policy traditions of Jacksonianism and Wilsonianism. The analysis concludes that Clinton used unilateralist foreign policy with a 'smile' whereas the Bush administration uses it with an attitude. / Die unilaterale Außenpolitik unter George W. Bush ist kein neues Phänomen der US-Diplomatie. Dem Autor zufolge ist sie vielmehr eine Fortführung der Politik der Clinton-Regierung und hat ihre Wurzeln in den Traditionen eines Andrew Jackson und Woodrow Wilson. Clinton vermochte jedoch seine unilaterale Politik mit einem "Lächeln" zu verkaufen, wohingegen die Art und Weise der Bush-Administration stets Irritationen hervorrief.

No description available.

Effects of growth environment (E) on carbon isotope discrimination (Delta), water-use efficiency (WUE), leaf movement (LM) and nutrition of bush bean were examined. Environments in greenhouse (GR), open air (E0), perforated (E1) and non-perforated (E2) plastic covers in combination with well-watered (W0), moderately-watered (W 1), and water-stressed (W2) plants were used. Soil water content (WC), E, and E x WC interaction significantly affected Delta, WUE, dry matter (DM) and water use. WUE, photosynthetic rate, and leaf nitrogen increased; while Delta, DM, and transpiration decreased with water stress in GR, and E0. WUE in E2 either decreased or remained almost constant with decrease of WC. WUE of W0, and Delta in E2 were independent of growing environment, and WC, respectively. WUE and Delta correlations were significant in GR, E0, and E 1. LM was more paraheliotropic inside plastic coverings than those in E0. LM and pulvinus water content were affected by WC and temperature. High correlations were found between LM and the transmission of beta-rays from a beta-ray gauging system, WC, and leaf water potential. A high correlation was also found between leaf angle and 45Ca activity ratio between the extensor and flexor parts of the pulvinus. 32P uptake increased with increased root temperature, and decreased in presence of iron in the medium. Q10 values showed 32P uptake with and without the presence of iron to be mostly diffusion-controlled, but leaf movements were active processes requiring the expenditure of energy.

Since bellyache bush invaded to East Timor it has significantly reduced crop and animal production and consequential loss of income from farm enterprises. Methods of control of bellyache bush chosen should be appropriate to the poor economic position of the farmers. An integrated method of controlling bellyache bush involving slashing combined with mulching and or burning is low cost and is widely used by the Timorese farmers. Although these practices are commonly used to control weeds, there are still many problems that appear in the field during and after weed control. For instance, rapid regeneration of cut stems and production of less fuel than mixed stands to support burning management. / Therefore, the objective of this study is to investigate mechanical control such as cutting stems at different heights and cutting stems at different heights in combination with mulch, handpulling and mulching of small plants and mulching of seedlings. This study also investigates bellyache bush properties as a fuel for burning management in the late dry season to control its infestations. / Mechanical control of bellyache bush plants was undertaken south of Darwin at Acacia (12º45’S, 131º09’E) which has an annual average rainfall of 1588.1 mm and Channel Island (12º33’S, 130º51’E) which has annual rainfall of 1713.9 mm. This study was conducted from January 2007 to February 2008. All bellyache bush plants were cut off at different heights according to treatment 0cm (ground level), 10cm, 20cm, 30cm, 40cm and uncut plants considered as a control. / The results indicated that all cutting treatments achieved 100% mortality under low canopy cover, irrespective of season. While, under high canopy cover bellyache bush plants only achieved 100% mortality if cut at 0cm and 10cm height. Stems cut at 20cm, 30cm and 40cm heights re-sprouted in the dry season. Hand-pulling completely killed small plants while mulching did not. Mulching achieved a partial kill of seedlings however it stimulated seedling emergence in the wet season, irrespective of site. / The use of bellyache bush as a fuel for burning management was studied. The study was undertaken at Channel Island, Acacia and Katherine (14º22’S, 132º09’E). The latter has a mean annual rainfall of 875 mm. All bellyache bush plants in the plot were cut in May. Five 1m x 1m quadrat samples were selected within a 10m x 10m plot to measure wet weight and dry weight for the curing rate calculation. In addition, 15 of the cut stems were randomly selected to measure re-sprouting. From five randomly selected 25cm x 25 cm quadrat samples were taken to calculate the weight of fine fuel (less than 6mm in diameter), medium (6mm-25mm) and coarse (greater than 25mm). Heat yield of fuel combustion of this material was calculated by using a bomb calorimeter (As 10-38.5 leco 350 calorimeters). / The results indicated that cut stems of bellyache bush from a low canopy cover site had 7 percent moisture content while stems from a high canopy cover site had a 66 percent moisture content by the end of the dry season. The proportion of these stems in the site with low canopy cover re-sprouted significantly less than those in the high canopy cover site. The fuel load at bellyache bush monoculture had less fine, medium and coarse fuel compared with tropical savanna fuel. However, results from this study indicated that it had a similar heat yield of combustion to other plants in the tropical savanna. / A study of the use of fire as a control tool for bellyache bush was undertaken at Acacia and Katherine from May 2007 to February 2008. This study was carried out on established plants of bellyache bush. The experiment was undertaken in three 10m X 10m plots at each of the two sites. The experiment consisted of three treatments namely: cutting stems at 30 cm and followed by burning, uncut plants plus burning and unburnt plants considered as a control. Each of 20 pieces of bellyache bush stems were randomly selected for fine 0-6 mm, medium 6-25 mm and coarse 25 mm fuel. All these pieces were weighed before and after fire to calculate fuel consumption. Fire intensity was calculated by using Byram’s fire intensity equation. Fifteen soil temperature sensors were buried under uncut plants before burning. After burning all soil temperature sensors were dug out the temperature read and used to calculate fire temperature. Plant mortality was calculated by counting live bellyache bush plants before and after fire. Seed germination and seed recruitment was calculated by counting all seedlings within five 1m x 1m randomly chosen quadrats. / The results show that fire consumed all bellyache bush stems in the late dry season burning. Fire intensity of bellyache bush fuels was quite low compared to other tropical savanna fuel. Soil temperatures ranged between 54.17ºC to 126.13ºC. All bellyache bush plants were completely killed by the fire treatment, but fire stimulated seedling emergence in the following wet season. It was concluded from the results of the experiments that mechanical control slashing system may provide a suitable fuel for the burning management if cut early in the dry season. By late in the dry season bellyache bush plants cut early in the dry season have a low moisture content are completely cured and able to support fire spread of adequate intensity to destroy the plants.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--Auburn University, 2008. / Abstract. Includes bibliographical references (p. 143-151).

Thesis (M.A.)--Miami University, Dept. of Speech Communication, 2005. / Title from first page of PDF document, author statement from p. [i]. Document formatted into pages; contains [1], iv, 40 p. : ill. Includes bibliographical references (p. 35-37).

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Texas at Austin, 2004. / Supervisor: Maxwell E. McCombs. Vita. Includes bibliographical references.

O objetivo dessa tese é realizar uma análise geopolítica das operações militares empreendidas no primeiro mandato do Governo George Walker Bush, posterior aos ataques terroristas do Onze de Setembro em 2001. Entendemos que as estratégias adotadas nestes eventos foram resultantes do documento Orientação de Planejamento de Defesa produzido pelo Pentágono em 1992, logo após o fim da Guerra Fria. A hipótese que procuramos defender é de que as formulações geopolíticas que orientaram a Doutrina Truman durante a Guerra Fria estão presentes neste documento e foram mantidas como guias para planos de ação ao longo de toda a década de 90 e utilizadas como ferramentas analíticas na grande estratégia do Governo George Walker Bush. Para demonstrar esta hipótese realizamos primeiramente o resgate do pensamento geopolítico de Halford J. Mackinder e Nicholas J. Spykman, em seguida fizemos as conexões das idéias estratégicas existentes em vários documentos que estavam vigentes na década de 90; e por fim, verificamos como estas idéias puderam ser implementadas nas Operações Liberdade Infinita, na Guerra do Afeganistão, em 2001; e Operação Iraque Livre, na Guerra do Iraque, em 2003. A metodologia utilizada foi a pesquisa em fontes primárias apoiadas em documentos originais do Governo dos Estados Unidos e na literatura bibliográfica das obras basilares de Halford. J. Mackinder, Nicholas J. Spykman e Zbigniew Brzezinski para uma análise crítica dos modelos teóricos geopolíticos. / The objective of this thesis is to achieve a geopolitical analysis of the military operations undertaken in the first mandate of George Walker Bush government immediately after the terrorist attacks on september 11th, 2001. It is understood that the strategies adopted in those events were a result of the document Defense Planning Guidance by Pentagon in 1992, right after the end of the cold war. The hypothesis we intend to defend is that the geopolitical formulations that orientate the Truman Doctrine. In the period of the cold war are present in this document and were maintained as guides for action plans during all the decade of 90 and used as analytical tools in the great strategy of George Walker Bush government. In order to demonstrate this hypothesis, first of all we performed the redemption of the geopolitical thought of Halford J. Mackinder and Nicholas J. Spykman, followed by connections of the strategical existing ideas in several documents which were in effect in the decade of 90 and we finally verified how those ideas could be implemented in Operation Enduring Freedom in the Afghanistan war in 2001; and Operation Iraq Freedom in the war of Iraq in 2003. The used methodology was a research in primary sources sustained by original documents of The United States of America government and in the bibliografic literature of the basiliary work by Halford J. Mackinder, Nicholas J. Spykman and Zbigniew Brzezinski for a critical analysis of the theoretical geopolitical models.